Rutherfordium

Rutherfordium is a synthetic chemical

element with symbol Rf and atomic
number 104, named after physicist Ernest
Rutherford. As a synthetic element, it is
not found in nature and can only be
created in a laboratory. It is radioactive; the
most stable known isotope, 267Rf, has a
half-life of approximately 1.3 hours.
Rutherfordium,  104Rf
General properties

Pronunciation /ˌrʌðərˈfɔːrdiəm/ (  listen) (RUDH-

ər-FOR-dee-əm)

Mass number 267 (most stable isotope)

Rutherfordium in the periodic table

Hf
↑
Rf
↓
(Upo)
lawrencium ← rutherfordium → dubnium

Atomic 104
number (Z)

Group group 4

Period period 7

Element transition metal

 
category

Block d-block

Electron [Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2[1][2]

configuration

Electrons per 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 10, 2

shell

Physical properties

Phase solid (predicted)[1][2]

(at STP)

Melting point 2400 K (2100 °C, 3800 °F)

(predicted)[1][2]

Boiling point 5800 K (5500 °C, 9900 °F)

(predicted)[1][2]

Density 23.2 g/cm3 (predicted)[1][2][3]

(near r.t.)

Atomic properties

Oxidation 4,[1] (3), (2)[2][3] (parenthesized

states numbers are predictions)

Ionization 1st: 579.9 kJ/mol
energies 2nd: 1389.4 kJ/mol
3rd: 2296.4 kJ/mol
(more) (all but first estimated)[2]

Atomic radius empirical: 150 pm (estimated)[2]

Covalent 157 pm (estimated)[1]

radius

Miscellanea

Crystal hexagonal close-packed (hcp)

structure (predicted)[4]

CAS Number 53850-36-5

History

Naming after Ernest Rutherford

Discovery Joint Institute for Nuclear

Research and Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory (1964, 1969)

Main isotopes of rutherfordium

 Iso‐ Abundance Half-life Decay Pro‐
tope (t1/2) mode duct

>80% 257No

<15% 261Lr
261Rf syn 70 s[5]
ε

<10%
SF

<100%
SF
263Rf syn 15 min[5]
~30% 259No

α
265Rf syn 1.0 min[6][7][8] SF
266Rf syn 23 s? SF
267Rf syn 1.3 h[5] SF

In the periodic table of the elements, it is a

d-block element and the second of the
fourth-row transition elements. It is a
member of the 7th period and belongs to
the group 4 elements. Chemistry
experiments have confirmed that
rutherfordium behaves as the heavier
homologue to hafnium in group 4. The
chemical properties of rutherfordium are
characterized only partly. They compare
well with the chemistry of the other group
4 elements, even though some
calculations had indicated that the
element might show significantly different
properties due to relativistic effects.

In the 1960s, small amounts of

rutherfordium were produced in the Joint
Institute for Nuclear Research in the
former Soviet Union and at Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory in
California.[9] The priority of the discovery
and therefore the naming of the element
was disputed between Soviet and
American scientists, and it was not until
1997 that International Union of Pure and
Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) established
rutherfordium as the official name for the
element.

History
Discovery

Rutherfordium was reportedly first

detected in 1964 at the Joint Institute of
Nuclear Research at Dubna (then in the
Soviet Union). Researchers there
bombarded a plutonium-242 target with
neon-22 ions and separated the reaction
products by gradient
thermochromatography after conversion
to chlorides by interaction with ZrCl4. The
team identified spontaneous fission
activity contained within a volatile chloride
portraying eka-hafnium properties.
Although a half-life was not accurately
determined, later calculations indicated
that the product was most likely
rutherfordium-259 (abbreviated as 259Rf in
standard notation):[10]

242
94Pu + 22
10Ne → 264−x
104Rf → 264−x
104RfCl4

In 1969, researchers at the University of

California, Berkeley conclusively
synthesized the element by bombarding a
californium-249 target with carbon-12 ions
and measured the alpha decay of 257Rf,
correlated with the daughter decay of
nobelium-253:[11]

249
98Cf + 126C → 257
104Rf + 4 n

The American synthesis was

independently confirmed in 1973 and
secured the identification of rutherfordium
as the parent by the observation of K-alpha
X-rays in the elemental signature of the
257Rf decay product, nobelium-253.[12]

