GATE – 2 0 1 6

EC : ELECTRONICS
& COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Set - 3
N o. of Qu est i on s : 65 M a xi m u m M a r k s : 100

I N ST RU CT I ON S
1. Tot al of 65 quest ions car r ying 100 mar ks, out of which 10 quest ions car r ying a t ot al of 15 mar ks ar e in
Gener al Apt it ude (GA)
2. The Engineer ing M at hemat ics will car r y ar ound 15% of t h e t ot al m ar k s, t he Gener al Apt it ude sect ion
will car r y 15% of t h e t ot al m ar k s and t he r em ai n i n g 70% of t h e t ot al m ar k s.
3. Ty p es of Qu est i on s
(a ) M u l t i p l e Ch oi ce Qu est i on s (M CQ) car r ying 1 or 2 mar ks each in all paper s and sect ions. These
questions ar e object ive in nat ur e, and each will have a choice of four options, out of which the candidate
has t o mar k t he cor r ect answer (s).
(b) N u m er i cal An sw er Qu est i on s of 1 or 2 mar ks each in all paper s and sect ions. For t hese quest ions
t he answer is a r eal number, t o be ent er ed by t he candidat e using t he vir t ual keypad. No choices will
be shown for t hese t ype of quest ions.
4. For 1-m ar k mult iple-choice quest ions, 1/3 m ar k s will be deduct ed for a wr ong answer. L ikewise, for
2-m ar k s mult iple-choice quest ions, 2/3 mar ks will be deduct ed for a wr ong answer. Ther e is no negat ive
mar king for numer ical answer t ype quest ions.

5. I t t akes 10 s and 15 s, r espect ively, for t wo t r ains

GEN ERAL APT I T U D E (GA) t r av el l i n g at di f f er en t con st an t speeds t o
(Q.1 – 5) : Car r y On e M ar k Each complet ely pass a t elegr aph post . The lengt h of
1. An apple cost s Rs. 10. An onion cost s Rs. 8. t he fir st t r ain is 120 m and t hat of t he second
t r ain is 150 m. The magnit ude of t he differ ence
Select t he most suit able sent ence wit h r espect t o i n t h e speeds of t h e t wo t r ai n s (i n m /s) i s
gr ammar and usage. ____________.
(a) The pr ice of an apple is gr eater than an onion. (a) 2.0
(b) The pr ice of an apple is mor e t han onion. (b) 10.0
(c) The pr ice of an apple is gr eat er t han t hat of (c) 12.0
an onion.
(d) 22.0
(d) Apples ar e mor e cost lier t han onions.
(Q.6 – 10) : Car r y Tw o M ar k s Each
2. The Buddha said, “ H olding on t o anger is like
gr asping a hot coal wit h t he int ent of t hr owing it 6. The velocit y V of a vehicle along a st r aight line is
at someone else; you ar e t he one who get s bur nt .” measur ed i n m/s and pl ot t ed as shown wi t h
r espect t o t i me i n seconds. At t he end of t he
Select the wor d below which is closest in meaning
7 seconds, how much will t he odomet er r eading
t o t he wor d under lined above.
incr ease by (in m) ?
(a) bur ning (b) ignit ing
(c) clutching (d) flinging
3. M has a son Q and a daught er R. H e has no ot her
childr en. E is the mother of P and daughter-inlaw
of M . H ow is P r elat ed t o M ?
(a) P is t he son-in-law of M .
(b) P is t he gr andchild of M .
(c) P is t he daught er -in-law of M .
(d) P is t he gr andfat her of M .
4. The number t hat least fit s t his set : (324, 441, 97
and 64) is ________.
(a) 324 (b) 441 (a) 0 (b) 3
(c) 97 (d) 64 (c) 4 (d) 5
2 SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-3)

