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Part
Part

Tests
Tests

UNIT 1  Test A 192


UNIT 1  Test B 195
UNIT 2  Test A 198
UNIT 2  Test B 202
UNIT 3  Test A 205
UNIT 3  Test B 209
UNIT 4  Test A 213
UNIT 4  Test B 217

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Part

4 Unit 1  Test A
Tests

NAME:   No.   CLASS:


DATE:   EVALUATION:
TEACHER:   E. E.

Group I
Reading

1 
Read the article by Quentin Fottrell carefully.
80% of students work at least part-time
Students are working hard, a new study finds, taking on
part-time and even sometimes full-time jobs to avoid racking
up more debt while in school.
Nearly four out of five USA students — including those
5 in high school, online college, or traditional college or university

— work while in school, a survey by Citigroup and Seventeen


magazine found, with the average working student putting in
19 hours a week during the school year.
“Having come of age during the Great Recession of 2008,
10 many of today’s students have experienced a financial wake-up

call,” says Linda Descano, a managing director at Citi. They saw


the havoc the recession wreaked on their parents’ lives, adds
Ann Shoket, editor-in-chief of Seventeen magazine. “Students
are starting blogs and video production companies. They want
15 to start their careers before they leave college,” she says.

Another possible explanation: Parents are kicking in less money for college. Parents still pay for most of
the average family’s total college expenses. But their contribution, including from savings, income and loans,
averaged 37% in 2011, down from 47% the year before, according to the “How America Pays for College” survey
by student-loan company Sallie Mae. “Kids used to rely on the bank of mom and dad,” Descano says. “So many
20 families are trying to work themselves out of the financial impact of the Great Recession.”

The cost of tuition has risen dramatically in recent years for most educational institutions, studies show. The
cost of undergraduate tuition (including room and board) surged 42% in the past 10 years to $13,600 at public
institutions for the 2010-11 academic year; it rose 31% to $36,300 at private nonprofit institutions over the same
period, according to the USA Department of Education’s National Center for Education Statistics.
25 David Greenberg, 27, worked 20-plus hours a week in a finance company while studying economics at New
York University. “I was fortunate enough to have had my parents pay for my very expensive education. I had to
work for my own spending money on food, entertainment and alcohol.” Ultimately, he says, it gave him an edge
on his peers after leaving college. “I saved up enough money during college to start my own education business
in 2010,” he says.
30 A majority of students (62%) have set a budget to keep track of their expenses, the Citigroup study found,
and 77% say they pay their own credit card bills. In fact, monthly cellphone bills are the only expense that parents
are significantly more likely to pay: 60% of students say their parents pay their cellphone bills. “In many cases,
students work to get spending money, not necessarily to pay college bills,” says Mark Kantrowitz, publisher at
student-marketing company Edvisors Network.
35 Some 77% of students, however, say that money played an important role in where they decided to apply
to college, and one-third say that money was the single most important factor in determining where they would
enroll, according to the Citigroup survey. “Taking more financial responsibility also means they take their education
more seriously,” Descano says.
www.marketwatch.com/story/nearly-4-out-of-5-students-work-2013-08-07 (abridged and adapted)

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2 
Say if the sentences are TRUE (T) or FALSE (F).
F   a) Every American student has a part or full-time job while studying at school or university.

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F   b) Students are working only to pay for their studies or to start their own career as soon as possible.

T   c) Parents are no longer the main economic beacon when it comes to paying for college,
because the costs involved have increased a lot in recent times.
T   d) Many students have their cellphone bills paid by their parents.

3 
Find expressions in the text which mean the same as the following.
a) Students depended on their parents to pay for their tuition.
“Kids used to rely on the bank of mom and dad, …”

b) Having a part-time job was an asset after university.


“… it gave him an edge on his peers after leaving college.”

4 
Explain the following expressions.
a) “… many of today’s students have experienced a financial wake-up call, …”
They have faced economic difficulties.

b) “… it gave him an edge on his peers after leaving college”


He was a step ahead of his colleagues.

5 
The text is written in AmE. Find three examples in the text and write down their corresponding
BrE words.

AmEnglish BrEnglish
cellphone mobile phone
mom mum
enroll enrol

Group II
Grammar

1 
Fill in the blanks using one of the following phrasal verbs.

look after | give in | look for | rely on | pay off | go back | give up

a) Some students cannot pay off their college debt.


b) Joan gave up studying because she couldn´t pay for her tuition.
Now she’s looking for a job.
c) She’s looking after children as a part time job.
d) He decided to go back to school and finish his university degree.
e) She finally gave in and asked her parents for help.
f) The majority of students rely on their parents.

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2 
Rephrase the following sentences beginning as indicated.
a) Marie studies Economics at the Sorbonne. She is working at a restaurant to earn extra money.
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Marie, who studies Economics at the Sorbonne, is working at a restaurant to earn some extra money.
b) She goes out at night very rarely, because she feels very tired.
Seldom does she go out at night, because she feels very tired.
c) I couldn’t find a part-time job.
I wish I had a part-time job.
d) We still depend on our parents.
It’s about time we didn’t depend on our parents.

3 
Write sentences using the adjectives/ adverbs or expressions given.
a) interested / interesting
He is interested in working at the supermarket. He thinks it’s more interesting than working

at the train station.

b) harder and harder


It’s getting harder and harder to have a steady career.


c) exhausted / exausting
She has been looking for a part-time job all week long. She feels exhausted. To search for a

job can be very exhausting.


Suggested answers

Group III
Writing

1 
Read the following ad carefully and choose
ONE of the options presented. Write about
100-130 words.
a) Write a covering letter answering the ad
to apply for the job.
b) Write down your resumé as asked for in
the ad.

http://www.littlepeoplesworkshop.ca/jobs.php

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Unit 1  Test B 4

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NAME:   No.   CLASS:
DATE:   EVALUATION:
TEACHER:   E. E.

Group I
Reading

1 
Read the article by Ronald Alsop carefully.
When Yahoo and Best Buy pulled the plug on their telecommuting programmes earlier this year, they
reignited the debate over the merits of flexitime versus face time. But their surprising announcements hardly
signalled a reversal of the trend toward more telecommuting. In fact, these days, significantly more organisations
in the US are offering employees the option to work from home, as are companies in the UK and some other countries.
5 About 63% of USA employers allowed at least some people to work from home on an occasional basis in
2012, up from 34% in 2005, according to a study by the Families and Work Institute. Employers permitting telework
on a regular basis rose to 33% from 31%. Kenneth Matos, senior director of employment research and practice at
the Families and Work Institute, believes the globalisation of business is helping to advance telework. “Working
from home seems less revolutionary when you have to coordinate around different time zones and never see
10 some employees in person because they’re on the opposite side of the world,” he said. “It becomes easier to see

that where you do the work is not as important as the quality of the work.”
Telework seems poised for further growth, given continuing advances in mobile technology and the millennial
generation’s desire to work wherever and whenever they choose. In addition, many members of Generation X,
born between 1965 and 1979, want flexible work arrangements to help them manage their family lives. And baby
15 boomers, the group born just after the end of World War II, would like to work from home to make caring for

elderly parents easier. “Across all generations, flexibility is one of our top three predictors of employee retention,”
said Jen Steinmann, chief talent officer at the professional services firm Deloitte, where more than 70% of employees
enjoy some work location flexibility. In addition to recruiting and retention advantages, many companies with
telecommuting policies report higher employee satisfaction and productivity, along with reduced real estate costs.
20 Despite such potential benefits, however, telework and other flexible work programmes remain vulnerable
when times get tough. Both Best Buy and Yahoo ended their telecommuting programmes as part of their efforts
to improve their faltering businesses – whether or not their flexible workplaces actually contributed to their
troubles. And since the recession and financial crisis of 2008, the number of people in the USA working from their
homes has continued to grow, but at a slower pace. In this still weak job market, some employees who would
25 like to work from home are more reluctant to do so. They understandably fear hurting their careers by being “out

of sight, out of mind” and getting stigmatised as less dedicated and hard working.
www.bbc.com/capital/story/20130801-pyjamas-on-the-payroll (abridged and adapted)

