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    7 views4 pages

    Notes 2-5, Sept 19, 2013 Openings in Slab

    Uploaded by

    Kelly Obrien
    slab

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 4
    An ane Cfo COSTAE a) eteyae gaa ten alee) ais) e] 5 ifyou took an advanced concrete design course, you probably had a {good introduction to the design of two-way slabs, Although all multi story buildings require muitple small lab penetrations for routing of plumbing, fire protection piping, and ductwork between floors and lager openings for staiwols and elevator shafts, your course probebly covered the topic of slab openings only briefly tall For newly constructed slabs, the locations and sizes ofthe required ‘openings are usually determined inthe eary stages of design and ‘an be easly accommodated inthe majoriy of instances. Howevey, you may aso be asked to modify an existing structure, where the ‘analjsis and strengthening i required) are typically more Involves tan for similar openings in new slab. In this arte, guidance is provided on selecting locations and sizes for openings in two-way slabs for both nevr and existing structures, By carefully slecing thelr locations small openings can ‘often be accommodated without requiing strengthening, You'l probably run across situations, howeve, where the opening requles strengthening or the location of these openings i cated by «concerns other than the strength ofthe structure. Fr these cases, some methods for strengthening exiting structures ate introduce, (GREE Types of Two-Way Slabs ‘Although these are several diferent variations of two-way slabs, they ‘an be generally described as one ara combination of tee W0-way stems: lat plates, lt slabs, and two-nay beam-supported slabs, The selection ofthe most advantageous location fora floor apening| depends on the type of to-vay lb you're designing or evaluating The simplest type of two-way sab to constuet Is known as 2 lat plate These slabs are supported directly by the columns and have a completely flat soffit For live loads of about SO pst (2.5 kPa, column spacing typically ranges from 15 to 25 f (45 to 7.5 m) with mi ‘urn slab thicknesses of 6 to 10 in. (150 10 250 mm) For longer spans, drop panels (thickened potions ofthe slab) are added at the column. Tos system i teferred to a5 a flat slab and has an economical span range of 25 to 30 fe (7.5 ta 9m) with minimum slab thicknesses f 8.5 to {0 in. (200 to 250 mm). Two-way beam G PCA. Concrete Thinking teresutzeaba wets | Fetus cinetaseauin Large opening in flat slab floor supported slabs have beams spanning between columns in both {trom Referance 2) anyuhere within a column stip of flat slab or within 10 times the slab thickness from a concentrated load or reaction area, The effect, of the slab opening is evaluated by reducing the perimeter of the ‘atc section 6 bya length equal tothe profction ofthe opening enclosed by two lines extending from the centroid ofthe column and tangent to the opening, as showin in Fig 3) For slabs wit shear heads to assist in transfering slab shear tothe column, the effect of the opening is duced, and 6, i reduced by only half the length enclosed by the tangential nes, as shown in Fi, 300). GEEAA Openings in ExisTing Slabs ‘Small openings in existing slabs are usually cove-diled to the required diameter. Larger openings are cut witha circular saw or concrete chain saw with plunge cutting capabilities, Because 2 ‘cular saw makes a longer cut on the top ofthe slab than on the bottom, small cores drilled at the comers can be used to help avold ‘overcutting the opening when a crcular saw is used Cutting openings in existing slabs should be approached with ‘caution and avoided if possible When cutting an opening in an ‘existing slab, the effect on the structural integriy ofthe siab must be analyzed t's advisable to analyze the slab for excess capacity and possible moment redistbution before making the final decision on the sizes and locations ofthe openings, but the following guidelines (estos Rotaconet ig, 3: Reduction to perimeter of ctl section b, fora fat plate or flat slab with openiags in column strips or within a distance of O times the thickets ofthe sla from a column: (a) mo sheat- ‘hess; and (b) with shearheade (rom Reference 3) taken from Reference 4 can assist you In making preliminary decisions With the best chance to avoid having to reinforce the slab. (GEESE Openings in Existing Flat Plates and Flat Slabs Because the punching shear capacity ofthe sab around the colurns typically governs the thickness of flat plates, ny openings a the Intersection af colurn strips (Area 3 in Fg.) shoud be avoided as ‘much as possible. Tiss especially rial near corner and edge columns vere the shear inthe slab typically highest. f openings ‘must be made in Aree 3, to instal a drainage pipe for example the sizeof the opening shouldbe no larger than 12 in, (300 Because they reduce the cial scton for resisting punching shear (as explained in Section 1.12.5 af ACI 318-05), openings cut in this area shouldbe evaluated carefull. One possible exception to this guideline is when column capitals, commonly seen in older stuctres, ‘ate present to reduce shear sreses inthe sab Openings in Are 2, located at the intersection of column and middle strips are ss citical than In Area 3, and small openings having a width less than 15% of the span length can often be made in this tea, The