7. The over whel mi ng number of peopl e i nfect ed 3. The pr obabilit y of get ting a "head" in a single toss
with r abies in I ndia has been flagged by the Wor ld of a bi ased coi n i s 0.3. T h e coi n i s t ossed
H ealt h Or ganizat ion as a sour ce of concer n. I t is r epeat edly t ill a "head" is obt ained. I f t he t osses
est imat ed t hat inoculat ing 70% of pet s and st r ay ar e independent , t hen t he pr obabilit y of get t ing
dogs agai nst r abi es can l ead t o a si gni fi cant "head" for the fir st time in t he fift h toss is _______
r educt ion in t he number of people infect ed wit h
1
r abies. dx
4. The int egr al  is equal t o_______
Which of t he following can be logically infer r ed 0 (1  x)
fr om t he above sent ences ?
5. Consider t he fir st or der init ial value pr oblem
(a) The number of people in I ndia infect ed wit h
y = y + 2x – x2, y(0) = 1, (0  x < )
r abies is high
wit h exact solut ion y(x) = x2 + ex. For x = 0.1, t he
(b) The number of people in ot her par t s of t he
per cent age differ ence bet ween t he exact solut ion
wor ld who ar e infect ed wit h r abies is low
and t he solution obtained using a single it er at ion
(c) Rabi es can be er adi cat ed i n I n di a by of t he second-or der Runge-K ut t a met hod wi t h
vaccinat ing 70% of st r ay dogs st ep-size h = 0.1 is _______.
(d) St r ay dogs ar e t he mai n sour ce of r abi es 6. Consi der t he si gnal x(t) = cos(6t) + si n(8t),
wor ldwide wher e t is in seconds. The Nyquist sampling r at e
8. A flat is shar ed by four fir st year under gr aduat e (in samples/second) for t he signal y(t) = x(2t + 5)
st udent s. They agr eed t o allow t he oldest of them is
t o enjoy some ext r a space in t he flat . M anu is (a) 8 (b) 12
t wo mont hs ol der t han Sr avan, who i s t hr ee
(c) 16 (d) 32
mont hs younger t han Tr i deep. Pavan i s one
mont h older than Sr avan. Who should occupy t he sin(t ) sin(t )
ext r a space in t he flat ? 7. I f t he signal x(t) = * wit h * denot ing
t t
(a) M anu (b) Sr avan t he convolut ion oper at ion, t hen x(t) is equal t o
(c) Tr ideep (d) Pavan
sin(t ) sin(2t )
9. Find t he ar ea bounded by t he lines 3x + 2y = 14, (a) (b)
t 2t
2x – 3y = 5 in t he fir st quadr ant
2
(a) 14.95 (b) 15.25 2sin(t )  sin(t ) 
(c) (d)  
(c) 15.70 (d) 20.35 t  t 
10. A st r aight line is fit t o a dat a set (ln x, y). This 8. A discr et e-t ime signal x[n] = [n – 3] + 2 [n – 5]
line int er cept s t he abscissa at ln x = 0.1 and has has z-t r ansf or m X(z). I f Y(z) = X(– z) i s t h e
a slope of – 0.02. What is t he value of y at x = 5 z-t r ansfor m of anot her signal y[n], t hen
fr om t he fit ? (a) y[n] = x[n] (b) y[n] = x[– n]
(a) – 0.030 (b) – 0.014 (c) y[n] = – x[n] (d) y[n] = – x[– n]
(c) 0.014 (d) 0.030 9. I n t he RL C cir cuit shown in t he figur e, t he input
volt age is given by
T ECH N I CAL SECT I ON vi (t) = 2 cos(200t) + 4 sin(500t).
(Q.1 – 25) : Car r y On e M ar k Each The out put volt age vo(t) is
1. Consider a 2  2 squar e mat r ix
 x 
A=  ,
  
wher e x is unknown. I f t he eigenvalues of t he
mat r ix A ar e ( + j) and ( – j), t hen x is equal
to
(a) + j (b) – j (a) cos(200t) + 2 sin(500t)
(c) + (d) –  (b) 2cos(200t) + 4 sin(500t)
sin( z) (c) sin(200t) + 2 cos(500t)
2. For f(z) = , t he r esidue of t he pole at z = 0
z2 (d) 2sin(200t) + 4 cos(500t)
is _______.
SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-3) 3

10. The I -V char act er ist ics of t hr ee t ypes of diodes

at the r oom temper atur e, made of semiconductor s
X, Y and Z, ar e shown in t he figur e. Assume t hat
t he diodes ar e unifor mly doped and ident ical in
all r espect s except t heir mat er ials. I f E gx, E gY and
E gZ ar e t he band gaps of X, Y and Z, r espect ively,
t hen

14. Con si der t h e ci r cu i t sh ow n i n t h e f i gu r e.

Assuming V BE1 = V EB2 = 0.7 volt , t he value of t he
dc volt age V C2 (in volt ) is _______

(a) E gX > E gY > E gZ

(b) E gx = E gY = E gz
(c) E gx < E gY < E gZ
(d) no r elationship among t hese band gaps exist s.
11. The figur e shows t he band diagr am of a M et al 15. I n t he ast able mult ivibr at or cir cuit shown in t he
Oxide Semiconduct or (M OS). The sur face r egion figur e, t he fr equency of oscillat ion (in kH z) at the
of t his M OS is in out put pin 3 is _______