2 
Read the following sentences and choose the correct option according to the text.
a) Yahoo and Best Buy …
  1. have always invested in telework.
   2. have recently stopped promoting work out of the office.
  3. initiated a successful trend against telecommuting.
b) In general, telework …
   1. is increasing due to globalisation, among other reasons.
  2. is decreasing because some companies have reduced the number of employees working from
home.
  3. is increasing because when people are at home, they work better.

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c) One of the upsides of telecommuting is that …
  1. people can have several jobs at the same time.
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   2. employees’ motivation and effort are higher.


  3. employers focus on work quality.

3 
Explain the following expressions
a) “… the merits of flexitime versus face time.” (1.2)
The advantages of working from your computer at home or at the office.

b) “… flexibility is one of our top three predictors of employee retention, …” (l. 16)
One of the three main factors to captivate employees is through flexible working conditions.

4 
Answer the following questions.
a) Is telework increasing or diminishing? Justify your answer.
Telework is increasing, as it has been in the recent past, but not so rapidly as was expected.


b) Explain Kenneth Matos’s view on telework.
Kenneth Matos believes telework is increasing mainly due to the need to communicate

in business. It is not so important to be physically present to perform your job, if you can

accomplish your tasks from home.

c) Do you agree with Best Buy and Yahoo’s position described in the last paragraph? Why? Why not?
The companies referred to cancelled their telecommuting projects because of the bad results

in general.

5 
The text is written in BrE. Find an example of BrE spelling. Write the words in AmE.
Organisations — Organizations    Programmes — Programs

Group II
Grammar

1 
Fill in the blanks using one of the following phrasal verbs.

look after | go through | give in | look for | rely on | give up

a) Many people are looking for a flexible job, in which they can organise their own time.
b) Nowadays big companies must rely on technology.
c) He finally gave in and admitted telework is the future.
d) Telecommuting enables many parents to look after their children.
e) The company is looking for someone who has a computer and can work from home.
She has just given up (just) applying, because she doesn’t have a working computer
at the moment.
f) He was unemployed for two years. He went through a very difficult time.

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2 
Say if the underlined words are adjectives or adverbs.
a) He has done a lot of great work at the restaurant. adjective

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b) Although she works very hard at the warehouse, she still finds the energy to play with her children.
adverb

c) Peter has a new job at the supermarket and so far he’s doing well. adverb

3 
Rephrase the following sentences beginning as indicated below.
a) Students find it harder to get good jobs due to the global economic crisis.
It is harder and harder for students to get a good job due to the global economic crisis.
b) John has a lot of experience in telecommuting. He works at Nova Base.
John, who has a lot of experience in telecommuting, works at Nova Base.
c) I can’t find any job in translation.
I wish I could find a job in translation.
d) He doesn’t know much about computers, which makes it harder to find a job.
Little does he know about computers, which makes it harder to find a job.

Group III
Writing

1 
Read the following ad carefully and choose ONE
of the options presented. Write about 100-130
words.
a) Write a covering letter answering the ad
applying for the job.
b)
Write down your curriculum vitae.

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Part

4 Unit 2  Test A
Tests

NAME:   No.   CLASS:


DATE:   EVALUATION:
TEACHER:   E. E.

Group I
Reading

1 
Read the text Refugees by Claire Powell and Dave Collett carefully.
What is a Refugee?
A refugee, defined by the United Nations, is a person who
is unable or unwilling to return to their country because of a
well-founded fear of persecution based on their race, religion,
5 nationality, political opinion or because they belong to a

particular social group.


Why do they come?
Most refugees flee their country to escape armed conflict.
They often leave with their families and apply for asylum in
10 another country. Many of them do not want to leave their own

country, but have no choice. The journeys they undertake to


reach a safe place may be almost as risky as staying in their
own country. They would do anything to escape their suffering:
crossing deserts, mountains, seas and rivers, sometimes using
15 dangerous means of transport. They also hide in parts of ships

that are too cramped, too hot and too smelly for anyone to
check. Many never arrive.
World Refugee Day
On the 20th of June each year people celebrate World Refugee Day. An important part of this celebration
20 is the award given to a person or group who excels in helping refugee causes.

To help or not to help?


There are an estimated 14 million refugees and asylum seekers in the world. Some countries in the world,
especially the rich, are adamantly against allowing too many refugees coming into their country. One worry is
that there may be too many of them seeking asylum therefore causing a great problem for these developed
25 countries. Their next worry is resources. These refugees may fill their hospitals, their schools, take over their jobs

as well as abusing their social welfare system. At the end of the day, some fear there could be no more resources
left for the people of these developed nations.
Another worry is the thought that the refugees might not be genuine. Also, the fact that the country they
flee to is culturally different from their own makes the citizens of these developed nations feel that their culture
30 is being stolen from them.

Criminal activity seems to be a growing concern. People worry that asylum seekers who arrive penniless
and without any documents might be criminals or involved in acts of terrorism. In many countries, new anti-
terrorism laws have made migration legislation much stricter. Increasingly, governments are locking asylum seekers
in detention centres regardless of their status. Unfortunately, this causes further criminalisation as genuine asylum
35 seekers resist what they see as injustice. However, protests and riots lead to criminal charges and prison sentences.

These negative assumptions are not true. First of all, numbers indicate that Asia and Africa have the world’s
highest influx of refugees. Secondly, most rich or developed countries’ economies rely on these refugees as they
are the ones who are often more than willing to do the kind of work that no one else would even think of.
Furthermore, the migrants tend to be very hardworking and highly motivated at their jobs and are the backbone
40 of agricultural labour. Thirdly, governments like to play with words such as “crime” and “immigration” to gain

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popularity with their citizens during elections. Moreover, after all the problems a refugee has faced fleeing his
own country, the last thing he wants is to be mistrusted. Finally, it is absurd for the rich nations to claim that their
culture is being swamped by refugees, considering that the refugees are in a minority there.

