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FUNDAMENTALS OF DATABASE DFC 2083
Database Design
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
LEARNING OUTCOME
1. Data Model
2. Three-level scheme architecture of DBMS
3. Client-server architecture of DBMS
4. Users of DBMS
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DATA MODEL
A database model shows the logical structure of a
database, including the relationships and constraints that
determine how data can be stored and accessed.
Individual database models are designed based on the
rules and concepts of whichever broader data model the
designers adopt.
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RELATIONAL MODEL
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HIERARCHICAL MODEL
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NETWORK MODEL
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THE OBJECT-ORIENTED MODEL
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THREE LEVEL ARCHITECTURE
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THREE LEVEL ARCHITECTURE OF DBMS
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CONCEPTUAL SCHEMA
Conceptual level describes the structure of the whole
database for a group of users.
Conceptual schema is a representation of the entire
content of the database
These schema contains all the information to build
relevant external records
It hides the internal details of physical storage.
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INTERNAL SCHEMA
This level is very close to physical storage of data.
At lowest level, it is stored in the form of bits with the
physical addresses on the secondary storage device.
The internal schema defines the various stored data
types. It uses a physical data model.
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THREE LEVEL ARCHITECTURE OF DBMS
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CLIENT-SERVER ARCHITECTURE
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CLIENT-SERVER ARCHITECTURE OF DBMS
Figure 3: Client
Server Architecture
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CLIENT-SERVER ARCHITECTURE OF DBMS
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FILE-SERVER ARCHITECTURE
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DATABASE-SERVER ARCHITECTURE
In database server environment, DBMS runs all of the
actual processing associated with database access.
The database server carries out the tasks initiated by
client requests directed to the database. It is built on
a multithreaded architecture and ensures data
integrity, concurrency control, and the ability to
recover from failures.
The database server also maintains the data
dictionary which defines the structure and contents of
the database. The database client performs all the
processing not associated with database access.
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DATABASE-SERVER ARCHITECTURE
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CATEGORIES OF DBMS
Desktop Databases are designed to run on “desktop” (or
personal) computers and its offer an inexpensive, simple
solution to many less complex data storage and
manipulation requirements.
Server Databases offer organizations the ability to
manage large amounts of data efficiently and enables
many users to access and update the data simultaneously.
Although its pricey, a server-based database can provide
a comprehensive data management solution.
CATEGORIES OF DBMS
Desktop Database Server Database
Microsoft Access Oracle
Easy to use
No advance technical knowledge is needed
Programs are normally very intuitive and easy to learn.
BENEFITS OF SERVER DATABASE
Increase Scalability
any element can be upgraded when needed
Increase Flexibility
new technology can be easily integrated into the system
Increase Accessibility
server can be accessed remotely and across multiple platforms
BENEFITS OF SERVER DATABASE
Increase performance
Different CPU’s process application in parallel
Easier to tune the server machine since the task is only to perform database
processing
Increase Consistency
Centralization - access, resources, and data security are controlled through
the server.
THINGS TO CONSIDER TO SELECT DBMS
1. Data Model
2. Number of user
3. Number of sites
4. Cost
5. Purpose
DATA MODEL
Types of data model:
Hierarchy
Network
Relational
Object-oriented
Centralized
Data is stored at a single computer site.
DBMS can support multiple user, but the DBMS and the
database reside totally at a single computer site.
Distributed
Can have many the actual database and DBMS software
distributed over many sites, connected by a computer
network.
COST
Special Purpose:
Require many transaction.
When performance is primary consideration, a special purpose of DBMS
can be design.
Online Transaction Processing (OLTP) system which support large number
of concurrent processing without imposing excessive delay
Example: Airline Reservation System
COMPARISON BETWEEN DBMS
DBMS Operating Estimated Transaction Interface Max DB size
System Price Support
Oracle Window $40000 - Yes GUI Unlimited
Mac $12800 SQL
Unix
IBM DB2 Window $25000 - Yes GUI 512 TB
Mac $800000 SQL
Unix
SQL Server Window Yes GUI 524258 TB
SQL
MySQL Window Open Source Yes GUI 256 TB
Linux SQL
Mac
Solaris
Netware
Microsoft Window Package with GUI 2G
Access Microsoft SQL
products
USERS OF DBMS
End Users
End users are those who access the database from the terminal end.
They use the developed applications and they don’t have any
knowledge about the design and working of database. These are the
second class of users and their main motto is just to get their task done.
There are basically two types of end users:
Casual User
These users have great knowledge of query language. Casual users access data by
entering different queries from the terminal end. They do not write programs but
they can interact with the system by writing queries.
Naive
Any user who does not have any knowledge about database can be in this
category. Their task is to just use the developed application and get the desired
results.
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USERS OF DBMS
Application Programmers - Application programmers are the one
who writes application programs that uses the database. These
application programs are written in programming languages like
COBOL or PL (Programming Language 1), Java and fourth generation
language. These programs meet the user requirement and made
according to user requirements. Retrieving information, creating new
information and changing existing information is done by these
application programs.
Administrative DBA - This DBA is mainly concerned with installing,
and maintaining DBMS servers. His prime tasks are installing, backups,
recovery, security, replications, memory management, configurations
and tuning. He is mainly responsible for all administrative tasks of a
database.
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CONTRIBUTION OF DATABASE TECHNOLOGY TO SOCIETY
Flexibility
Allow evolutionary changes to the structure of database without
affecting the stored data and existing application.
CONTRIBUTION OF DATABASE TECHNOLOGY TO SOCIETY
Economic of Scale
DBMS can be shared among various department and activities thus
reduced the data redundancy
GROUP DISCUSSION
You are responsible for selecting a new DBMS product for a group of
users in your organization. How should you do about evaluating and
selecting the best DBMS product?
CROSSWORD PUZZLE
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