(a) inver sion (b) accumulat ion

(c) deplet ion (d) flat band
12. The figur e shows the I -V char act er istics of a solar 16. I n an 8085 micr opr ocessor, t he cont ent s of t he
cel l i l l umi nat ed uni for ml y wi t h sol ar l i ght of accumulat or and t he car r y flag ar e A7 (in hex)
power 100 mW/cm 2. The solar cell has an ar ea of and 0, r espect i vel y. I f t he i nst r uct i on RL C i s
3 cm 2 and a fi l l fact or of 0.7. The maxi mum execut ed, t hen t he cont ent s of t he accumulat or
efficiency (in %) of t he device is _______ (in hex) and t he car r y flag, r espect ively, will be
(a) 4E and 0 (b) 4E and 1
(c) 4F and 0 (d) 4F and 1
17. The l ogi c funct i onal i t y r eal i zed by t he ci r cui t
shown below is
(a) OR
(b) XOR
(c) NAND
13. The diodes D1 and D2 in t he figur e ar e ideal and
t he capacit or s ar e ident ical. The pr oduct RC is (d) AND
ver y lar ge compar ed t o t he t ime per iod of t he ac 18. The minimum number of 2-input NAND gat es
v ol t age. A ssu m i n g t h at t h e di odes do n ot r equir ed t o implement a 2-input XOR gat e is
br eakdown in t he r ever se bias, t he out put voltage (a) 4 (b) 5
V o (in volt ) at t he st eady st at e is _______ (c) 6 (d) 7
4 SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-3)

19. The block diagr am of a feedback cont r ol syst em 23. A binar y baseband digital communicat ion syst em
is shown in t he figur e. The over all closed-loop employs t he signal
gain G of t he syst em is
 1
 , 0  t  TS
p(t) =  TS
0, ot her wise

f or t r an sm i ssi on of bi t s. T h e gr aph i cal
r epr esent at ion of t he mat ched filt er out put y(t )
for t his signal will be

G1 G 2
(a) G  1  G H
1 1
(a)
G1 G 2
(b) G  1  G G  G H
1 2 1 1

G1 G 2
(c) G  1  G G H
1 2 1
(b)
G1G 2
(d) G  1  G G  G G H
1 2 1 2 1

20. For me unit y feedback cont r ol syst em shown in

t he figur e, t he open-loop t r ansfer funct ion G(s)
is given as
(c)
2
G(s) = .
s(s  1)
The st eady st at e er r or ess due t o a unit st ep input
is

(d)

24. I f a r ight -handed ci r cul ar ly pol ar ized wave i s

incident nor mally on a plane per fect conduct or,
(a) 0 t hen t he r eflect ed wave will be
(b) 0.5 (a) r ight -handed cir cular ly polar ized
(c) 1.0 (b) left -handed cir cular ly polar ized
(d)  (c) ellipt ically polar ized wit h a t ilt angle of 45
21. For a super het er odyne r eceiver, the inter mediate (d) hor izont ally polar ized
fr equency i s 15 M H z and t he l ocal osci l l at or 25. Far aday's l aw of el ect r omagnet i c i nduct i on i s
fr equency i s 3.5 GH z. I f t he fr equency of t he mat hemat i cal ly descr ibed by which one of t he
r eceived signal is gr eater than t he local oscillator following equat ions?
fr equency, t hen t he image fr equency (i n M H z) 
(a)   B  0
is_______. 
22. An analog baseband signal, bandlimited to 100 Hz, (b)   D   V

is sampled at t he Nyquist r ate. The samples ar e  B
quantized into four message symbols t hat occur (c)   E  
t
independently with pr obabilities p1 = p4 = 0.125 
  D
and p2 = p3. The infor mat ion r at e (bit s/sec) of t he (d)   H  E 
t
message sour ce is _______.
SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-3) 5

(Q.26 – 55) : Car r y Tw o M ar k s Each 31. T h e ROC (r egi on of con v er gen ce) of t h e
26. T he par t i cu l ar sol u t i on of t h e i n i t i al val u e z-t r an sf or m of a di scr et e-t i m e si gn al i s
pr oblem given below is r epr esent ed by t he shaded r egion in t he z-plane.
I f t he signal x| n| = ( 2.0)| n| , –  < n < + , t hen
d2 y dy t he ROC of it s z-t r ansfor m is r epr esent ed by
2
 12  36 y = 0 wit h y(0) = 3
dx dx
dy
and dx  36
x 0