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Perhaps politicians should remind themselves of the fact that, whether they are dealing with genuine asylum
45 seekers or economic migrants, they are dealing with human beings, not numbers, and the people should be

treated humanely.
http://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/magazine/refugees (abridged and adapted)

2 
Find words in the text that mean the same as …
a) based on facts (paragraph 1) well-founded (l. 4)

b) unfair and cruel treatment because of their race, religion, or political beliefs (paragraph 1)
persecution (l. 4)
c) without any money (paragraph 6) penniless (l. 31)

d) the acceptance of something as being true without question or proof (paragraph 7)


assumptions (l. 36)
e) moreover (paragraph 7) furthermore (l. 39)
f) unreasonable (paragraph 7) absurd (l. 42)

3 
Explain the following sentences.
a) “Some countries in the world, especially the rich, are adamantly against allowing too many refugees
coming into their country.” (ll. 22-23)
The rich countries are unwilling to change their opinion about allowing refugees to find a safe

place there.

b) “… the migrants tend to be very hardworking and highly motivated at their jobs and are the
backbone of agricultural labour.” (ll. 39-40)
The refugees are usually very diligent and extremely committed to their jobs and provide

strength and support to agriculture.


4 
Answer the following questions.
a) Which important event happens on World Refugee Day?
A person or group is given an award due to some major contribution to refugee causes.


b) Are the hardships refugees face while fleeing often worse than the ones they face in their own
countries? Justify your answer.
Yes, they often are. Refugees often undertake very difficult and dangerous trips, for instance

crossing deserts, mountains, seas and rivers in overcrowded buses, ships etc.


c) Which negative assumptions are usually associated with refugees?
They are assumed to waste the resources of countries, since they may depend on welfare

systems. Some believe they may not be authentic and fear cultural shocks. Criminal activity

and terrorist acts seem to be other worries related with refugees.

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Group II
4 Grammar
Tests

1 
Rewrite the sentences using the words given.
a) In spite of being the result of the different cultures, many countries are still known for their many
conflicts due to racial problems. (Nevertheless)
Many countries are the result of the different cultures. Nevertheless, they are still known

for their many conflicts due to racial problems.


b) I want to have a better life. I think I’ll try to find a job abroad. (so that)
I think I’ll try to find a job abroad, so that I can have a better life.



c) I can’t go out very often because I’m unemployed. (due to)
I can’t go out very often due to being unemployed.



d) Governments implement social protection measures to help those in need. (because)
Governments implement social protection measures, because they want to help those

in need.

2 
Rewrite the sentences in reported or active speech.
a) I was told that the emigrants were facing many problems due to racial issues.
The emigrants are facing many problems due to racial issues.



b) John was asked if he had read the articles about the shipwreck on the Italian coast.
John, did you read the articles about the shipwreck on the Italian coast?



c) “The Government must change the mentalities in this country.”
It was said that the Government had to change the mentalities in that country.



d)
“ The work done by refugees is as valid as any other because they tend to be very hardworking and
highly motivated at their jobs and are the backbone of agricultural labour.”
They said that the work done by refugees was as valid as any other because they tended to

be very hardworking and highly motivated at their jobs and were the backbone of agricultural

labour.

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3 
Complete the if clauses with the missing verbs.
a) If I had known new refugees were coming, I would have offered (to offer) to help.

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b) Unless everybody is (to be) willing to change, there will always be
problems integrating refugees.
c) If they saw people in need, they would help (to help) them.

4 
Complete the sentences, using if clauses.
a) If I had emigrated, I’d have felt miserable. .
b) If I were a refugee, I would try to integrate in the new country. .

Group III
Writing

1 
Comment on the following sentence, pointing out positive and negative aspects of emigration.
Write about 100-130 words.
Damian Green said: “The Government needs to tell us whether it plans to have around 200,000 extra
people coming to Britain every year, or whether the recent figures are just a symptom of lack of control.
There are some economic benefits, but this puts a big strain on house building, schools and local services.
Without a visible improvement in the Government’s ability to plan and control immigration, public confidence
in the system will remain low.”

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Part

4 Unit 2  Test B
Tests

NAME:   No.   CLASS:


DATE:   EVALUATION:
TEACHER:   E. E.

Group I
Reading

1 
Read the following text about slavery carefully.
What does slavery mean?
Slavery is the idea that a human is someone’s property, that
he/she can be bought, sold and owned; and forced to work without
being paid. This concept has been around for thousands of years
5 and all major civilizations used slaves at some point. They were

used in many different positions, such as labourers, soldiers, servants,


farmers. Although the word slavery makes us think of the
transatlantic slave trade (from Africa to the Americas), slavery was
not specific to one part of the world. The Romans, Russians, Aztecs
10 and Egyptians all kept slaves; the word slave actually comes from

“slav” — many Slavic people from Eastern Europe were taken as


slaves during conflicts. As well as being captured in wars, people
could be born as slaves, sold into slavery, or sold to pay a debt.
What was the Transatlantic Slave Trade?
15 Slavery was as common in Africa as in other countries; but in the 15th Century, traders began to export large
numbers of slaves to the Middle-East. European countries followed this, exporting Africans to work on plantations
in the Caribbean, North and South America. A massive number of people were needed, as demand for new
products such as sugar, coffee and tobacco was very high. In 400 years, an estimated 12 million people were
removed from Africa to work as slaves in the Americas or European colonies. Slaves in this system had no opportunity
20 for advancement or release; even if they were freed they had few legal rights. In the past owning slaves in many

countries had been a status symbol, and owners were usually fair. In this new system, profit was the most important
aspect. As a result, conditions of work and living were also very tough. Millions died because of mistreatment and
difficult working conditions. Some African slave traders, learning of these conditions, started to oppose the trade.
When did people’s ideas begin to change?
25 A number of African countries (such as the Congo) made the trade illegal not for moral but practical reasons
— its population was being reduced greatly by the trade. But it was moral reasons that forced a greater change.
A movement in Britain led by the Quakers and the MP William Wilberforce pushed parliament to abolish slavery.
In 1807 the slave trade was abolished and in 1833 slavery was abolished in all British colonies.
In the USA on the other hand, there was great argument over slavery. Many industries in the South were
30 dependant on slaves for production (such as cotton) and if freed, the number of slaves would be almost 50% of

the population in some areas. Again, religious groups were pushing for change. Unfortunately, the civil war
between the North and South came before political change. Slavery was an important issue in this conflict, and
was abolished (through the 13th amendment to the Constitution) at the end of the Civil war in 1865.
What were the ideas behind abolition?
35 In the 19th Century, newer political ideals of freedom and equality were anti-slavery. It is ironic that the two
countries at the time associated with freedom and equality, USA and France, still permitted slavery. France didn’t
abolish slavery until 1848, and there were still slaves working in the White House in the same year. The humanitarian
ideal, the idea that all people are brothers, was also important. As this idea was taken from Christianity, Christians,
especially those from newer branches e.g. Quakers, Methodists, were at the centre of movements all over the
40 world. Christian missionaries were often funded by anti-slavery groups.

