Electro-Magnetic Induction & AC

Induced emf:
When a charge q moves with velocity v in a magnetic X X
field B then it experiences a force given by F = q vxB. If a
X X X X
conducting rod (having electrons in it) moves with velocity v,
in a region of magnetic field B, then each electron X X X X
experiences this force. [Which side is +ve? Find direction of v _
+
force on the electron, using Fleming’s left hand rule. We see
L
that in the figure below, the right end is negative.]
Due to it, one side of the rod becomes relatively –ve
with respect to the other side or say that there is a potential difference between the ends
of the rod, and correspondingly an electric field exists along the rod.
This electric field keeps on increasing as more and more electrons reach the
right end of the rod so that after some time F = q vxB becomes equal to qE.
If V is the induced emf (motional) and L is the length of the rod, then E = V/L so
that the magnitude of induced emf V = BLv. (Note – Vinduced emf, v velocity)

Q. Is it possible that the rod moves in a magnetic field, still there is no induced emf?

Induced current:
The wire behaves as a source of emf. If we join the
two ends of the rod, current will flow in the connecting wire.
B
The direction of the current in external circuit is from +ve to I
–ve. Inside the wire it is from right to left (-ve to +ve).
v
(The direction of induced current is given by Fleming’s
“right hand rule” – If the thumb of right hand represent + -
direction of motion of wire, the index finger the direction of
field, then the middle finger gives the direction of induced
current).
If R is the resistance of the circuit, then induced current, i = BLv/R,
Q. What if the whole frame moves as one piece inside the magnetic field?

Q1. Two railway tracks insulated from each other and the ground, are connected to a
millivoltmeter. What is the reading of the millivoltmeter when a train travels at a speed of
18 km/hr along the track given that BV = 0.2 x 10- 4 wb/m2 and the rails are separated by
1 m? Track is south to north.
Q2. A metallic rod of length L is rotated with angular velocity , with one end hinged at
the centre and the other end at the circumference of a circular metallic ring of radius R,
about an axis passing through the centre and perpendicular to the plane of the ring. A
constant and uniform magnetic field B parallel to the axis is present everywhere. What is
the emf between the centre and the metallic ring?
Q3. A square metal wire loop of side 10 cm and resistance 1  is moved with a constant
velocity vo in a uniform field B = 2 wb/m2 as shown in the figure. The loop is connected to
a network of resistors each of value 3 . The X X
V
X X
0

resistances of lead wires OS and PQ are negligible. Q P

X X X X 3
What should be the speed of the loop so as to have B 3
X X X X A C
a steady current of 1 mA in the loop? Give direction
3
of current in the loop. X X X X
S O
X X X X

Electro-Magnetic Induction by Dr. Rajeev Tyagi. 9810244396, rajeev_tyagi@rediffmail.com 1

Recall- If a wire, carrying current is placed in a region of magnetic field, then it
experiences force, F = iLxB
So force experienced by this wire, F = iLB = B2 L2 v/R. Direction of this force
(using Fleming’s left hand rule) - opposite to that of the velocity i.e. opposes motion. So,
this much of force must be applied on the wire to move it with constant speed v. (Note
the wire moves with constant speed under the action of two opposite balancing forces)
Power P = Fv = B2 L2 v2 /R. M
X X X X X X
X X X X X X X
Q1. Two long parallel horizontal rails distance d apart and each
X X X X F X X
having a resistance  per unit length, are joined at one end by a d
resistance R. A perfectly conducting rod MN of mass m is free to R X B X X X X X
slide along the rails without friction (see figure). There is a X X X X X X X

uniform magnetic field of induction B normal to the plane of X X X X X X X

N
paper and directed into the paper. A variable force F is applied
to the rod MN such that as the rod moves, a constant current flows through R. a) Find
the 2velocity of the rod and the applied force F as functions of the distance x of the rod
from R. b) What fraction of the work done per second by F is converted into heat?