(a) (3 – 18x) e– 6x (b) (3 + 25x) e– 6x

(c) (3 + 20x) e– 6x (d) (3 – 12x) e– 6x
27. I f t he vect or s e1 = (1, 0, 2), e2 = (0, 1, 0) and (a)
e3 = (– 2, 0, 1) form an orthogonal basis of the thr ee-
di mensi onal r eal space 3 , t hen t he vect or
3
u = (4, 3,-3)   can be expr essed as
2 11
(a) u   e1  3e2  e3
5 5
2 11
(b) u   e1  3e2  e3
5 5 (b)
2 11
(c) u   e1  3 e2  e3
5 5
2 11
(d) u   e1  3 e2  e3
5 5
28. A t r i angl e i n t he xy-pl ane i s bounded by t he
st r aight lines 2x = 3y, y = 0 and x = 3. The volume
above the triangle and under the plane x + y + z = 6
is _______.
(c)
1 ez
29. The values of t he int egr al  dz along a
2j c
z2
closed cont our c in ant i-clockwise dir ect ion for
(i ) t he point z0 = 2 inside t he cont our c, and
(i i ) t he point z0 = 2 out side t he cont our c,
r espect ively, ar e
(a) (i ) 2.72, (i i ) 0
(b) (i ) 7.39, (i i ) 0
(d)
(c) (i ) 0, (i i ) 2.72
(d) (i ) 0, (i i ) 7.39

 2 
30. A signal 2cos  t   cos(t ) is t he input t o an 32. Assume t hat t he cir cuit in t he figur e has r eached
 3  t he st eady st at e befor e t ime t = 0 when t he 3 
LTI syst em wit h t he t r ansfer funct ion r esist or suddenly bur ns out , r esult ing in an open
H (s) = es + e– s. ci r cui t . The cur r ent i (t) (i n amper e) at t = 0+
I f Ck denot es t he k th coefficient in t he exponent ial is________.
Four i er ser i es of t he out put signal , t hen C3 i s
equal t o
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 3
6 SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-3)

33. I n t he figur e shown, t he cur r ent i (in amper e)
is________.
37. The inject ed excess electr on concentr ation pr ofile
in t he base r egion of an npn BJT, biased in the
act ive r egion, is linear, as shown in the figur e. I f
the ar ea of the emitter-base junct ion is 0.001 cm 2,
n = 800 cm 2/(V-s) in the base r egion and depletion
l ayer widt hs ar e negl igi bl e, t hen t he col lect or
cur r ent I c (in mA) at room temper ature is _______.
(Gi ven: t her mal vol t age V T = 26 mV at r oom
t emper at ur e, elect r onic char ge q = 1.6  10– 19 C)

 z11 z12 
34. The z-par amet er mat r ix  z z22  for t he t wo-
 21
por t net wor k shown is

38. Figur es I and I I show t wo M OS capacit or s of unit

ar ea. The capaci t or i n Fi gur e I has i nsul at or
mat er ials X (of t hickness t 1 = 1 nm and dielect r ic
const ant 1 = 4) and Y (of t hickness t 2 = 3 nm and
di el ect r i c const ant  2 = 20). The capaci t or i n
F i gu r e I I h as on l y i n su l at or m at er i al X of
t hi ck n ess t Eq. I f t he capaci t or s ar e of equal
capacitance, then the value of t Eq (in nm) is_______
 2 2  2 2 
(a)   (b)  
 2 2  2 2 
9 3  9 3 
(c)   (d)  
 6 9  6 9 
35. A cont inuous-t ime speech signal xa(t) is sampled
at a r at e of 8 k H z an d t h e sam pl es ar e
subsequent ly gr ouped in blocks, each of size N.
The DFT of each block is t o be comput ed in r eal
39. The I -V char acter ist ics of t he zener diodes Dl and
t ime using t he r adix-2 decimat ion-in-fr equency
D2 ar e shown in Figur e I . These diodes ar e used
FFT al gor i t hm. I f t he pr ocessor per for ms al l
in t he cir cuit given in Figur e I I . I f t he supply
oper at i ons sequent i al l y, and t ak es 20 (s for
volt age is var ied fr om 0 to 100 V, t hen br eakdown
com pu t i n g each com pl ex m u l t i pl i cat i on
occur s in
(including mult iplicat ions by 1 and -1) and t he
t i m e r equ i r ed f or addi t i on /su bt r act i on i s
n egl i gi bl e, t h en t h e m ax i m u m v al u e of N
is_______.
36. Th e di r ect f or m st r uct ur e of an FI R (f i ni t e
impulse r esponse) filt er is shown in t he figur e.

(a) D1 only
(b) D2 only
The filt er can be used t o appr oximat e a
(c) bot h D1 and D2
(a) low-pass filt er (b) high-pass filt er
(d) none of D1 and D2
(c) band-pass filt er (d) band-st op filt er
SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-3) 7

40. For the cir cuit shown in the figur e, R1 = R2 = R3 = 1 43. Following is the K-map of a Boolean function of
, L = 1 H an d C = 1 F. I f t h e i n pu t five var iables P, Q, R, S and X. The minimum sum-
Vin = cos(106t), then the overall voltage gain (Vout /V in) of-pr oduct (SOP) expr ession for the function is
of t he cir cuit is _______.