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Does slavery still exist?
Legally, Nigeria was the last country to abolish slavery in 1936. However, in many parts of the world today,
millions of people are working as slaves. Children fighting in the army, or working for no pay; women moved from

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their own countries to work in the sex industry, or in people’s houses; people working for many years to pay back
45 a small loan. These are all types of modern slavery. Groups such as the United Nations or Anti-Slavery International

are fighting against this problem — but the world must first accept that there still is a problem.
http://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/magazine-articles/slavery (abridged and adapted)

2 
Find words in the text that mean the same as …
a) workers who use a lot of physical effort in their job (paragraph 1) labourers (l. 6)

b) having caught someone to make them prisoners (paragraph 1) captured (l. 12)

c) an amount of money that you owe someone (paragraph 1) debt (l. 13)

d) people who buy and sell things (paragraph 2) traders (l. 15)

e) the cruel and unfair treatment of a person or animal (paragraph 2) mistreatment (l. 22)

3 
Explain the following sentences:
a) “A massive number of people were needed, as demand for new products such as sugar, coffee
and tobacco was very high.” (ll. 17-18)
Many workers were necessary due to the fact that new products were being grown.


b) “But it was moral reasons that forced a greater change.” (l. 26)
The main cause that led to the change was moral.

4 
Answer the following questions.
a) What happened in the 15th century as far as slavery is concerned?
In the 15th Century, a large number of slaves began to be exported to the Middle-East,

the Caribbean, North and South America due to economic reasons. New products were being

grown and a workforce for these was needed.

b) Why did the government from Congo change its attitude towards slavery?
Because the number of inhabitants of Congo was decreasing daily. That is the main reason why

the Government decided to prohibit slavery.

c) Do you agree that nowadays slavery and the slave trade has been abolished in all its forms?
Justify your answer with sentences quoted from the text.
Students’ own answers.

Group II
Grammar

1 
What is the meaning expressed by each connector?
a) Many countries are the result of the different cultures. However, they are still known for their many
conflicts due to racial problems. contrast

b) I can’t go on holiday since I’ m out of work. cause

c) John emigrated so that he could provide a better life for his family. purpose

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d) Governments implement social protection measures because they want to protect those in need.
cause
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2 
Rewrite the previous sentences using other connectors that have the same meaning.
a) Despite being the result of the different cultures, many countries are still known for their
many conflicts due to racial problems.

b) I can’t go on holiday because I’m out of work.



c) John emigrated to provide a better life for his family.

d) Governments want to protect those in need. Consequently, they implement social
protection measures.

3 
Rewrite the following sentences in reported speech.
a) “This concept has been around for thousands of years and all major civilizations used slaves at some point.”
It was said that that concept had been around for thousands of years and all major

civilizations had used slaves at some point.

b) “Although the word slavery makes us think of the transatlantic slave trade (from Africa to the Americas),
slavery was not specific to one part of the world. The Romans, Russians, Aztecs and Egyptians all kept slaves”
It was stated that although the word slavery made them think of the transatlantic slave trade

(from Africa to the Americas), slavery had not been specific to one part of the world. The

Romans, Russians, Aztecs and Egyptians all had kept slaves.

c) When did people’s ideas begin to change?


It was asked when people’s ideas had begun to change.

4 
Complete the if clauses with the missing verbs.
a) If I saw someone in need, I would help (to help) him or her.
b) Had they known the emigrants were arriving, they would have offered (to offer) to help.
c) Unless people are willing (to be) willing to change, there will always be problems
of discrimination.

5 
Complete the sentences, using if clauses.
a) If I had the chance, I would emigrate to a better country.
b) If I were an emigrant, I would try to integrate into the new culture. (Suggested answers)

Group III
Writing

“A refugee, defined by the United Nations, is a person who is unable or unwilling to return to their country
because of a well-founded fear of persecution based on their race, religion, nationality, political opinion or because
they belong to a particular social group.”
Refugees by Claire Powell and Dave Collett

1 
Imagine a day in the life of a refugee. Describe it. Write about 100-130 words.

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Unit 3  Test A 4

Tests
NAME:   No.   CLASS:
DATE:   EVALUATION:
TEACHER:   E. E.

Group I
Reading

1 
Read the article by Zawn Villines, GoodTherapy.Organization correspondent.
How advertisements targeting women undermine body image
Women face overwhelming pressure to meet
an often unrealizable “beauty” ideal. The result is
that 80% of women report being unhappy with
their appearance, and three-quarters of all women
5 engage in some form of disordered eating such as

crash dieting or skipping meals. Many companies


have capitalized on this trend, offering a veritable
cornucopia of products designed to “fix” women’s
perceived flaws.
10 The advertisements for these products, however,
frequently leave women feeling bad about themselves,
particularly when images in these ads contain
unrealistically “perfect” women. The overwhelming
majority of cosmetic and clothing advertisements
15 are digitally enhanced. Even Beyoncé fell victim to

this practice, often called photoshopping, getting


into a public dispute with H&M in early 2013 when
the clothing retailer altered images of her modeling
swimwear. But women are increasingly aware of the
20 effects of digitally manipulated advertisements, and

some retailers are abandoning the practice of


presenting women with unrealistic images.
Photoshopping and other tricks
Although women continue to be bombarded with unrealistic — and perhaps even fake — images of models,
25 the tide is slowly turning against photoshopping. Debenhams, a major British department store, recently announced

that it will no longer manipulate images, even releasing photos demonstrating the “before” and “after” effects its
previous photoshopping efforts had had on models’ appearance. The National Advertising Division, an organization
that makes recommendations for advertisers, has advocated for an outright ban on photoshopping in cosmetic
advertisements.
30 Advertising tricks aren’t limited to photoshopping, though. The right lighting, heavy makeup, and clever
clothing placement can leave models looking very different from how they look in real life. Some tricks mislead
women about the effects of products featured in advertisements.
The effects of advertisements
Numerous studies have documented the negative effects that advertisements have on women, even when
35 women know the ads have been altered. Women feel worse about themselves, for example, after reading

advertisement-laden fashion magazines. Some women even resort to cutting out photos of extremely thin models
as “thinspiration” for crash diets. According to research by sociologist Jean Kilbourne, regular exposure to
advertisements can contribute to internalized sexism. Women may begin to see their appearance as the primary
source of their worth, neglecting other interests in favor of the perpetual pursuit of aesthetic perfection.

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40 Keeping self-esteem intact
Even if photoshopping is banned, women will be exposed to images of models who have been heavily
made up, who benefit from excellent lighting, and whose appearance differs substantially from the average
Tests

woman. Although this practice can feel unfair and even overwhelming, women can take steps to empower
themselves and avoid the self-esteem-crushing effects of unrealistic ideals. These include:
45 •  Avoiding magazines that are focused primarily on beauty or that contain a lot of advertisements
•  Turning off the television during commercial breaks
•  Contacting retailers and cosmetic manufacturers to complain when advertisements are misleading
or psychologically damaging
•  Focusing on health and physical fitness rather than weight loss
50 •  Critically evaluating claims made in product commercials and ads
•  Focusing on valuing yourself for personality traits rather than appearance
•  Steering conversations with friends away from diets, makeup, and body shaming.
http://www.goodtherapy.org/blog/how-advertisements-targeting-women-undermine-body-image-0708137

2 
Find words in the text that mean the same as …
a) authentic (paragraph 1) veritable (l. 7)

b) improved (paragraph 2) enhanced (l. 15)

c) forged (paragraph 3) fake (l. 24)

d) eliminated (paragraph 6) banned (l. 41)

e) confusing (paragraph 7) misleading (l. 47)

f) features (paragraph 7) traits (l. 51)

3 
Explain the following sentences taken from the text.
a) “Many companies have capitalized on this trend, offering a veritable cornucopia of products designed
to ‘fix’ women’s perceived flaws.” (ll. 6-9)
Many companies profit by offering a vast amount of products that allegedly correct women’s

physical imperfections.

b) “Women may begin to see their appearance as the primary source of their worth, neglecting other
interests in favor of the perpetual pursuit of aesthetic perfection.” (ll. 38-39)
Women start to consider body and beauty perfection the main thing to be achieved and their

most important characteristic.

c) “Steering conversations with friends away from diets, makeup, and body shaming.” (l. 52)
Avoiding talk about diets, makeup, and body imperfections.

