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ChE 133
1st sem AY 1718
Design Project
• Your 1 MW power plant is to be powered through the
incineration of municipal solid wastes.
• Design the absorption towers that would be needed to
remove the SOx and NOx from the flue gas.
• Design the fixed bed adsorber that would be needed
to remove the organic compounds from the flue gas
(i.e. use dioxins as your representative chemical)
• Design any required heat exchangers for the operation
of these unit operations
• Deadline: November 22
Outline
• Methods of Drying
• Drying Equipment
• Drying Principles
• Equilibrium moisture
• Drying Curves
• Batch Drying
• Continuous Drying
Drying
• Drying is defined as the transfer of liquid from a wet solid
into an unsaturated gas phase
• Bound moisture
• Liquid which exerts a vapour pressure less than that of
the pure liquid
• Fick’s Law:
Analysis is empirical
Drying Curves
• For direct-heat drying (Sherwood, 1929)
′
= =−
Drying Curves
A Unsteady-state Rise of Tsolid to Twb; usually negligible moisture removal
B adjustment
B Constant-rate period External surface maintains film of liquid; diffusion/capillary
C action = evaporation
C (First) Falling-rate Liquid on surface starts to deplete
D period
D Second Falling-rate Surface is dry; drying occurs from inside the solid
period
Drying Curves
• Type 1 Solids
Drying Curves
• Constant-rate Period (CRP)
• Free moisture covers exposed surface
• Moisture evaporated is replenished by capillary action
or liquid diffusion
• May extend to X* for Type 1 solids in agitated
conditions
• Drying rate controlled by external heat and mass
transfer
• Heat transfer primarily by convection
= = − = −
= ′ − ′
( constant)
R RC t WS ( XC¢ - X E¢ ) X 2¢ dX ¢
=
X ¢ - X E¢ X C¢ - X E¢
ò tC dt = - AR ò XC¢
X ¢ - X E¢
C
X ¢ - X E¢ WS ( XC¢ - X E¢ ) X2¢ - X E¢
R= RC (t - t C ) = - ln
X C¢ - X E¢ ARC XC¢ - X E¢
What happens when equilibrium moisture
content is negligible?
Drying Curves
• Falling Rate Period
• Empirical Case 1: linear decrease
′
=
′
′ ′ ′
=− = ln
′
′
= ln
Example
Experimental data for the through-circulation drying of
extrusions of ZnO in a bed using air at a flow rate of 340
ft3/min show a constant rate period from X0=33% to
Xc=13%, with a drying rate of 1.42 lb H2O/h-lb bone-dry
solid, followed by a falling-rate period that approximates
Case 1. Calculate the drying time for the constant-rate
period and the additional time in the falling-rate period to
reach a free-moisture content of 1%.
Alternative Approach: Batch Dryers
• Through-circulation drying
• Mass balance: =
Y+
• Energy balance:
− ′ =ℎ −
= ln
• From batch drying,
=
ln / ′
= ′ is no longer constant!
ℎ −
Must use an average −
Alternative Approach: Batch Dryers
• Through circulation drying
• Energy balance: = ln
− − − −
Δ = =
ln ln
ℎ
Δ = − 1 − exp −
ℎ
Continuous Dryers
• For Direct heaters
• Mass balance: = − = ℋ −ℋ
− = ℋ
• Energy balance: (s – dry solid, g – dry gas, m – moisture)
Continuous Dryers
• Temperature profile for counter-current dryers