41. I n t he cir cuit shown in t he figur e, t he channel (a) PQSX  PQSX  QRSX  QRSX
lengt h modulat ion of all t r ansist or s is non-zer o (b) QSX  QSX
( 0). Also, all t r ansist or s oper at e in sat ur at ion
(c) QSX + QSX
and have negl i gibl e body effect . The ac smal l
signal volt age gain (V O/V in) of t he cir cuit is (d) QS + QS
44. For t he cir cuit shown in t he figur e, t he delays of
NOR gat es, mult iplexer s and inver t er s ar e 2 ns,
1.5 ns and 1 ns, r espect ively. I f all t he input s P,
Q, R, S and T ar e applied at the same time instant,
t he maximum pr opagat ion delay (in ns) of t he
cir cuit is _______.

(a)  gm1 (ro1  ro2  ro3 )

1
(b)  gm1 (ro1  g  ro3 )
m3

1
(c)  gm1 (ro1 (  ( g  ro2 )  ro3 )
m3 45. For t he cir cuit shown in t he figur e, t he delay of
1 t he bubbled NAND gat e is 2 ns and t hat of t he
(d)  gm1 (ro1  ( g  ro3 )  ro2 ) count er is assumed t o be zer o.
m3

42. I n t he cir cuit shown in t he figur e, t r ansist or M 1

i s i n sat u r at i on an d h as t r an scon du ct an ce
gm = 0.01 siemens. I gnor ing i nt er nal par asit ic
capacit ances and assuming t he channel lengt h
modulat ion  t o be zer o, t he small signal input
pole fr equency (in kH z) is _______.

I f t he clock (Clk) fr equency is 1 GH z, t hen t he

count er behaves as a
(a) mod-5 count er
(b) mod-6 count er
(c) mod-7 count er
(d) mod-8 count er
8 SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-3)
46. The fi r st t wo r ows i n t he Rout h t abl e for t he
char act er ist ic equat ion of a cer t ain closed-loop
cont r ol syst em ar e given as
The r ange of K for which t he syst em is st able is
(a) – 2.0 < K < 0.5
(b) 0 < K < 0.5
(c) 0 < K < 
(d) 0.5 < K < 
47. A second-or der linear t ime-invar iant syst em is
descr ibed by t he following st at e equat ions
d pr opagat i on con st an t (per m et er ) of t h e
x1 (t )  2 x1 (t )  3u (t )
dt
d 53. Consider an air-filled rectangular waveguide with
x2 (t )  x2 (t )  u (t )
dt
wher e x1(t) and x2(t) ar e t he t wo st at e var iables
an d u (t ) den ot es t h e i n pu t . I f t h e ou t pu t
c(t) = x1(t), t hen t he syst em is
(a) cont r ollable but not obser vable
(b) obser vable but not cont r ollable
(c) bot h cont r ollable and obser vable
(d) neit her cont r ollable nor obser vable
48. The for war d-pat h t r ansfer funct i on and t he
feedback-pat h t r ansfer funct ion of a single loop
negat ive feedback cont r ol syst em ar e given as
K ( s  2)
G(s) = and H (s) = 1,
s2  2 s  2
r espect ively. I f t he var iable par amet er K is r eal
posit ive, t hen the location of the br eakaway point
on the r oot locus diagr am of the system is _______.
49. A wi de sense st at i onar y r andom pr ocess X(t)
passes t hr ough t he LTI syst em shown i n t he
figur e. I f t he aut ocor r elat ion funct ion of X(t) is
RX(), t hen t he aut ocor r elat ion funct ion RY() of
t he out put Y(t) is equal t o
(a) 2RX() + RX( – T 0) + RX( + T 0)
(b) 2RX() – RX( – T 0) – RX( + T 0)
(c) 2RX() + 2RX( – 270)
(d) 2RX() – 2RX( – 270)
50. A voice-gr ade AWGN (addit ive whit e Gaussian
noi se) t el ephone channel has a bandwi dt h of
4.0 k H z and t wo-si ded noi se power spect r al