4 
Quote from the text to justify the following statements.
a) The majority of women do not feel fulfilled due to their general looks.
“The result is that 80% of women report being unhappy with their appearance,

and three-quarters of all women engage in some form of disordered eating such as crash

dieting or skipping meals.” (ll. 2-6)

b) Photoshopping is becoming unpopular among several sectors in society.


“The National Advertising Division, an organization that makes recommendations for

advertisers, has advocated for an outright ban on photoshopping in cosmetic advertisements.”

(ll. 27-29)

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c) Using tricky strategies, advertisers contribute to women’s dissatisfaction.
“Advertising tricks aren’t limited to photoshopping, though. The right lighting, heavy makeup, and

clever clothing placement can leave models looking very different from how they look in real life.

Tests

Some tricks mislead women about the effects of products featured in advertisements.” (ll. 30-32)


d) Crazy diets are often inspired by pictures of idealised women on magazines.
“Some women even resort to cutting out photos of extremely thin models as “thinspiration”

for crash diets.” (ll. 36-37)

5 
Answer the following question: Which strategies can women use to overcome self-esteem
problems caused by advertisement?
Women should avoid reading magazines whose main topics are beauty tips and that contain

a lot of advertisements; they should turn off the television during commercial breaks. If they

decide to go on a diet, it should be for their well being and health concerns, etc.

Group II
Grammar

1 
Rewrite the sentences, using the Passive Voice. Start as suggested.
a) Advertising is responsible for the creation of beauty stereotypes.
It is said that advertising is responsible for the creation of beauty stereotypes.

b) Parents shouldn’t allow their children to watch television commercials.
Children shouldn’t be allowed to watch television commercials.

c) Consumerism is the main cause of the wastage of natural resources.
Consumerism is believed to be the main cause of the wastage of natural resources .

d) I gave my mother a book on healthy diets.
My mother was given a book on healthy diets (by me).

2 
Correct the sentences if needed.
a) He apologised for being late.
Correct.


b) The students are aware about their problems.
The students are aware of their problems.

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c) I agree from the expert.
4 I agree with the expert.
Tests


d) Students can always count on their parents.
Correct.


e) The psychologist commented at the topic The Effects of Advertising.
The psychologist commented on the topic The Effects of Advertising.


f) Nowadays there is a few chaos in the job market.
Nowadays there is a little chaos in the job market.


g) She had several works.
She had several jobs.

3 
Build sentences using the causative use of have / get.
a) I asked my classmate to hand in my project work to the teacher.
I had my project work handed in to the teacher by my classmate.


b) My hairdresser washes my hair twice a week.
I have my hair washed twice a week.


c) John went to the laundry to wash his shirts.
John has his shirts washed at the laundry.


d) The teacher asked the students to clean the board.
The teacher had the board cleaned.

Group III
Writing

1 
Choose ONE of the options presented. Write about 100-130 words.
a) Imagine you bought a mobile phone but it isn’t working. You have already contacted the shop
manager. However, he has not found a solution yet.
Write a letter requesting the replacement of the mobile phone with a new one.
b) Comment on the following sentence, placing yourself for or against advertising targeted at children.
“We seem to take it for granted that advertisers and marketeers are allowed to groom even the
youngest children. Before children have even developed a proper sense of their own identity, or learned
to handle money, they are encouraged to associate status and self-worth with stuff, and to look to external
things such as fame and wealth for validation.”
www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/apr/11/ban-advertising-young-children-yes (abridged and adapted)

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Part

Unit 3  Test B 4

Tests
NAME:   No.   CLASS:
DATE:   EVALUATION:
TEACHER:   E. E.

Group I
Reading

1 
Read this opinion article by Jonathan Kent carefully.
Ban all advertising aimed at young children? I say yes!
How on earth did we come to this? We protect our children
obsessively from every harm, we vet every carer, teacher or doctor
with whom they come into contact, we fret about their education,
their development. Yet despite all this, one group, which in no way
5 has their best interests at heart, has almost unfettered access.

We seem to take it for granted that advertisers and marketeers


are allowed to groom even the youngest children. Before children
have even developed a proper sense of their own identity, or
learned to handle money, they are encouraged to associate status
10 and self-worth with stuff, and to look to external things such as

fame and wealth for validation. We’re turning out legions of little
consumers rather than young citizens who will value themselves for what they contribute to the society in which
they live. If you inculcate the values of the consumer society from childhood then it’s no wonder that those of
the “big society” fail to take root. The one surely precludes the other.
15 Like so many aspects of parenthood we only grasp the full reality of pester power when we experience it
first-hand, in my case when my son, now six, mastered the TV remote. When he’d watched only the BBC’s CBeebies
he was largely shielded from the effects of advertising. Once he’d found the commercial channels, it was like watching
the consumerist equivalent of crack take hold. The adverts would come on. A minute later there would invariably
be a demand for something that had just been advertised — anything, so long as it wasn’t pink and didn’t involve
20 fairies. Then there would be the tantrum when I said no; this from a boy who had never been prone to tantrums.

Many psychologists suggest that this emerging cradle-to-grave consumerism is contributing to growing
rates of low self-esteem, depression and other forms of mental illness. But not all psychologists agree. There are
plenty working hand in glove with a £12bn-a-year industry that has turned the manipulation of adult emotions
and desires into an art form — often literally. It’s also one that’s forever developing new ways to persuade our
25 children to desire the material morsels dangled before them, and because of advertising’s viral effect they only

need to infect a few to reach the many.


Of course there will be plenty of objections to an outright ban on advertising to the under-11s. There will be
those who argue that would be a breach of freedom of speech. There’s the “it’s technically impossible” objection,
though the same software that helps online advertisers stalk us can filter out groups such as children too. Other
30 countries, including Norway, Sweden, Greece as well as the Canadian province of Quebec, already have bans,

particularly on TV ads.
Then there are those who will claim it would drive some businesses under. That’s both an admission that
pester power works and ignores the counter-argument that a business that has to bypass parents in order to sell
its stuff really needs to raise its game. Target me, not my six-year-old. I’m the one with the money. If you can’t
35 persuade me your product is worth getting, it probably isn’t, so make something better.