Naming controversy
Element 104 was eventually named after Ernest
Rutherford

The Russian scientists proposed the name

kurchatovium and the American scientists
suggested the name rutherfordium for the
new element.[13] In 1992, the IUPAC/IUPAP
Transfermium Working Group (TWG)
assessed the claims of discovery and
concluded that both teams provided
contemporaneous evidence to the
synthesis of element 104 and that credit
should be shared between the two
groups.[10]

The American group wrote a scathing

response to the findings of the TWG,
stating that they had given too much
emphasis on the results from the Dubna
group. In particular they pointed out that
the Russian group had altered the details
of their claims several times over a period
of 20 years, a fact that the Russian team
does not deny. They also stressed that the
TWG had given too much credence to the
chemistry experiments performed by the
Russians and accused the TWG of not
having appropriately qualified personnel
on the committee. The TWG responded by
saying that this was not the case and
having assessed each point raised by the
American group said that they found no
reason to alter their conclusion regarding
priority of discovery.[14] The IUPAC finally
used the name suggested by the American
team (rutherfordium) which may in some
way reflect a change of opinion.[15]

As a consequence of the initial competing

claims of discovery, an element naming
controversy arose. Since the Soviets
claimed to have first detected the new
element they suggested the name
kurchatovium (Ku) in honor of Igor
Kurchatov (1903–1960), former head of
Soviet nuclear research. This name had
been used in books of the Soviet Bloc as
the official name of the element. The
Americans, however, proposed
rutherfordium (Rf) for the new element to
honor Ernest Rutherford, who is known as
the "father" of nuclear physics. The
International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry (IUPAC) adopted unnilquadium
(Unq) as a temporary, systematic element
name, derived from the Latin names for
digits 1, 0, and 4. In 1994, IUPAC
suggested the name dubnium (Db) to be
used since rutherfordium was suggested
for element 106 and IUPAC felt that the
Dubna team should be rightly recognized
for their contributions. However, there was
still a dispute over the names of elements
104–107. In 1997 the teams involved
resolved the dispute and adopted the
current name rutherfordium. The name
dubnium was given to element 105 at the
same time.[15]

Isotopes
Rutherfordium has no stable or naturally
occurring isotopes. Several radioactive
isotopes have been synthesized in the
laboratory, either by fusing two atoms or
by observing the decay of heavier
 Isotope half-lives and discovery years
elements. Half-life Decay Discovery
Isotope [5]
Reaction
mode[5] year
Sixteen 253Rf 48 μs α, SF 1994 204Pb(50Ti,n)[16]

254Rf 206Pb(50Ti,2n)[16]
different 255Rf
23 μs

2.3 s
SF 1994

ε?, α, SF 1974 207Pb(50Ti,2n)[17]

isotopes have 256Rf

257Rf
6.4 ms α, SF 1974 208Pb(50Ti,2n)[17]

249Cf(12C,4n)[11]
4.7 s ε, α, SF 1969

been reported 257mRf 4.1 s ε, α, SF 1969 249Cf(12C,4n)[11]

258Rf 14.7 ms α, SF 1969 249Cf(13C,4n)[11]

with atomic 259Rf 3.2 s α, SF 1969 249Cf(13C,3n)[11]

259mRf 2.5 s ε 1969 249Cf(13C,3n)[11]

masses from 260Rf 21 ms α, SF 1969 248Cm(16O,4n)[10]

253 to 270
261Rf 78 s α, SF 1970 248Cm(18O,5n)[18]

261mRf 4s ε, α, SF 2001 244Pu(22Ne,5n)[19]

(with the 262Rf 2.3 s α, SF 1996 244Pu(22Ne,4n)[20]

263Rf 15 min α, SF 1999 263Db(e−,ν [21]

e)

exceptions of 263mRf ? 8s α, SF 1999 263Db(e−,ν

e)
[21]

264Rf 5? s[22] SF unknown —

264 and 269). 265Rf 1.0 min[7][8] SF 2010 269Sg(—,α)[6]

266Db(e−,ν
Most of these
266Rf 23 s? SF 2007? [23][24]
e)?
267Rf 1.3 h SF 2004 271Sg(—,α)[25]

decay 268Rf 1.4 s? SF 2004? 268Db(e−,ν

e)?
[24][26]

