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Jo UOHNgINSIpaL & Jt “IOUTISap aM SAOTTE Z°Z'9'L1$ 2POD IDV ‘wayshs JeIMoNTS opeuTULO}OpAT HEISE JO s1oquious possansaiduou Jo UBISop oy) UT “speoy pazoyory £q. ody sttp yo saumonns s0,f “wonoas Jo sjuourour Sumurums wot pue ry Aq pouruurayop 2q ue Uor}Z0s ymba ap) paw) ‘onbio} 0 opmyrudeu ayy, “syoddns 1 tp 10y SySHXO YE auO yuo “oaMONNS aWeUTUTOIeP AqwONeIS & UY NOISYOL ALITISILVGINOD GNV WATETTINOd 3's “AMAL OTS = 2£/* O1# Pa2axe you op (uoHtenbe amp Jo 2pIs Yo] oy Ho sua) On oMp Aq WOAIB) Torsion pus aeoys £q peonpoxd sassons xeoys [OUTMIOMT ayp YeMP Say 9A (ONE'S) “be JO YOY “L Syonuoo —,u1Zsz = (r@100 ~ Gave Lage 6 “fv ey “e900 = “Face wep ssaq wee 2q, You squat s/'y (62'S) "bat UT “(67's) “ba Buysn yaays yeupny:Zuo] Jo vaze wINUTUTU a4 yey OSTY (ers) = my s = pie “€ dois wiouy 100 = 5/'v 987 “(8z's) ‘ba Buisn uorss0} Jog joors pEuypNy!Buo| aynduroy “9 30 £8000 = 6pE00 000°09NO1)0S = (1O'Z + 6rIO'O ysis "qos = ve * :sdnims 203 syuousarmbeu [aois wnuTUTU yooqD “Ss ete ‘aUERDNOD ca ONET 961228 Shear, bond and torsion where T;and T, denote the partial torques resisted by the flange and the web respectively. Since Tr + Ty = T, we have . volume of flange heap a a volume aaa ei ia eS oes ‘These relations can of course be extended to a cross-section composed of several rectangles, e.g. an Esection, Admittedly, the complexity of the sereal foaane Se Falcon of ihe vanan componcnr maker evaluation of the volume rather tedious. However, if the sand heap for Se oe ocpie etamaed eve ion cer oak Seite aoe ane eee eae al sections are neglected) it is easy to show that the partial torque resisted by a typical component rectangle is Cisiah avn) © Aininltone where the suffix i refers to the typical component rectangle, and fin and Ti ate Tespectively the shorter and longer sides of the rectangle. in the other hand, if purely elastic analysis is used, then eqns (6.81) and (6.8-2) would lead to Ck Fininbinas)i T= TS ies (68-10) where the symbols have the same meanings as in eqn (6.8-9) except that the new coefficients k are from Table 6.8-1. Note that unless cach ‘component rectangle has the same aspect ratio Iqus!Myn. the k coefficients in the numerator and denominator of eqn (6,810) do not cancel out. For a more detailed explanation of the membrane analogy and the sand- heap analogy, and their application to torsion in structural conerete, the reader is referred to Sawko [42]. Tw n=T (68-9) 6.9 Effects of torsion reinforcement. As stated in the previous section, a plain concrete beam fails practically as soon as diagonal cracking occurs. If the beam is suitably reinforced, it will sustain increased torsional moments until eventually failure occurs by the steel yielding, with cracks opening up on three sides and crushing “occurring on the fourth [38]. The most practical arrangement of torsion reinforcement consists of a combination of longitudinal bars and links, the longitudinal bars being distributed evenly round the inside perimeter of the links (Fig. 6.9-1). Lampert and Collins [43] have proposed the space truss analogy for the ate torsional strength. With reference to Fig, 69-I, the space truss consists of the longitudinal bars acting as stringers, the Icgs of the links acting as posts, and the concrete between the cracks as the compression diagonals. With reference to Fig. 6.91, let Effects of torsion reinforcement 29 Diagonal (wonerete detween racks) Fig.6.9-1 Lampert and Collins's space truss analogy [43] ultimate torsional moment of resistance; total area of longitudinal reinforcement: area of the two legs of each link: ‘eld strength of the longitudinal reinforcement; jeld strength of the Hinks; longitudinal spacing of the links; the smaller dimension between the corner bars,as labelled in Fig. 6.913 1 = the larger dimension between the corner bars, as labelled in ig. 69-1. Considering a length s, of the beam, the (steel volume) x (yield strength) products are respectively A, fy sy and Ag f(t) + y). It is. desirable that the longitudinal bars and the links should yield simul- taneously; to achieve this condition, the volume-strength products should be made equal [43, 44], ie. i ASS, = Aho + Y) (9-1) Lampert and Collins have found that, ifeqn (6.91) is satisfied, then the diagonal cracks (Fig, 9-1) ean be sume be pekned 45 to the axis of the member. We recall that in