Most parents hate what advertising does to their children. We have the power to end it and let our children
grow up free from many of the pressures of consumerism until they’re old enough to make their own decisions.
And though advertising is only part of an all-pervasive marketing culture we need to make a start somewhere.
Let’s ban all advertising targeting children of primary school age and younger now.
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/apr/11/ban-advertising-young-children-yes (abridged and adapted)

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2 
Find words in the text that mean the same as…
a) scrutinise (paragraph 1) vet (l. 2)
Tests

b) excludes (paragraph 2) precludes (l. 14)

c) understand (paragraph 3) grasp (l. 15)

d) protected (paragraph 3) shielded (l. 17)

e) inclined (paragraph 3) prone (l. 20)

f) contagious (paragraph 4) viral (l. 25)

3 
Explain the following sentences taken from the text.
a) “Yet despite all this, one group, which in no way has their best interests at heart, has almost unfettered
access.” (ll. 4-5)
Nevertheless, one group whose motivations aren’t always as honorable as would be expected,

has almost unlimited access.



b) “If you inculcate the values of the consumer society from childhood then it’s no wonder that those of
the “big society” fail to take root.” (ll. 13-14)
If you learn the values of consumerism from a young age, you will always behave this way

in adulthood.



c) “Many psychologists suggest that this emerging cradle-to-grave consumerism is contributing to
growing rates of low self-esteem, …” (ll. 21-22)
Many psychologists believe that consumerism that starts at an early age and goes on until

one’s death is contributing to the increasing rates of low self-esteem.



4 
Quote from the text to justify the following statements.
a) Even though parents try to protect their children from all problems, they neglect the harmful effects
of advertising.
“We protect our children obsessively from every harm, … one group, which in no way has their

best interests at heart, has almost unfettered access.” (ll. 1-5)



b) Marketeers teach young children to value wealth over the values of society.
“We seem to take it for granted that advertisers and marketeers are allowed to groom even

the youngest children. (ll. 6-7) … they are encouraged to associate status and self-worth with

stuff, and to look to external things such as fame and wealth for validation.” (ll. 9-11)

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c) Not all psychologists agree on the nefarious effect of consumerism.
“But not all psychologists agree. There are plenty working hand in glove with a £12bn-a-year

industry that has turned the manipulation of adult emotions and desires into an artform —

Tests

often literally.” (ll. 22-24)


d) It will be very complex to prohibit advertisement targeted at children.
“Of course there will be plenty of objections to an outright ban on advertising to the

under-11s.” (l. 27)

5 
Answer the following question: When did the author realise the effects of pester power? In what ways?
He experienced the pester power for the first time when his son, turned six, and learnt to use

the TV remote. He got addicted to commercials and tantrums became frequent, especially when

his father tried to turn off the television.

Group II
Grammar

1 
Rewrite the sentences, starting as suggested.
a) Women are more influenced than men.
Women are believed to be more influenced than men.
b) The company will hire new employees.
New employees will be hired by the company.
c) Consumerism is damaging the environment.
The environment is being damaged by consumerism.
d) Shopping can be harmful to your health.
It was suggested that shopping could be harmful to your health.

2 
Correct the sentences if needed.
a) I believed everything they told me.
Correct.


b) Look at! That child is lost!
Look! That child is lost!


c) No one was expecting the sacking.
Correct.


d) Don’t point to people.
Don’t point at people.

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e) He kept insisting in watching advertisements.
He kept insisting on watching advertisements.
Tests


f) These informations were very useful.
These pieces of information were very useful.


g) The traffic is getting better.
Correct.


3 
Build sentences using the causative use of have / get.
a) I sent my trousers to the seamstress.
I had my trousers sent to the seamstress.


b) The oven needs to be repaired.
I will have the oven repaired.


c) Mary asked John to improve her essay.
Mary had her essay improved by John.


d) The dentist checked the child’s teeth.
The child had his teeth checked.

Group III
Writing

1 
Choose ONE of the options below and write about 100-130 words.
a) Imagine you bought a new tablet but it isn’t working. You have already contacted the trader. However,
he has not found a solution yet. Write a letter requesting a refund for the tablet.
b) Comment on the following sentence, giving your opinion on the strategies used to sell / promote
products, services and companies.
“Numerous studies have documented the negative effects that advertisements have on women,
even when women know the ads have been altered. Women feel worse about themselves, for example,
after reading advertisement-laden fashion magazines. Some women even resort to cutting out photos
of extremely thin models as “thinspiration” for crash diets.”
www.goodtherapy.org/blog/how-advertisements-targeting-women-
-undermine-body-image-0708137 (abridged and adapted)

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Unit 4  Test A 4

Tests
NAME:   No.   CLASS:
DATE:   EVALUATION:
TEACHER:   E. E.

Group I
Reading

1 
Read the following article about wind energy carefully.
The hidden costs of wind energy.
Wind turbines produce electricity in a clean
way. Wind energy is also renewable. This is why a
lot of governments like to promote wind energy.
But critics of wind energy say that wind energy is
5 more expensive than most people think. Critics also

say that wind energy is not totally clean. In other


words, it is bad for the environment.
For example, the production of modern
turbines harms the environment. Modern wind
10 turbines use very strong magnets. These magnets

are made with the metal neodymium. Neodymium


is not easy to extract. Dangerous chemicals are used
to extract the metal from the earth. Other dangerous chemicals are used to separate the neodymium from other
metals and minerals. A lot of neodymium is separated at factories in China. A report by the Daily Mail newspaper
15 said: “In the city of Baotou there is a big, dirty factory. The factory produces neodymium. Near the factory is a big

toxic lake. The lake contains waste chemicals from the factory. Water from the lake has killed farmland and it has
made thousands of people ill. The factory produces seven million tons of toxic waste every year.
People living near the factory have a high risk of cancer and other serious illnesses. Jamie Choi of Greenpeace
China told the Daily Mail: “Every stage in the production of neodymium is bad for the environment. Acids are
20 used to get the metal from the ground. In the factory, other acids and chemicals are used. Dangerous chemicals

pollute the air and water around the factory. Local people use this water when they grow their food. They drink
the water. When we buy a product containing neodymium, we contribute to the problem.”
A lot of people don’t like wind farms because they are unattractive. They make the countryside look horrible.
However, other people have a different opinion. There is a new wind farm near the town of Burton Latimer in
25 Britain’s East Midlands. A journalist from Country Life Magazine recently interviewed some of the residents. He

didn’t find anybody who didn’t like the wind turbines. Everybody told him that they were happy because the
wind farm produced clean electricity. The wind farm, people said, reduced the need for nuclear, coal and gas
power stations.
But what about the cost of wind energy? A lot of governments pay wind energy firms to produce electricity.
30 This is because governments want to promote wind energy. Other energy companies have to buy a certain

amount of energy from wind energy companies. But critics say that this increases the cost of producing electricity.
The consumer’s electricity bills are therefore higher than necessary. Without help from the government, critics
say, wind energy companies would not be able to make a profit. Another problem is that wind farms can’t always
produce the same amount of energy. For example, wind energy depends on the speed of the wind. Of course,
35 if there is no wind, the turbines don’t turn and no electricity is produced. And when it is very windy, perhaps more

electricity is produced than people need. However, supporters of wind energy say that these problems can be
solved. New technology will give us better energy storage systems. And different suppliers of electricity can be
linked in a network. In this way, it will be easier to have a constant supply. There is a plan to make a network linking
ten countries around the North Sea. However, building the network will be very expensive. It could cost about
40 £20 million.

