Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Political causes
• Policy of Annexation followed by Lord Dalhousie :
• Doctrine of Lapse Introduced by Lord Dalhousie.
• Stated that heirs adopted without the approval of the Company would
only inherit the private property of the owner and the territories would
be seized by the Company.
• Examples - Jhansi, Satara, Nagpur, Sambalpur etc seized in this manner.
• This doctrine caused widespread discontentment among Indian rulers.
• Disrespect Shown to Bahadur Shah Zafar
• Bahadur Shah was the last Mughal ruler of India.
• In 1849, Lord Dalhousie announced that Shah's successor will no longer
be permitted to reside at the Red Fort and will have to move to a place
near Qutub Minar. It was also declared the successors would be deprived
of the right to be called Emperor and would be regarded as mere princes.
• This decision hurt the sentiments of Muslims.
• Ill-Treatment to Nana Saheb
• Nana Saheb was the adopted son the last Peshwa - Bajirao II.
• The British refused to grant Nana Saheb the pension they were paying to
Baji Rao II
• Nana Saheb had inherited enormous wealth which he utilized in sending
emissaries to different parts of the country to gather support for a revolt
movement.
• In general, Nana Saheb was annoyed.
• The Annexation of Oudh(Awadh, Lucknow) On the pretext of
misrule/mismanagement
• In 1856, Lord Dalhousie annexed Awadh under the pretext of alleged
misrule.
• The Nawab of Awadh, Wajid Ali Shah was removed from the throne.
• This threw many thousands of nobles, officials, and soldiers out of their
job.
• This caused resentment among the people of Awadh, which played a
major role in the uprising of 1857.
• Unpopular Administration
• The Indians could not approach the British
• The British could humiliate Indians
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• Indians found themselves out of place with English Laws and English
Language
• British officers looked upon Indians as inferior and excluded them from
high ranks.
• Floating Rumours
• A rumour was spread that there's a change in power every hundred years.
• British came to power in 1757; Indians, in 1857, felt that the British rule
had come to an end and they ought to be ousted.
• With this belief, the Indians rose in revolt against the British.
Socio-Religious cause
• Interference with social customs:
• Reforms like the abolition of Sati was introduced by Lord William Bentick
in 1829.
• Widow Remarriage Act was passed and western education was opened to
girls. This move was not welcomed by the Indians.
• These social reforms were aimed at improving the conditions of Indian
society.
• However, while introducing such reforms the feelings of people were not
taken into consideration.
• Railways and Telegraph:
• FIRST TRAIN MUMBAI TO THANE (1853)
• The introduction of modern innovations such as railways and telegraphs
were misunderstood by the people.
• There were rumours that the telegraph poles were erected to hang anti -
British people.
• The orthodox Indians noted that in the railway compartments, the high
and low castes were made to sit side by side.
• The policy of racial discrimination:
• British officers were rude towards Indians and believed that they could
kill them at their own will.
• Indians were not given high posts in British offices.
• Such acts of unjust discrimination alienated the British from Indian
masses.
Religious Causes
• Fears regarding conversions to Christianity:
• The activities of the Christian missionaries created a sense of alarm among
Hindus and Muslims.
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Economic Causes
• British exploited economic resources of India.
• The British policy to export raw material was harmful for Indian
handicrafts.
• The British confiscated Jagirs.
• The British annexed Awadh.
• Educated Indians were unemployed.
• Poverty increased.
Military Causes
• The Indian Soldiers were considered inferior.
• The wages of Indian Soldiers were very less.
• Lord canning passed General Enlistment act.
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• Lucknow
• Revolt led by Begum of Awad.
• Banras And Allahabad
• Revolt led by Maulvi Liaquet Ali.
• Bihar
• Revolt led by Kanwar Singh.
• He helped Nana Saheb.
• Central India
• Revolt led by Brave lady Jhansi ki Rani Lakshmi bai.