densit y = 2.5  10– 5 Watt per Hz. I f infor mation
2
at t he r at e of 52 kbps is t o be t r ansmit t ed over
t his channel wit h ar bit r ar ily small bit er r or r at e,
t hen t he mi ni mum bi t -ener gy E b (i n mJ/bi t )
necessar y is _______.
51. The bit er r or pr obabilit y of a memor yless binar y
symmet r ic channel is 10– 5. I f 105 bits ar e sent over
t his channel, t hen t he pr obabilit y t hat not mor e
t han one bit will be in er r or is _______.
52. Consider an air-filled rectangular waveguide with
di mensi ons a = 2.286 cm and b = 1.016 cm.
At 10 GH z oper at ing fr equency, t he value of t he
cor r esponding pr opagat ing mode is _______
dimensions a = 2.286 cm and b = 1.016 cm. The
i ncr easing or der of t he cut -off fr equenci es for
differ ent modes is
(a) TE 01 < TE 10 < TE 11 < TE 20
(b) TE 20 < TE 11 < TE 10 < TE 01
(c) TE 10 < TE 20 < TE 01 < TE 11
(d) TE 10 < TE 11 < TE 20 < TE 01
54. A r adar oper at i ng at 5 GH z uses a common
ant enna for t r ansmi ssi on and r ecept i on. The
ant enna has a gai n of 150 and i s al i gned for
maximum dir ect ional r adiat ion and r ecept ion t o
a t ar get 1 km away having r adar cr oss-sect ion of
3 m 2. I f it t r ansmit s 100 kW, t hen t he r eceived
power (in W) is _______.
55. Consider t he char ge pr ofile shown in t he figur e.
The r esul t ant pot ent i al di st r i but i on i s best
descr ibed by
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-3) 9

AN SWERS
GEN ERAL APT I T U D E
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (a)
T ECH N I CAL SECT I ON
1. (d) 2. (1) 3. (0.07203) 4. (2) 5. (0.06) 6. (c)
7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (c) 11. (a) 12. (21)
13. (0) 14. (0.5) 15. (5.65) 16. (d) 17. (d) 18. (a)
19. (b) 20. (a) 21. (3485) 22. (362.255) 23. (c) 24. (b)
25. (c) 26. (a) 27. (d) 28. (10) 29. (b) 30. (b)
31. (d) 32. (– 1) 33. (– 1) 34. (a) 35. (8) 36. (c)
37. (6.656) 38. (1.6) 39. (a) 40. (– 1) 41. (c) 42. (57.8745)
43. (b) 44. (7) 45. (d) 46. (d) 47. (a) 48. (– 3.41)
49. (b) 50. (31.503) 51. (0.735) 52. (158.07) 53. (c) 54. (0.0122)
55. (c)

EXPL AN AT I ON S
GEN ERAL APT I T U D E 5t h sec  st r aight line
2. The meaning of under lined wor d gr asping means =0
clut ching (or holding somet hing t ight ly). 6 sec  t r iangle
th

(+ or –)
M Q
(+)
1 1
Son = 11 
3. Daughter
Husband
(+) Male 2 2
Grand (–) Female
R
Dau
ght Child (+ or –)
7 sec  t r iangle
th
er-i
n-la
w E
P
1 1
Mother = 11 
So, fr om t he above r elat ion diagr am it is clear 2 2
t hat P is t he gr andchild of M . Tot al Odomet er r eading at 7 seconds
120 1 1 1 1
5. H er e t he speed of fir st t r ain (S1) =  12 m/s =  1 1 1  0   m
10 2 2 2 2
150 =5m
and the speed of second tr ain (S2) =  10 m/s
15 So, t he odomet er r eading is incr eased by 5 m.
 The magnit ude of differ ence in t he speeds of 8. M anu age = sr avan age + 2 mont hs
t wo t r ains = (S1 – S2) = (12 – 10) m/s = 2 m/s M anu age = Tr ideep age – 3 mont hs
6. Fr om t he given figur e. Pavan age = Sr avan’s age + 1 mont h
The odomet er r eadi ng incr eases fr om st ar t i ng Fr om t he above st at ement
point t o end point .
Tr ideep age > M an > Pavan > Sr avan
Odomet er r eading = Ar ea of t he given diagr am
H ence, Tr ideep can occupy t he ext r a space in t he
Ar ea of t he velocit y and t ime gr aph per second flat .
1st sec  t r iangle 9.
1 1
= 11 
2 2
2nd sec  squar e
=11=1
3 sec  squar e + t r iangle
rd

1 1
= 11 
11 = 1
2 2
4 sec  t r iangle
th

1
= 1 2  1
2
10 SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-3)