most favorable location for openings from a structural point ofvew i often te intersection af two mice strips (Area 1). Tiss abo often the leas favorable locaton from an architectural point of view, however, because it's the mos diuptive tothe Function ofthe space, The guidelines for openings in fat slabs generally flow the recor ‘mendations for flat plates, bu the chances of accommodating larger ‘openings in Area 3 ate increased due tothe lower shear stresses in the regon ofthe drop panels. (GBI Openings in Existing Two-Way Beam-Supported Slabs For openings in two-way beam supported slabs, the station is reversed because much ofthe shear is transfered tothe column ‘through the beams The total width of openings in Area 3 (inersec- tion of two columa strips) can often be up to 1/4 of the span, as long asthe beams ae left intact. Openings In Area 2 can be more problematic because they may intersect the potion of the sab Used a6 a beam. Although Area I Is the least desiable ocaton, ‘openings with maximum dimensions up to 18 of he span can often be locate atthe intersection of two mide sis ‘When removing an entire pane of slab between beams it's often an advantage to leave enough of an overhang to allow development of reinforcing bars rom adjacent spans In this case, the beams should be checked for torsion because the balancing moments forthe Potion ofthe slab that was removed wl no longer be present, GEES Strengthening Methods Openings in new structures can often be accommodated by the prop dealing of editional reinforcing stein the slab or beams, bears Spanning between columns or other beams or thickening of potions of the slab eround openings. When you determine that an existing structure can't accommodate new openings without strengthening, the situation becomes more complex; however, there ate several common strengthening methods you can consider? The selection of the most appropriate method to use will depend on several factors, such as the amount of strengthening required, the facation where steengthening is required, and architectural requirements. (One of the most common methods fr increasing momertcapacty isto add sta! plates tothe surface ofa slab, using either through: boks or post-instafled anchors. The installation i fairly simple, but because plates and through-bolts would interfere with loring surfaces, plates are normally installed on the batiom ofthe slab sing post-installed anchors. Also, because overlapping of the pates ‘sft, this method works best when strengthening is requited in only one direction Fig 4: Areas for slab openings (ofter Reference 4) similar methed is to use fiber-reinforced polymer or steeteinforced polymer strips to strengthen the sla. The strips can be overiapped at the corners ofthe opening, making strengthening In two dections simpler, and doesnot interfere withthe floor surface as muchas, anchored ste! plates, Ther instalation, however, requires more highly sled labor. When there are existing concrete beams, ste! beams can be installed that span between the concrete beams, Shins or nonshrink grout should be installed between the top flange ofthe stel beam ‘and the bottom ofthe sab to ensure uniform bearing ‘When shear stengthening Is required around columns, a common solution i to instal steel or concrete collars around te columns to Increase the perimeter ofthe critical section for punching cheat. It's important to remember that exposed reiefocing systems may require fire protection, Systems that incorporate epoxy adhesives must be carefully evaluated as they can lose strength rapidly at elevated temperatures. For low lavels of strengthening, the contribution of the exposed rinfrcing sytem to the stength of ‘the sia can be neglected, and the strength checked using factored loads for fie conditions that are lower than under normal tempera tres. For higher levels of strengthening, special coatings may be equied to achive a spect fire rating GEEBA Seek Advice Experience s one of tie mos valuable tools when selecting opening ‘ocations and strengthening methods. Your fest few projects would be an excellent opportunity to seek the advice of more experienced engineers in your compary. They may beable to show you what they've done on previous projets, provide you with typical detalls and give their thoughts on which locations and strengthening ‘methods would work best for your particular situation. (GEE References 1. "An Engineers Guide to: Economical Concrete Flor Systems,” Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IX, 2008, 6 pp. 2. ACI Committee 318, "ulding Code Requirements for Structural CConcrate (ACI 318-05) and Corsmentary (318-05)," Ametiean Concrete Insitute, Farrington Kills, Ml, 2005, 430 pp. 3. Notes on ACI 318-05 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete with Design Applications, ME. Kamava and B.G. Rabbat, eds, Porland Cement Association, Skokie, IL, 2005, 1008 pp. 4, Newman, A, Stiuctual Renovation of Buildings-Methods, Details, and Design Examples, McGraw-Hill, New York,NY, 2001, pp, 239-246, 5. Alkhdall , and thomas 1, “Keys to Success: Structural Repair ‘and Strengthening Techniques for Concrete Facties,” Stuctual Engineer, V5, No. 4 May 2004, pp. 24-27, 6, AlkhidajiT, "Concrete Q&A: Design Considerations for Fire Resistance of Structural Strengthening System, Structural Engineer, July 2004, available at ww. gostructral

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