Q2. A pair of parallel horizontal conducting rails of negligible

resistance shorted at one end is fixed on a table. The distance L R
between the rails is L. A conducting massless rod of resistance R
can slide on the rails frictionlessly. The rod is tied to a massless
string which passes over a pulley fixed to the edge of the table. A m
mass m tied to the other end of the string hangs vertically. A
constant magnetic field B exists perpendicular to the table. If the system is released from
rest, calculate a) the terminal velocity achieved by the rod, and b) the acceleration of the
mass at the instant when the velocity of the rod is half the terminal velocity.

Ex. 6, 11, 12, 14-18, 20 (pg. 298 - 301), Q 16, 31, 32, 34, 35, 37-39, 41-64 (pg. 307-311)

Electro-Magnetic Induction by Dr. Rajeev Tyagi. 9810244396, rajeev_tyagi@rediffmail.com 2

Historically, induced emf was discovered by Faraday, who believed it to be due to the
change in magnetic flux associated with a coil (see the 3 experiments performed by
Faraday).
First let us see how to find flux.
In the figure on the right a
magnetic field B is passing through an
area A, the flux is simply BxA.

In the figure on the left, area is not exactly

r to the B field. The effective area
through which the field passes is Acos.
Flux is given by BAcos.
Area vector is defined with direction r to the surface,
 
So, in general, for coil of N turns magnetic flux B = N( B. A ) = NBA cos 
If we have a coil through which the flux is changing at the rate of dB /dt, then
induced emf is given by V = -dB / dt (by the way -ve sign is Lenz's law and refers to
conservation of energy. It is used to find direction of induced current due to varying field)
V = -d(BAN)/dt where  = BAN is the flux associated with the coil having N turns.
This emf lasts only as long as change in magnetic flux occurs.
If R is the resistance of the coil, then current 'i' is given by i = -1/R d/dt
It's direction is found by either Right-hand rule or Lenz’s Law.

There are 3 ways B can change

1. Change in the value of B – This happens when the value of B-field associated
with the coil is changing with time. (One way of doing it is to move the magnet
towards and away from the coil).
Q1. A rectangular frame ABCD made of uniform metal wire has a A E B
straight connection between E and F made of the same wire as X X X X X

shown in figure. AEFD is a square of side 1 m and EB = FC = 0.5 m. X X X B X
The entire circuit is placed in a steadily increasing, uniform magnetic X X X X X
field directed into the plane of the paper and normal to it. The rate of X X X X X
X X X X X
change of the magnetic field is 1 T/s. The resistance per unit length X X X X X
of the wire is 1 /m. Find the magnitudes and directions of the D F C
currents in the segments AE, BE and EF.
Q2. Two concentric coplanar circular loops have diameters 20 cm and 2 m and
resistance of 10-4 /m. A time dependent voltage V = (4 + 2.5t) volts is applied to the
larger coil. What is the current in the smaller loop?
O x
Q3. A magnetic field B = (B0 y/a ) k̂ is acting into the paper in the +z
direction. B0 and a are positive constants. A square loop EFGH of  E F  g
side a, mass m and resistance R in the x-y plane starts falling under   
the influence of gravity. Find a) the induced current in the loop and   
 H G 
indicate its direction, b) an expression for the speed of the loop v(t)
y
and its terminal velocity.
Q4. An infinitesimally small bar magnet of dipole moment M is
pointing and moving with speed V in the x-direction. A small closed circular conducting
loop of radius a and negligible self inductance lies in the y-z plane with its centre at x =
0, and its axis coinciding with the x-axis. Find the force opposing the motion of the
magnet, if the resistance of the loop is R. Assume that the distance x of the magnet from
the centre of the loop is much greater than a.
Electro-Magnetic Induction by Dr. Rajeev Tyagi. 9810244396, rajeev_tyagi@rediffmail.com 3
 2. Change in area (effective or otherwise) – One way of doing it is to rotate the coil
in a uniform field so that the effective area associated with the coil keeps
changing. If the coil with ‘N’ turns is rotating with uniform angular velocity, then
flux associated with coil is B = BANcos = BANcost
The induced emf V = -dB / dt = BANsint. This is the principle of ac generator.
The peak value of signal is Vo = BAN Region I Region II
Q1. Space is divided by the line AD into two regions. Region I is field A X X X X
free and the region II has a uniform field B directed into the plane of X X X X
the paper. ACD is a semicircular conducting loop of radius r with X X X X