269Rf — — unknown —
predominantly 270Rf 20 ms?[27] SF 2010? 270Db(e−,ν
e)?
[28]

through
spontaneous fission pathways.[5][29]
Life-times

Out of isotopes whose half-lives are

known, the lighter isotopes usually have
shorter half-lives; half-lives of under 50 μs
for 253Rf and 254Rf were observed. 256Rf,
258Rf, 260Rf are more stable at around 10
ms, 255Rf, 257Rf, 259Rf, and 262Rf live
between 1 and 5 seconds, and 261Rf, 265Rf,
and 263Rf are more stable, at around 1, 1.5,
and 10 min respectively. The heaviest
isotopes are the most stable, with 267Rf
having a measured half-life of about 1.3
h.[5] Half-lives for 269Rf, 271Rf, and higher
are not known and have not yet been
predicted.
The lightest isotopes were synthesized by
direct fusion between two lighter nuclei
and as decay products. The heaviest
isotope produced by direct fusion is 262Rf;
heavier isotopes have only been observed
as decay products of elements with larger
atomic numbers, of which only 267Rf has
been confirmed. The heavy isotopes 266Rf
and 268Rf have also been observed as
electron capture daughters of the dubnium
isotopes 266Db and 268Db, but have short
half-lives to spontaneous fission: it seems
likely that the same is true of 270Rf, a likely
daughter of 270Db.[28] While the isotope
264Rf has yet to be observed, it is predicted
to have a short half-life of 5 s.[22]
In 1999, American scientists at the
University of California, Berkeley,
announced that they had succeeded in
synthesizing three atoms of 293Og.[30]
These parent nuclei were reported to have
successively emitted seven alpha particles
to form 265Rf nuclei, but their claim was
retracted in 2001.[31]

Predicted properties
Chemical

Rutherfordium is the first transactinide

element and the second member of the 6d
series of transition metals. Calculations on
its ionization potentials, atomic radius, as
well as radii, orbital energies, and ground
levels of its ionized states are similar to
that of hafnium and very different from
that of lead. Therefore, it was concluded
that rutherfordium's basic properties will
resemble those of other group 4 elements,
below titanium, zirconium, and
hafnium.[21][32] Some of its properties were
determined by gas-phase experiments and
aqueous chemistry. The oxidation state +4
is the only stable state for the latter two
elements and therefore rutherfordium
should also exhibit a stable +4 state.[32] In
addition, rutherfordium is also expected to
be able to form a less stable +3 state.[2]
The standard reduction potential of the
Rf4+/Rf couple is predicted to be higher
than −1.7 V.[3]

Initial predictions of the chemical

properties of rutherfordium were based on
calculations which indicated that the
relativistic effects on the electron shell
might be strong enough that the 7p
orbitals would have a lower energy level
than the 6d orbitals, giving it a valence
electron configuration of 6d1 7s2 7p1 or
even 7s2 7p2, therefore making the
element behave more like lead than
hafnium. With better calculation methods
and experimental studies of the chemical
properties of rutherfordium compounds it
could be shown that this does not happen
and that rutherfordium instead behaves
like the rest of the group 4 elements.[2][32]

In an analogous manner to zirconium and

hafnium, rutherfordium is projected to
form a very stable, refractory oxide, RfO2. It
reacts with halogens to form tetrahalides,
RfX4, which hydrolyze on contact with
water to form oxyhalides RfOX2. The
tetrahalides are volatile solids existing as
monomeric tetrahedral molecules in the
vapor phase.[32]
In the aqueous phase, the Rf4+ ion
hydrolyzes less than titanium(IV) and to a
similar extent as zirconium and hafnium,
thus resulting in the RfO2+ ion. Treatment
of the halides with halide ions promotes
the formation of complex ions. The use of
chloride and bromide ions produces the
hexahalide complexes RfCl2−
6 and RfBr2−
6 .
For the fluoride complexes, zirconium and
hafnium tend to form hepta- and octa-
complexes. Thus, for the larger
rutherfordium ion, the complexes RfF2−
6 ,
RfF3−
7 and RfF4−
8 are possible.[32]