 14  3. The pr obability of gett ing ‘‘head’’ for the fir st time

A =  ,0 
 3  in fift h loss
B = [0, 7], (P) = (0.7)4 (0.3)
5  = 0.07203
C =  ,0 
2  1
dx
 5  4. L et I = 
D = 0,  1 x
 3  0
1
E = [4, 1], =  2 1  x 
 0
F = [0, 1]
= – 2 [(0) – 1]
Requ i r ed ar ea = A r ea of  B F E + A r ea of
quadr ilat er al FEOC  I =2
1 1 5. Given t he fir st or der init ial value pr oblem is
=  4  6   (4  2.5)  1
2 2 dy
= y  2 x  x2
1 dx
= 2  6   6.5
2 y(0) = 1
= 12 + 3.25 0x<
= 15.25 sq. unit s Given f(x, y) = y + 2x – x2,
So, t h e ar ea boun ded by t he gi ven l i nes i s xo = 0,
15.25 sq. unit s.
yo = 1,
10. The equat ion of a st r aight line is
h = 0.1
y = mx + c
m = slope = – 0.02 k 1 = hf (xo, yo)
set (log x, y) = 0.1 (1 + 2(0) – 02)
Now, t he line int er cept s t he abscissa at = 0.1
log x = 0.1 k 2 = hg (x0 + h, y0 + k 1)
So, at abscissa y = 0 = 0.1 ((y0 + k 1) + 2(x0 + h) – (x0 + h)2)
 y = mx + c (since h = 0.1)
0 = – 0.02  0.1 + c = 0.1 ((1 + 0.1) + 2(0.1) – (0.1)2)
 c = 0.002 = 0.1 (1.1 + 0.2 – 0.01)
y = mx + c
= 0.129
y = – 0.02  1og x + c
At x =5 1
 y1 = y0   k1  k2 
 y = – 0.02  log 5 + 0.002 = – 0.030 2
So, t he value of y is – 0.030.
1
T ECH N I CAL SECT I ON = 1  0.1  0.129 
2
1. Fr om t he given squar e mat r ix (since k 1 = 0.1 and k 2 = 0.129)
det (A) = 2 – x
= 1 + 0.1145 = 1.1145
( + j) ( – j) = 2 – x
()2 – (j)2 = 2 – x For exact solut ion,
2 – (j 2) (2) = 2 – x y(x) = x2 + ex
2 + 2 = 2 – x (since j 2 = – 1) y(0.1) = (0.1)2 + e0.1
 = – x
2
= 0.01 + 1.1050
 x =–  = 1.1152
sin z
2. Given f(z) = er r or = 1.1152 – 1.1145
z2 = 0.00069
1  z3 z5 
= 2 z    ...........
z  3! 5! er ror 0.00069
 Relat ive er r or = 
1 z z 3 y( x) 1.1152
=    ............
z 3! 5! = 0.00062
Residue of f(z)= 1 (at z = 0) Per cent age Er r or = (0.00062  100)% = 0.06%
SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-3) 11

6. Given signal
So, V0 (t ) = 2 cos 200 t
x(t) = cos (6t) + sin (8t)
Now consider only 4 sin 500t, then cir cuit becomes
Wher e t is in seconds
and y(t) = x(2t + 5)
y(t) = cos (12 t + 30) + sin (16 t + 40)
fm = 6
1
fm = 8
2
 fm = 8 H z
(f S)min = 2f m
= 16 H z
Thus t he Nyquist sampling r at e is 16 H z. So, again V0n (t ) = 4 sin 500 t
7. H er e t h e con v ol u t i on of t wo si n c pu l ses i s Finally (accor ding t o super posit ion t heor em)
sinc pulse. V 0(t) = V0 (t )  V0n (t )
 V 0(t) = 2cos (200t) + 4 sin (500 t)
10. Fr om t he given fig :

sin t
So, x1(t) =
t
Now x(t) = x1(t) * x1(t)
X() = X 1() · X 1()
= X 1()
Vr > V r > V r
sin t 3 2 1
 x(t) = x1(t) = Vr  E g
t
Wher e V r is cut -in volt age
sin t
So, t he value of x(t) is So, E gZ > E gY > E gX
t
8. H er e (a)nx(n)  X(z/a) Pmax Pmax
12. Fill fact or = 
a =– 1 PT I SC  VOC
(– 1)n x(n)  X(– z)
wher e Pmax = M aximum power
but x(n) = [n – 3] + 2[n – 5] PT = Theor et ical power
y(n) = (– 1)n x (n) = I SC · V OC
= (– 1)n [(n – 3) + 2[n – 5]
Pmax
 y(n) = – (n – 3) – 2 (n – 5) 0.7 =
180  10 3  0.5
= – x(n)
H ence, t he value of signal y(n) is – x(n).  Pmax = 63  10– 3 W
Now M aximum efficiency
9. The input volt age is given by
V i (t) = 2cos 200t + 4 sin 500t Pmax
(max) =
Let us apply Super position theor em only consider Pin
2cos 200t, t hen cir cuit becomes
 
 63  10 3 W 
=  100  %
 100  10 3 W  3cm 2 
 
 cm 2 
= 21%
Thus t he maximum efficiency (in %) of t he device
is 21%.
12 SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-3)

