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φ
φ
φ φ
b [011]
Fig.3c
The path difference between electron beam 1 and 2 is
∆ = b(sin φ − sin φ ) = nλ
a 3.92
Given φ =15.0 , λ= 1.53 A
and b = = = 2.77 A , two solutions
2 2
are possible.
1.53 + 0.72
sin φ = = 0.812
2.77
φ =54.3 (Answer 2)
1
APHO II 2001 Theoretical Question 3 2013/09/28 00:19 A9/P9 p. 2 / 4
For n = 2, no solution exists as ∆ = 2.77(sin φ −sin 15 ) = 2 ×1.53 and sin φ > 1.
(2) I = I 0 exp 〈−( u ⋅ ∆K ) 2 〉
K′
Fig. 3d ∆K
K θ
surface
For the specularly reflected beam, we have from Fig. 3d
∆K = K ′ − K = 2K cosθ x̂
where x̂ is the unit vector in the direction of the surface normal. Take the x-
component of u , we then obtain
2
− < u x2 ( t )⋅ 4 K 2 cos 2 θ > − 4 K 2 cos 2 θ < ux ( t )>
I = I 0e = I 0e (2)
The vibration in the direction of the surface normal of the surface atoms is
simple harmonic, take
u x (t ) = A cos ω t
τ τ
1 1 A2 τ A2
∫ u dt = ∫ A cos ω t dt =
2
〈u x ( t )〉 =
τ
2
τ
2 2
⋅ =
τ 2 2
0 0
∴ A2 = 2〈u x 2 (t )〉
The total energy E is thus given by
1 1
m′ ω 2 < u x (t ) >
2 2
E = CA2 = C ⋅ 2 < u x (t ) > = C < u x (t ) >
2
=
2 2
2
APHO II 2001 Theoretical Question 3 2013/09/28 00:19 A9/P9 p. 3 / 4
2
E = m' ω 2 < u x > = k B T
where m' is the mass of the atom. From either of the above two equations,
one then has the following equality
2 k BT k BT
< u x >= = (3)
m′ω 2
m′4π 2 f 2
and
I
n = −M ′T
I0
I
From the plot of n versus T,one obtains the slope
I0
4k B cos 2 θ
M′= (5)
m′f 2 λ2
The slope of the curve can be estimated from Fig. 3b and leads to the result
M ′ = 2.3 ×10 −3 .
one finds
4 ×1.38 ×10 −23 ⋅ cos 2 15
2.3 ×10 −3 =
195.1 ×10 −3
23
× f 2 × ( 1.53 ×10 −10 ) 2
6.02 ×10
The solution for frequency is then
f 2
= 3.0 ×10 24 (new) ⇒ f = 1.7 ×1012 Hz Answer (a)
2 k BT
From < u x > = , T = 300 K , one finally obtains
m' 4π 2 f 2
and
2 − 11
< u x > = 1.0 × 10 m = 0.10 A (new)
Ans