Physical and atomic

Rutherfordium is expected to be a solid
under normal conditions and assume a
hexagonal close-packed crystal structure
(c/a = 1.61), similar to its lighter congener
hafnium.[4] It should be a very heavy metal
with a density of around 23.2 g/cm3; in
comparison, the densest known element
that has had its density measured,
osmium, has a density of 22.61 g/cm3.
This results from rutherfordium's high
atomic weight, the lanthanide and actinide
contractions, and relativistic effects,
although production of enough
rutherfordium to measure this quantity
would be impractical, and the sample
would quickly decay. The atomic radius for
rutherfordium is expected to be around
150 pm. Due to the relativistic stabilization
of the 7s orbital and destabilization of the
6d orbital, the Rf+ and Rf2+ ions are
predicted to give up 6d electrons instead
of 7s electrons, which is the opposite of
the behavior of its lighter homologues.[2]

Experimental chemistry
Gas Summary of compounds and complex ions
Formula Names
pha RfCl4 rutherfordium tetrachloride, rutherfordium(IV) chloride

se RfBr4 rutherfordium tetrabromide, rutherfordium(IV) bromide

rutherfordium oxychloride, rutherfordyl(IV) chloride,

RfOCl2
rutherfordium(IV) dichloride oxide

[RfCl6]2− hexachlororutherfordate(IV)

[RfF6]2− hexafluororutherfordate(IV)

K2[RfCl6] potassium hexachlororutherfordate(IV)

The
The
tetrahedral
structure of
the RfCl4
molecule

Early work on the study of the chemistry of

rutherfordium focused on gas
thermochromatography and measurement
of relative deposition temperature
adsorption curves. The initial work was
carried out at Dubna in an attempt to
reaffirm their discovery of the element.
Recent work is more reliable regarding the
identification of the parent rutherfordium
radioisotopes. The isotope 261mRf has
been used for these studies,[32] though the
long-lived isotope 267Rf (produced in the
decay chains of 291Lv, 287Fl, and 283Cn)
may be advantageous for future
experiments.[33] The experiments relied on
the expectation that rutherfordium would
begin the new 6d series of elements and
should therefore form a volatile
tetrachloride due to the tetrahedral nature
of the molecule.[32][34][35]
Rutherfordium(IV) chloride is more volatile
than its lighter homologue hafnium(IV)
chloride (HfCl4) because its bonds are
more covalent.[2]

A series of experiments confirmed that

rutherfordium behaves as a typical
member of group 4, forming a tetravalent
chloride (RfCl4) and bromide (RfBr4) as
well as an oxychloride (RfOCl2). A
decreased volatility was observed for
RfCl4 when potassium chloride is provided
as the solid phase instead of gas, highly
indicative of the formation of nonvolatile
K2RfCl6 mixed salt.[21][32][36]

Aqueous phase

Rutherfordium is expected to have the

electron configuration [Rn]5f14 6d2 7s2 and
therefore behave as the heavier
homologue of hafnium in group 4 of the
periodic table. It should therefore readily
form a hydrated Rf4+ ion in strong acid
solution and should readily form
complexes in hydrochloric acid,
hydrobromic or hydrofluoric acid
solutions.[32]

The most conclusive aqueous chemistry

studies of rutherfordium have been
performed by the Japanese team at Japan
Atomic Energy Research Institute using
the isotope 261mRf. Extraction experiments
from hydrochloric acid solutions using
isotopes of rutherfordium, hafnium,
zirconium, as well as the pseudo-group 4
element thorium have proved a non-
actinide behavior for rutherfordium. A
comparison with its lighter homologues
placed rutherfordium firmly in group 4 and
indicated the formation of a
hexachlororutherfordate complex in
chloride solutions, in a manner similar to
hafnium and zirconium.[32][37]

261mRf4+ −
+ 6 Cl → [261mRfCl ]
2−
6

Very similar results were observed in

hydrofluoric acid solutions. Differences in
the extraction curves were interpreted as a
weaker affinity for fluoride ion and the
formation of the hexafluororutherfordate
ion, whereas hafnium and zirconium ions
complex seven or eight fluoride ions at the
concentrations used:[32]
 261mRf4+ −
+6F → [261mRfF ]
2−
6

See also

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External links
Rutherfordium at The Periodic Table of
Videos (University of Nottingham)
WebElements.com – Rutherfordium

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"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Rutherfordium&oldid=820951628"
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