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• Sir William Jones, Max Muller etc. provide political social and cultural
advancement of India in the past.
• Many Indian writers wrote about India’s glorious past that gave birth
nationalism.
• Socio-religious Reform movement:
• Many social reformers like Raja Rammohan, Jyotiba Phule etc did efforts
to get rid social evils and they made Indians politically conscious.
• Raja Ram Mohan Roy:
I. He founded Brahmo Samaj in 1828.
II. Due to his efforts lord Bentinck abolished sati system.
III. He was known as Father of Indian Nationalism.
• Jyotiba Phule:
I. He founded Satyashodak Samaj in 1873.
II. He published “Tales of the untouchables”.
III. He also known as Mahatma Jyotiba Phule because of his works.
• Objective of INC:
I. To promote Friendly relations
II. To formulate popular demands and place them the government.
III. To develop nationalism.
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PARTITION OF BENGAL
• Lord Curzon Became the Viceroy of India in 1898.
• He was enemy of Indian nationalism.
• He partitioned Bengal into two parts in 1905.
• Causes/Motives
• He said Bengal is big state and hard to administrated it.
• It has large population about of 8 crores.
• Dacca was made its capital.
• The main cause to curb nationalism.
• The Hindus and Muslims were united and he wanted to divide them.
• This motive appears to be real one because new state was Muslim
dominated.
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• Many textile mills, soap and match factories, National banks were set up
to help the people.
• To suppress many policies were followed by the government such as
Leaders were beaten and killed, arrested .
• In 1907 Lal Lajpat Rai was arrested.
• In 1908 Tilak was sentenced to 6 years imprisonment.
• Grant-in-aid to educational institutions were stopped.
• Government followed divide and rule.
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• Ghadar Party: it tried to overthrow British rule and 7000 man of Indian
army revolt under it at Singapore.
• Indians were prepared for self-rule.
• British makes promises to stop movement.
• Importance of Home rule movement:
• First: Transformed national movement into a people's movement.
• Second: It worked as lighthouse.
• Third: it made popular to Annie Besant and Tilak.
• Fourth: its voice reached many nations. Indian home rule league
established in New York and London.
• Fifth: Under the pressure of home rule movement government promised
to give responsible government after the war.
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Results of WWI
• The WWI came to end with treaty of Versailles, 1919.
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League of Nations
• Formation of The league of Nation
• It was result of Treaty Of Versailles.
• It was set up on 10/01/1920 at Geneva (Switzerland).
• It had six main Organs:
1. The Assembly
2. The Secretariat
3. The League of Council
4. Permanent Court of International Justice
5. ILO
6. The Mandates Commission
• Objectives
o To achieve international peace.
o To promote co-operation.
o To reduce arms.
o To preserve political independent.
o To promote Human Welfare.
• Failure
o It failed to maintain peace.
o WWII started.
o Hitler refused to accept treaty.
o Again Europe was divided into two groups.
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• Economic Crisis:
o The national debt increased after WWI.
o The industries were ruined.
o People became poor.
o There was shortage of food grains.
o Weak Government:
o People wanted to replace weak government cause policies.
o This feeling of the people helped Fascism to flourish in Italy.
• Activities of the Socialists:
o Socialist spread revolutionary ideas.
o The workmen organized strikes.
o People wanted bold leadership.
o The communist plans to capture power.
o This feeling of the people helped Fascism to flourish in Italy.
• Political Instability:
o 1919, Democracy was introduced first time.
o No single party could win majority.
o Six coalition governments were framed form 1919 to 1922.
o Fascist took advantage of it.
o LON failed to check the rise of dictatorship.
• Efforts of the Nationalists:
o The Landlords, The rich, The Young men and the middle class
people comprised in nationalist.
o They wanted to setup powerful government.
o They formed many groups.
o Mussolini organized them into the Fascist Party.
o After the attack of Fascist party at different place, PM resigned in
1922.
o Mussolini formed new government and he was called ‘Duce’
Ideology of Fascism
• It was supporter of one party and one leader.