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Perhaps it is true that wind energy is more expensive than a lot of people think. But this does not mean that
wind energy has no future. Even critics of wind energy know that it is important to develop clean forms of energy.
Nuclear power is dangerous. There is always a risk of accidents. Nobody knows how to eliminate radioactive waste.
Tests

But wind energy is renewable, safe and there is no pollution. For this reason, wind energy will certainly be an
important part of our energy supply in the future.
www.english-magazine.com/wjhdy/tucms/&demo/articles/article10/article.html (abridged and adapted)

2 
Find words in the text that mean the same as …
a) encourage (paragraph 1) promote (l. 3)

b) cultivate (paragraph 3) grow (l. 21)

c) revenue (paragraph 5) profit (l. 33)

d) connecting (paragraph 5) linking (l. 38)

e) increase (paragraph 6) develop (l. 42)

f) get rid of (paragraph 6) eliminate (l. 43)

3 
Quote from the text to justify the following statements about the text.
a) Not everyone agrees that wind energy is the path to be followed as far as the production of clean
energies is concerned.
“But critics of wind energy say that wind energy is more expensive than most people think.

Critics also say that wind energy is not totally clean. In other words, it is bad for

the environment.” (ll. 4-7)



b) The extraction of some of the components in wind turbines damages the environment.
“…the production of modern turbines harms the environment. Modern wind turbines use very

strong magnets. These magnets are made with the metal neodymium. Neodymium is not easy

to extract. Dangerous chemicals are used to extract the metal from the earth.” (ll. 8-13)



c) Burton Latimer inhabitants are pleased with the wind farms installed in their town.
“There is a new wind farm near the town of Burton Latimer in Britain’s East Midlands.

A journalist from Country Life Magazine recently interviewed some of the residents.

He didn’t find anybody who didn’t like the wind turbines. Everybody told him that they were

happy because the wind farm produced clean electricity.” (ll. 24-27)

d) Despite being a clean energy source, some believe wind energy is responsible for higher costs to the
consumers.
“But critics say that this increases the cost of producing electricity. The consumer’s

electricity bills are therefore higher than necessary.” (ll. 31-32)

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4 
Answer the following questions using your own words as far as possible.
a) State the reasons why some consider the production of wind turbines dangerous.
4

Tests
It is said that wind turbines use very strong magnets, which are made with the metal

neodymium. This metal is not easy to extract from the soil, that’s why some dangerous

chemicals are used to do this. Other dangerous chemicals are also needed to separate

the neodymium from other metals and minerals. A village in China, where people have a higher

risk of cancer, is used as an example.


b) What are the advantages of using wind energy according to the text?
Wind energy reduces the need for nuclear, coal and gas power stations. It’s renewable

and clean.


c) Why do some consider that wind energy increases the costs of electricity production?
In order to promote the production of wind energy, the government of many countries pays

an amount of money to energy firms to produce it, or energy companies buy it from wind

energy producers, which increases the costs of electricity.

d) Explain why the production of wind energy is seasonable. What can be done to solve
this problem?
Wind energy firms can’t produce the same amount of energy every month, since it will depend

on the wind speed. Storage systems are presented as the solution.

Group II
Grammar

1 
Correct the sentences.
a) I have studied the use of wind turbines for some time, but I still had some doubts about the
efficiency.
I had been studying the use of wind turbines for some time, but I still have some doubts

about the efficiency. OR I have been studying the use of wind turbines for some time,
but I still have some doubts about the efficiency.
b) She has been used clean energy since January.
She has been using clean energy since January.


c) I had just bought the recycling bin when they had offered me one.
I had just bought the recycling bin when they offered me one.


d) The scientists had been researching into clean energies for several months and their work has
finished yet.
The scientists have been researching into clean energies for several months and their work

hasn’t finished yet.

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2 
Identify the verb tenses used in the previous exercise.
a) Past Perfect Continuous / Present Simple or Present Perfect Continuous / Present Simple
Tests

b) Present Perfect Continuous


c) Past Perfect Simple / Past Simple
d) Present Perfect Continuous / Present Perfect Simple

3 
Fill in the blanks with the Infinitive or the Gerund.
a) They confessed to spraying (to spray) the turbines.
b) John agreed to read (to read) more about the topic.
c) Listen to the turbines whistling (to whistle).
d) She believes in finding (to find) alternative sources of energy.
e) The scientists went to the conference to explain (to explain) their methods.

4 
Say which intention is conveyed by the modal verb in each sentence.
a) Could you help me with this decision? request

b) May I pay through home banking? permission

c) Mary always takes the bus because she can’t drive and she wants to protect the environment.
lack of ability
d) I must save energy. My electricity bills are huge. obligation / strong advice

e) You should think carefully about your consumption behaviour. advice

Group III
Writing

1 
Choose ONE of the options presented and comment on the sentence. Write about 100-130
words.
a) “Worryingly, rainforests around the world are disappearing at an alarming rate, thanks to deforestation,
river pollution, and soil erosion.
We can only hope that the world governments work together with environmentalists and businesses to
use their environmental knowledge and power to preserve the rainforests — awe-inspiring, beautiful
and vital for our existence.”
by Claire Powell

b) 1997 saw the birth of Dolly the sheep, the first animal cloned from an adult cell. This was a remarkable
achievement which created world-wide debate on the ethical issues surrounding cloning. International
organisations such as the European parliament, UNESCO and WHO have all declared that human cloning
is both morally and legally wrong. However, we need to make a distinction between reproductive cloning
and therapeutic cloning.
http://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/magazine-articles/biotechnology

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Unit 4  Test B 4

Tests
NAME:   No.   CLASS:
DATE:   EVALUATION:
TEACHER:   E. E.

Group I
Reading

1 
Read the text about biotechnology carefully.
Nowadays in the news you can read a lot about biotechnology and the controversies about it and perhaps
you ask yourself what it is exactly. Well, this article is going to give you a brief history of the field of biotechnology
and show you that, although the word “biotechnology” was first used in 1919, we have been using biotechnology
for many thousands of years in ways that are completely uncontroversial. It will also look at the more modern
5 developments which have started intense debate.

Beer and Cheese


When people are drinking a cold beer on a hot day, or eating a delicious cheese sandwich, you can thank
biotechnology for the pleasure they are experiencing. That’s right! Beer, bread and cheese are all produced using
biotechnology. Perhaps a definition will be useful to understand how. A standard definition is that biotechnology
10 (or biotech for short) is the application of science and engineering to the direct or indirect use of living organisms.