O X XB X X
centre at O, the plane of the loop being in the plane of the paper. The X X X X
C
loop is now made to rotate with a constant angular velocity  about an X X X
D X X X
X
X
axis passing through O and perpendicular to the plane of the paper. X X X X
The effective resistance of the loop is R. a) Obtain an expression for
the magnitude of the induced current in the loop. b) Show the direction of the current
when the loop is entering into the region II. c) Plot the graph between the induced emf
and the time of rotation for two periods of rotation.
Q2.

3. Change in the number of turns N of the coil.

Questions on Faraday’s Laws -

Ex. 2, 3 (pg. 296), Q 8, 12, 13, 18, 19, 22, 26, (pg. 306-312)

There are few questions raised at this point.

what does V means here? i.e. between which two points is the emf V?
[-1/R d/dt can be understood as the current flowing in a closed coil, but what is V? ]
From E = -dV/dx, V = - E.dl = -d/dt (remember - integral of electric field over a
closed path used to be zero for electric field of point charges). What does  E.dl
signifies here and what is it value? Where is E here? What is the shape of this E-field?
The induced emf, V is spread around the coil, just like it used to be for any circuit
containing resistances in series. In case we break the coil at any point, no induced
current flows, but induced emf will still appear across the two points.
- We see that induced current might be there or it might not be there, but if a wire
moves in a way that magnetic field lines are cut across, then induced emf is a rule. Only
when the wire moves along the field lines do we see no induced emf.

Nature of the induced electric field:

The induced electric field (due to variation in magnetic flux) is different in nature from
electrostatic field.
1. E (induced) forms closed loops – circular path.
2.  E.dl is not zero over a closed path – non-conservative field
3. -dB/dt = Vinduced = -E.dl .
So E.dl = dB/dt and not VB – VA as in electrostatic field

Electro-Magnetic Induction by Dr. Rajeev Tyagi. 9810244396, rajeev_tyagi@rediffmail.com 4

Finding E due to changing B (i.e. dB/dt)
PUT THEORY HERE -
Q1. A non-conducting ring of radius r has charge Q uniformly distributed over it. A
magnetic field r to the plane of the ring changes at the rate of dB/dt. What is the torque
experienced by the ring?

Q2. [NCERT] A line charge  per unit length is lodged uniformly

onto the rim of a wheel of mass M and radius R. The wheel has
light non-conducting spokes and is free to rotate without friction
about its axis (See Fig). A uniform magnetic field extends over a
circular region within the rim. It is given by,
B = – B0 k (r ≤ a; a < R)
= 0 (otherwise)
What is the angular velocity of the wheel after the field is
suddenly switched off?

Poles formed in a coil when a magnet is brought near to it

Let’s consider a coil kept near a bar
magnet with, say north pole facing the
coil. I
induced
If the magnet is moved towards
the coil, the magnetic flux associated with
N S
the coil increases. The induced current in induced in
the coil will be such that it opposes the
cause (north pole is coming nearer). So
induced current will flow so as to form north pole towards the side of the magnet i.e.
current flows in anti-clockwise direction.
Likewise, if magnet is taken away from the coil, induced current flows in the
clock-wise direction.