• All powers should be rested in one leader.
• Control on Private property.
• Fascism was supporter of an imperialist policy.
• Rise of Nazism in Germany
• The new republic faced many problems.
• It gave rise to dictatorship under Adolf Hitler.
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• Causes
o Humiliating Treaty of Versailles
o This treaty was very harsh.
o This treaty created feeling of dissatisfaction among Germans
o People wanted to establish her old prestige.
• Economic Crisis:
o After WWI many soldiers became unemployed.
o Trade was ruined.
o The republic failed to solve it.
• Spread of communism:
o Hitler feared that Germany would become slave of Russia.
o He makes people against communism.
o People joined Nazi party.
o Germany had no Faith in Democracy:
o They were against democracy.
• It helped rise of Hitler.
• Personality of Hitler
• He was great orator.
• He was a resourceful person.
• His speech was very effective.
• People have blind faith on him.
• The Volunteer Corps:
o After WWI many soldiers were unemployed.
o Hitler organized them.
o Hitler crushed opposition party with them.
• Anti – Semitic Propaganda:
o They against Jews.
o They describe Jews as traitors.
o They told whole hardship because of Jews on Germans.
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Ideology of Nazism
• To end the parliamentary institutions
• To have control on education.
• To root out communism.
• Nazi party considered Germany superior.
• To turn out Jews from Germany.
• To denounce the degrading treaty of Versailles.
• To increase the German military power.
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Results of WWII
• Immediate Consequences of the War:
o The results of WWII were most destructive than those of the WWI.
o Not only defeated countries faced problems but also victorious
became weaker.
• Effects on allies:
o England and France became weaker.
o They faced economic problems.
o France faced political instability.
o Division of the World into two groups:
o British lost leadership.
o America and Russia got leadership.
o World divided into two bloc i.e. democratic and communist.
o Russia wanted to spread communism in many countries.
o America also tried to influence by giving aid to many countries.
o Cold War and the Berlin Blockade:
o After war some situations created which formed war like
atmosphere is called cold war.
o Germany and Berlin were divided in many zones.
o Eastern Germany was under Russia.
o Soviet authorities established a blockade on all land and water
resources between West Berlin and West Germany which leads
crises of cold war.
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THE U.N.O.
• 24-12-1945: set up.
• Headquarters: New York
• Members: 193
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6. The Secretariat
• Composition:
o Secretary General is its head who elected for 5 years.
o It is divided into 8 parts.
o António Guterres is the current UN Secretary-General
• Functions:
• It keeps the record of all the organs of the U.N.O.
UNICEF
• Stands for – United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund.
• 1946: created by General Assembly to help children’s of Europe and
China.
• 1950: Its programme extend to works for all developing countries.
• Headquarters: New York(USA)
• It has a board of 30 members.
• It provide aid to needy countries.
• It depends on contributions made by different nations.
• Its main objective is to look after the children.
• Functions:
o It makes planning of benefit for children with consultation of many
nations.
o It provides funds for welfare of Childs.
o It provides technical supplies and other aids, medicine etc.
o It provides low cost community based services in child field.
o It makes efforts to prevent diseases by which children grow
healthy.
• 1979: International Year of The Child
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UNESCO
• Stands for – United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural
Organisation
• 1946: set up.
• Headquarter – Paris
• Meeting of General Assembly – Once in 2 years
• Executive board members – 51
• Executive meets 2 times in a year.
• Functions:
o To promote peace and security by education, Science etc.
o In the Field of Education
o It opens school.
o Helps to train teachers.
o Open libraries.
o Remove illiteracy.
o In the Field of Science
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NAM MOVEMENT
❖ Meaning of The Non-Aligned Movement: New independent states
followed a policy to keep themselves far away from power blocs in order
to protect their independence is called NAM.
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