Section 6.3, the truss analogy was used to calculate the shear resistance of a We shall now show that the ultimate torsional resistance may be calculated, in a similar way, from Lampert and Collins’ space truss analogy. With reference to Fig. 6.9- 1, consider the intersection of the horizontal legs of the links by the diagonal cracks. Sinee each crack can be assumed to be inclined at 45° to the member axis, then on each horizontal face of [ramer of horizontal es] » intersected by a crack | ~ 5, (69-2)LL S_:_- | 234 Shear, bond and torsion 6.11 Torsional resistance in design calculations (BS 8110) ‘The design procedure in BS 8110 is based on the principles explained in the preceding sections; it may be summarized as follows (see also comments at the end). Step 1 The Torsional moment T Th a determinate structure, the torsional moment T due to ultimate Joads will be given directly by the equations of statics. In analysing an indeterminate structure to determine 7, the flexural rigidity and the torsional rigidity may be obtained as follows: (a) Flexural rigidity El: E may be taken as the appropriate value of E, in Table 2.56 and / as the second moment of arca of the nominal cross-section. i (b) Torsional rigidity GC: G may be taken as 0.426, and C as 0.5K, where K is the St Venant value in Table 6.8-1 Step 2. Torsional shear stress vs For a rectangular section, the torsional shear stress v, may be calculated from the equation HEE i "* FE Taw ~ Fall San where T ‘he torsional moment duc to ultimate loads; Tinin = the smaller dimension of the section; and imax = the larger dimension of the section. ‘Then proceed to Step 5, unless the member consists of a flanged section (or a box section), in which case proceed to Step 3 (or Step 4). ‘Step3_ Flanged sections “E., L- or Fsections may be treated by dividing them into their component rectangles. This should normally be done so as to maximize the function >) (htinftmax) which will generally be achieved if the widest rectangle is made as long as possible. The torsional shear stress yy carried by each component rectangle may be calculated by treating it as a rectangular section subjected to a torsional moment of Ainh T, Na 11-2) TS Celina) cane where Tis the torsional moment for a typical component rectangle (see abo Step 80) Sup4 Box sections ‘Box and hollow sections in which wall thicknesses exceed one-quarter of Box and hallo seco tpe"moribet inthe erection af meaairement ‘may be treated as solid rectangular sections, Step The torsional shear stress x In no case should the sum of the shear stresses resulting from shear force and torsion exceed the value v;, from Table 6.11—1, nor in the case’ Torsional resistance in design calculations (BS 8110) 235 Table 6.11-1 Torsional shear stresses (BS8110: Part 2: Clause 2.4.5)" Concrete characteristic strength fay (Nim?) 5 0 =H Yon 033037 4D vo" 400438500 The gn and ves nade an alowange forthe part Th nt i nla nll paral Vales oan vi ae derged trom the eqns OF ee Nan 08 fa 5 8 Nl of small sections (y; < $50 mm) should the torsional shear “< ul ional shear stress exceed ¥4,34/550, where y; is the larger dimension of a in othe: 1 Be link. In other ¥ + v > vy from Table 6.11-1 (611-3) where ¥; is calculated from eqn (6.11-1) and v from \f ind v from eqn (6.4~ Small sections, there the sddtionl requtement that” FO" ve Yay /S50 411-4) If either of eqns (6.113) and (6.11-4) cannot be sati f 4) cannot be satisfied, the ov dimensions of the cross-section are inadequate. In the subsequent steps, it will be assumed! that these equations are eaticied (after revising erces: sectional dimensions if necessary). fini ite kom eae teayicieeeis tata Wat tgaon eons old be ide Sfanea im Sp sulfcient for resisting the Corsional effets ©? ©" (64-2) ae TNS should conse of recone i reinforcement, Ths reinforcement f aadidonal say ou ee shear ling which occurs sit i shear and bending which occurs simultaneously with the torsion and As 1 Sy = ORR (O8T py) ce > Ae (fe a> f= (Be +9 pane where T= the torsional moment due to ultimate loads; Ay, = the area of the legs of closed links at a section; Aq = the area of longitudinal torsion reinforcement;236 Shear, bond and rorsion fy = the characteristic strength ofthe links (but not t be taken >» ™ as exceeding 460 Nimm?); is {f= the characteristic strength of the longitudinal reinforoe ment Cou otf Beran as exceeding 460 Nim 3 the spacing of the links; i Are pile centre-to-centre dimension of the links: {RS farger centre-to-centre dimension of the links. 