Poles formed in one coil when circuit is completed in a nearby coil

Let’s take a coil placed near to
2
another coil as shown below- 1
When the switch in 2nd coil is closed,
current flows through it as shown in the fig.
The side towards the 1st coil has south pole
being formed and the flux associated with
the 1st coil changes. Induced current in the
1st coil will be such that it opposes the cause. So in the 1st coil – South pole is formed
towards the side of 2nd coil i.e. clockwise current flows in coil 1.
When the switch in 2nd coil is opened, current in it reduces to zero. The side
towards the 1st coil has south pole being removed and the flux associated with the 1st
coil changes. Induced current in the 1st coil will be such that it opposes the cause. So in
the 1st coil – North pole is formed towards the side of 2nd coil i.e. anti-clockwise current
flows in coil 1.
We see that in coil 2 dc is switched on and off, so current in this coil is
unidirectional viz. anti-clockwise. Only it’s magnitude increases or decreases.
In coil 1 ac is induced.

Electro-Magnetic Induction by Dr. Rajeev Tyagi. 9810244396, rajeev_tyagi@rediffmail.com 5

Self Induction - Let us try to understand what happens when current is passed through
a coil (remembering that change in magnetic flux gives rise to induced emf).
To begin with, the coil has neither current in it nor there is any magnetic field.
Now if we pass current in it, then a magnetic field is set up in it, as shown
in the figure.
This magnetic field (with it's south pole upwards) wasn't there Io
earlier. It has come now! Or, say that this field B has increased from zero
to B in time, say 't'.
Because of this varying field, there should be an induced current
in a direction such that the cause of this increasing B is opposed -meaning that an
induced current will be there in anti-clockwise direction.
So, we conclude that if current is passed in a circular coil, it's growth is opposed
by induction in itself. (Also true for it's decay). This is called self-induction.
The flux associated with the coil at any time is proportional to the current flowing
through it. i.e.   i.
 = Li. where L is the self-inductance of the coil. We define L (by putting i=1) as
the flux associated with the coil when unit current passes through the coil.
Also from V = -d/dt = -L di/dt we define L as emf induced in the coil when the rate of
change of current is unity.
For a solenoid of n turns per unit length and of length 
 = BAN = [oni] A (n) = (on2A) i = Li; So L = on2A (measured in Henry)

If current I is flowing through an inductor then energy stored in it is given by

Energy = LI2 / 2 (Recall electric energy stored in a capacitor was CV2 / 2)
Energy density for a magnetic field is given by
Energy density = B2 /2o (recall electric energy density was (1/2)oE2

If 2 inductors L1 and L2 are placed in series, then L = L1 + L2

If 2 inductors L1 and L2 are placed in parallel, then 1/ L = 1/ L1 + 1/ L2

Mutual Induction - When two coils are placed together, then the change in current in
one coil gives rise to varying magnetic flux in the other, leading to an induced emf in it.
The current due to this induced emf is such that it opposes the rise in current in the first
coil. This is called Mutual induction.
Flux associated with the second coil is proportional to the current in the first coil
i.e. 2  i1  2 = Mi1 where M is the mutual inductance of the coils.
We define M as the flux associated with the second coil when 1A current passes
through the first coil Or from V2 = -d2/dt = -Mdi1/dt we define M as the induced emf in
the second coil when rate of change of current is unity in the first coil.
If a coil of n2 turns per unit length and length l2, area A2 is placed along the axis
of another coil of n1 turns per unit length then
2 = BA2N2 = (on1I1) A2 (n2l2) = (on1n2l2 A2) I1
So M = on1n2l2 A2 = o (n1n2) l A measured in Henry.
This concept that when current or magnetic flux is changed through one of the
two coupled coils, then induced emf is produced in the other coil, forms the principle of
the Transformer (and also of the induction coil).

Mutual inductance between 2 coils of inductance L1 and L2 is M  (L1L2) 1/2

Electro-Magnetic Induction by Dr. Rajeev Tyagi. 9810244396, rajeev_tyagi@rediffmail.com 6
Q1. Find Mutual inductance of two coils where one coil is placed concentrically with
another. Assume R2 << R1
Q2. Find mutual inductance of the following –

AC Generator –

Electro-Magnetic Induction by Dr. Rajeev Tyagi. 9810244396, rajeev_tyagi@rediffmail.com 7