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Ex 5.1
Remember
Think
From lower energy to higher energy, it is endothermic. If you freeze water, water has higher energy
compared to ice because it is liquid. So, you take the energy out, which goes into the surroundings.
Combustion produces heat and light, which is exothermic. If you produce heat that is exothermic.
Endothermic or exothermic is a physical change, the other is a chemical reaction. Physical change is
no new substance is produced. Chemical change is where a new substance is produced. Physical
change is change of state or dissolving. Chemical change is like photosynthesis or respiration.
If you remove energy, then it is exothermic. If you add energy then it is endothermic.
Remember
1. A. Kinetic
B. Heat
C. Gravitational Potential
2. A. Battery
B. Fireworks
Think
1. Petrol can cause unwanted heat or light energy. Coal can cause unwanted light and sound
energy.
2.
Ex 5.3
Remember
1. Airbags inflate after an explosion. A device detects the car has slowed down rapidly, a
chemical reaction inside the bag occurs, filling it with nitrogen gas.
2. Sodium azide sodium + nitrogen gas
3. He invented dynamite as well as inventing the Nobel prize.
4. The reaction which occurs releases large amounts of energy and gas, exerting great
pressure. In fact, they can cause enough energy to cause a small earthquake.
5. Hydrogen + oxygen water
Think
1. He didn’t think that dynamite would have such terrible effects and was plagued by his
invention, thus deciding to create something for the good of the world.
2. It is obvious that energy would be let out, as every reaction releases energy
3. This is so that the sodium can’t react with anything else and create another reaction, which
could off put the effects of the nitrogen gas.
Ex 5.4
Remember
1. To become an ion, it can either gain or lose an electron. By gaining an electron it is called a
cation and if it loses an electron it is an anion.
2. A negatively charged ion, or an anion.
3. A positively charged ion, or a cation.
4. An electric current causing a chemical reaction to occur is called electrolysis.
Think
1.
Experiment 5.1
Aim: Find out the difference between several experiments and determine whether they are
exothermic or endothermic.
Hypothesis: I believe that part 1 will be exothermic, part 2 will be endothermic and part 3 will be
exothermic.
Materials:
Safety Glasses
Bench Mat
4 Large Test tubes
10ml Measuring Cylinder
Balance
Thermometer (-10°C to 110°C)
Stirring Rod
Magnesium Ribbon
Sandpaper
0.5M hydrochloric acid
Lithium Chloride
Potassium Chloride
Method:
Questions
1. Magnesium + hydrochloric acid heat + magnesium and hydrochloric acid solution (+)
Lithium chloride + water heat + lithium chloride solution (+)
Potassium chloride + water potassium chloride solution + energy (-)
2.
3. You can tell if a process is a chemical reaction if you see bubbles, heat change, colour change
etc. A physical change is like salt dissolving in water, it is a change of state but nothing
occurred on a molecular scale.
Ex 5.6
Remember
Experiment 5.2
Materials:
Safety glasses
Copper strip
Zinc strip
Strip of filter paper
0.5 potassium chloride
1M coper sulfate solution
1M zinc nitrate solution
2 connecting leads with alligator clips
Galvanometer or ammeter
100ml beaker
Method:
1. Pour 50ml copper sulfate into one beaker and 50ml zinc nitrate into the other.
2. Soak the filter paper into potassium chloride.
3. Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram.
4. Record the reading on the galvanometer.
Results: The ammeter read 4mA, and it moved slightly. This shows that the circuit is completed and
works.
Questions:
1. There was evidence because it generated electricity, which is a sign of a chemical reaction.
Energy output is a sign of a change.
2. Yes, as we saw an electric circuit happening and that the ammeter had a reading.
3. A. The circuit would slow down and eventually the ammeter won’t be able to pick up a
reading. This is because the chemical reaction has ended.
B. The circuit wouldn’t be connected and there wouldn’t be any reading. The ammeter
would read 0.
Conclusion: There was a chemical reaction that occurred and electricity was generated because of
this. What we formed was an electric cell.