And as you know, the food and drink above are all produced by the fermentation of micro-organisms. In beer,
the yeast multiplies as it eats the sugars in the mixture and turns them into alcohol and CO2. This ancient technique
was first used in Egypt to make bread and wine around 4000BC!
Antibiotics
15 Antibiotics are used to prevent and treat diseases, especially those caused by bacteria. They are natural
substances that are created by bacteria and fungi. The first antibiotic was made in China in about 500BC — to
cure boils. In 1928 Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin and it was considered a medical miracle. Modern
research is looking at the creation of super-antibodies which can kill bacteria and viruses inside the cells that
house them.
20 Cleaning up
Our modern consumer society produces a lot of waste which needs to be disposed of safely and without
harmful end products. Environmental biotechnology can help. Indeed, the use of bacteria to treat sewage was
first practised in 1914 in Manchester, England. Vermiculture or using worms to treat waste is another environmentally-
-friendly practice and the end product is a natural fertiliser.
25 Modern times
These examples of biotechnology are accepted by most people. However, the discovery of the DNA structure
by Watson and Crick in 1953 was the beginning of the modern era of genetics and the following areas of biotech
are very controversial.
GM food
30 The genetic modification of plants and crops has been in practice for many years. This involves changing
the genetic code of these plants so that they are more resistant to bad conditions like drought, floods and frost.
Supporters of GM food say that it can offer the consumer better quality, safety and taste and for over a decade
Americans have been eating GM food. However, things are very different in Europe where genetically modified
food is very strictly regulated and regarded with deep suspicion by the public. GM food has even been called
35 “Frankenfood” in the press, a term inspired by the novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley.

Cloning and stem cell research


1997 saw the birth of Dolly the sheep, the first animal cloned from an adult cell. This was a remarkable
achievement which created world-wide debate on the ethical issues surrounding cloning. International organisations
such as the European parliament, UNESCO and WHO have all declared that human cloning is both morally and

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40 legally wrong. However, we need to make a distinction between reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning.
Nowadays the idea of reproductive cloning — creating a copy of another person — is no longer interesting for
researchers. Instead therapeutic cloning is creating excitement in the biotech world. Key to this technique are
Tests

stem cells, which are master cells that have the potential to become any other kind of cell in the body e.g. nerve
cells, blood, heart muscle or even brain cells. In the future, biotechnologists hope that stem cells could be used
45 to grow entire organs. In this way biotechnology offers the hope of revolutionising medical treatment.

In this brief overview of the history of biotechnology we have jumped from making bread to making human
organs — an enormous leap — and it is clear that these modern practices raise many controversial issues. However,
despite the debate, we can imagine that as biotechnology has been around for many years, it will still be around
for some time to come — but who knows where it will take us?
http://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/magazine-articles/biotechnology (abridged and adapted)

2 
Find words in the text that mean the same as ...
a) debates (paragraph 1) controversies (l. 1)

b) avoid (paragraph 3) prevent (l. 15)

c) lodge (paragraph 3) house (l. 19)

d) harvests (paragraph 6) crops (l. 30)

e) mistrust (paragraph 6) suspicion (l. 34)

f) outstanding (paragraph 7) remarkable (l. 37)

3 
Quote from the text to justify the following statements about the text.
a) Biotechnology has been used since ancient times.
“… although the word “biotechnology” was first used in 1919, we have been using biotechnology

for many thousands of years …” (ll. 3-4)


b) Even though biotechnology is present in many fields of society, it’s in the area of genetics that it raises
a lot of debate.
“These examples of biotechnology are accepted by most people. However, the discovery

of the DNA structure by Watson and Crick in 1953 was the beginning of the modern era

of genetics and the following areas of biotech are very controversial.“(ll. 26-28)

c) There is a great divide between America and Europe over whether genetically modified food is safe.
“… for over a decade Americans have been eating GM food. However, things are very different

in Europe where genetically modified food is very strictly regulated and regarded with deep

suspicion …” (ll. 32-34)

d) There are advantages as far as using stem cells is concerned.


“In the future, biotechnologists hope that stem cells could be used to grow entire organs.

In this way biotechnology offers the hope of revolutionising medical treatment.” (ll. 44-45)

4 
Answer the following questions using your own words as far as possible.
a) Identify different areas where biotechnology is present.
Biotechnology can be found in genetics, the food industry, the health industry and the

cleaning industry.

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b) Why are beer and cheese used as examples of biotechnology?
Since biotechnology is the “engagement” of science and engineering in the direct or indirect

use of living organisms, we can say that beer and cheese are produced by this technology.

Tests

Both beer and cheese are produced by the fermentation of micro-organisms.


c) Explain the term “Frankenfood”.
It is a term used to refer to genetically modified food. This term comes from the junction

of the word Franken (from the book Frankenstein, written by Mary Shelley) and the word

food. It shows the suspicions Europeans have towards this kind of food, because people may

be creating a monster, just as in the book.


d) There are advantages as far as using stem cells is concerned.
Students’ own answers.

Group II
Grammar

1 
Correct the sentences.
a) Helen has got tonsillitis. She has been taken antibiotics since Monday.
Helen has got tonsillitis. She has been taking antibiotics since Monday.


b) I had just bought the beers when they had given me some.
I had just bought the beers when they gave me some.


c) The scientist had been testing new uses of stem cells for some time but his work has finished yet.
The scientist has been testing new uses of stem cells for some time but his work hasn’t

finished yet.

d) I have read a lot about stem cells for some time, but I still have some doubts about their efficiency.
I had been reading a lot about stem cells for some time, but I still have some doubts about

their efficiency.

2 
Identify the verb tenses used in the previous exercise.
a) Present Simple / Present Perfect Continuous
b) Past Perfect Simple / Past Simple
c) Present Perfect Continuous / Present Perfect
d) Past Perfect Continuous / Present Simple

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3 
Fill in the blanks with the Infinitive or the Gerund.
a) The government agreed to promote (to promote) more research into stem cells.
Tests

b) Despite being warned against its dangers, they keep on eating (to eat) GM food.
c) People have learnt to adapt (to adapt) to the consequences of technological evolution.
d) Some people worry about living (to live) in a society where there’s a lot
of biotechnology interference.
e) We decided to eat (to eat) only self-grown vegetables.

4 
Write a sentence about biotechnology using a modal verb (with the intentions indicated).
a) ability
I can tell you a lot about stem cells. I have read many books on this subject.

b) permission / denying permission


Mum, can I eat this burger? / Of course, you can’t. It has been genetically modified.

c) prohibition
I mustn’t drink beer. I’m too young.

d) formal request
Could I have some more antibiotics? I’m not feeling well.

Group III
Writing

1 
Choose ONE of the options presented and comment on the sentence. Write about 100-130 words.
a) “Wind turbines produce electricity in a clean way. Wind energy is also renewable. This is why a lot of
governments like to promote wind energy. But critics of wind energy say that wind energy is more
expensive than most people think. Critics also say that wind energy is not totally clean. In other words,
it is bad for the environment.”
http://www.english-magazine.com/wjhdy/tucms/&demo/articles/article10/article.html

b) “If all mankind were to disappear, the world would regenerate back to the rich state of equilibrium that
existed ten thousand years ago. If insects were to vanish, the environment would collapse into chaos.”
E. O. Wilson

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