5 v ling requirements fi Steps Dealing. of torsion reinforcement should satisfy the following requirements (a). The links should be ofa closed type similar to Cove 74 oF BS 1466 fe Fig. 611-1 t 1) Gor i Spacing, sould oot exced the tnt of a 1/2 200 mm, where symbols are as defined in Step 7- fi (o) The longituginal torsion reinforcement required by ean (6 11-6) wroaia' Be distributed evenly round the inside perimeter of the snout me clear distance between these bars should not exceed Bod yam and at least four bars, one in each comer of the links, Should be used. i he tension or (4) Longitudinal torsion bars required at the level of 1 (@ Tonbression reinforcement may be provided by using larger bars ‘an those required for bending alone. © ar Taragtadinal torsion bars should extend a distance at least equal ‘tthe largest dimension of the cross-seetion beyond where it ceases to be required. i rcaMonent rectangles of T-, L- or [-sections, the reinforce. (Inthe comp read be detailed s0 that they interlock and te the Tremponent rectangles of the section together (see Fig, 6.112) Sores the torsional shea stress vin a minor component rectangle Ane fon vray, no torsion reinforcement need be provided in that rectangle. Ge BE) = v) by taking Poisson's ratio v as 0.19 (see Section 2.5(d) on Fig. 6.11-2. Torsion reinforcement Fig. 6.11-1 Closed link for torsion for Banged beam Torsional resistance in design calculations (BS 8110) 237 Poisson's ratio). The relatively low value assigned to G, together with the fact that C is taken only as 4K, has the effect of reducing the value of the torsional rigidity GC to be used in the structural analysis, and hence of reducing the magnitude of the compatiblity torsion moment to be used in the design calculations; the use of C = 4K also allows for the reduction in GC due to flexural cracking Comments on Step 2 BS 8110s equation for v, follows from eqn (6.8-8): the authors agree that it is difficult to accept the completely plastic stress distribution implied by this equation, but such acceptance is not necessary; the stress vj may simply he regarded as a nominal stress, just as the stress v from eqn (6-4-1) is so regarded. Comments on Step 3 BS 8110's intention is that the effective flange widths in Section 4.8 should apply to torsion as well. Note also that BS 8110's expression for the tor- Sonal moment for a component rectangle is neither that of eqn (6.8-9), Which is based on. plastic stress distribution, nor that of eqn (6.8-10) Which is based on am elastic stress distribution. A correct expression for Structural concrete is not yet available; BS 8110's expression is conser vative and may overestimate the torsion shear stress by 20% [40]. Recenily, Goode [38] has drawn attention to tests on L-beams which have shown that if the flange is cracked in flexure its effectiveness in helping to resist torsion is small; he suggested that a flexurally cracked outstanding flange should be neglected and the beam designed as rectangular Comments on Step 4 See statement (¢) following equ (0.9-3), that statement also covers eases where the wall thickness is less than one-quarter the member size. Comments on Step 5 {AS pointed out in statement (a) following eqn (6.9-3), it is important in practice to ensure that the section is torsionally under-reinforced. The vig Values in Table 6.11-1 are intended to do just that. The additional restriction for small sections is to prevent the premature spalling of concrete at the corners which has been observed in tests; however, the factor y,/550 would seem to be rather conservative. Comments on Step 6 ‘The vinin Values in Table 6.11-1 are empirical. That is, the observed torsional moment at which diagonal cracking occurs in the test specimen is used in eqn (6.8-8) to compute the nominal stress v,. which is then divided by a partial safety factor to give Venin- TRE Yomin values in Table Elie are very conservative [38, 40) ‘Comments on Step 7 BS 8110's equation for A,, follows directly from eqn (6.9-3) if the characteristic strength f,, is replaced by the design strength 0.87/,., and if the efficiency factor of 0.8 is inserted to allow for the fact that BS $110 refers to the link dimensions and not to the Gimensions between centres of