13. Tot al per iod T = T 1 + T 2

= 0.1768562 m sec
Fr equency of oscillat ions
1
(f) = = 5.65 kH z
T
Diodes ar e ideal t her efor e dur ing Posit ive cycle 16. Given
of out put volt age
(V 0) = 10 – 10 = 0 V
Dur ing Negat ive cycle, t he diodes ar e Rever se
biased so out put Aft er execut ing inst r uct ion
(V 0) = 0 V
 V 0 = 0 V (always)
So, t he out put volt age V 0 (in volt ) at st eady st at e
is 0 V. 17. Fr om given fig. it is a AND gat e
14. H er e V E = (2.5 – 0.7) I nput Out put
1
= 1.8 V
A B Y
V B = V E1 – V EB2
2
0 0 0
= (1.8 – 0.7)
= 1.1 V 0 1 0

VB 2  1 1 0 0
IB = 1 1 1
2 10k
1.1  1 0.1 18. The minimum no. of NAND gat es r equir ed for
=  2-input EX-OR gat e = 4
10 k 10 k
19. Fr om t he given block diagr am, we have
 0.1 
I C2 =  I 2  50  
 10k  Y(s) G1G 2
= G(s) =
 V C2 = I C2 (1K ) X(s) 1  G1H 1  G 2G 2

50(0.1) 2
= (1k) 20. Given G(s) = and H (s)  1
10 k s(s  1)
= 0.5 V  Type-1 System, to the unit step input the ess = 0
H ence, t he value of t he dc volt age V C2 is 0.5V. So, t he st eady st at e er r or ess due t o a unit st ep
input is 0.
15.
21.

fIf
= 15 M H z
fLo
= 3500 M H z
fs – fLo
= fIf
Fr om t he above figur e fs
= fLo + fIf
T 1 = 0.693 (RA + RB ) C = 3515 M H z
= 0.693 (2.2k + 4.7k) 0.022  f si = image fr equency
= 0.693  6.9  103  0.022  10– 6 = fs – 2 fIf
= 0.1052 m sec = 3515 – 2  15
T 2 = 0.693 RB C = 3485 M H z
= 0.693 (4.7 k) 0.022  So, t he image fr equency is 3485 M H z.
= 0.693  4.7  103  0.022  10– 6 22. Her e the samples ar e quantized into four message
symbols that occur independently with probabilities
= 0.0716562 m sec
ar e given by
SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-3) 13

P1 = 0.125 26. The differ ent ial equat ion is given by

P4 = 0.125
d2 y dy
P2 = 0.375 2
 12  36 y = 0
dx dx
P3 = 0.375  D 2 + 12D + 36 = 0
1 1 (D + 6)2 = 0
H = 0.125 log 2  0.125 log 2
0.125 0.125  D = – 6, – 6
1 1 The solut ion is given by
 0.375 l og 2  0.375  log 2
0.375 0.375
y = C1e6 x  C2 xe6 x ...(i )
= 0.125 log 2 8  0.125 log 2 8  0.375 log 2  8  y(0) = 3
3
 3 = C1
8 C1 = 3
 0.375 log 2  
3
(i )  y = 3e6 x  C2 xe6 x
I nfor mat ion r at e = H  200
dy
= 1.811  200 = 18 e6 x  C2 6 xe6 x  e6 x
 
dx
= 362.255
23. The gr aphical r epr esentation of the matched filter dy
 = – 18 + C2
out put y(t) for t his signal is given by dx x 0
 – 36 = – 18 + C2
 C2 = – 18
 The solut ion of y = 3 e– 6x – 18 x e– 6x
(Since C1 = 3 & C2 = – 18)
24. 27. The equat ion is given by
u = x1e1 + x2e2 + x3e3 ...(i )
Put t ing t he value of u, e1, e2 & e3 in t he given
equat ion (i ), we get
(4, 3, – 3) = x1 (1, 0, 2) + x2 (0, 1, 0)
+ x3(– 2, 0, 1)
H er e RH CP  r ight handed cir cular ly polar ized x1 – 2x3 = 4  (a)
L H CP  L eft -handed cir cular ly polar ized x2 = 3  (b)
I f t he wave is incident on per fect conduct or t hen 2x1 + x3 = – 3  (c)
r eflect ion coefficient is given by On solving t hese equat ions, we get
E r0 2
   1 x1 =  ,
E i0 5
E r = E i  180 x2 = 3,
0 0
I f incident wave is t r aveling along + Z dir ect ion 11
x3 =
t hen t he r eflect ed wave will be t r aveling along 5
– Z dir ect ion. 2 11
 u =  e1  3e2  e3
Thus, t he r eflect ed wave is left hand cir cular ly 5 5
polar ized (L H CP).
25. Far aday’s l aw of el ect r omagnet i c i nduct i on i s 28. Vol ume =  zdx dy
mathematically described by the equation is given 2
x
3 3
by
=
 B
    6  x  ydx dy = 10
x 0 y0
E = 
t  2 
or  since 2x = 3y, y = 3 x & x  3 
  
 H x+y+z =6
  E = 
t  z =6– x– y
14 SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-3)

29. (i ) When t he point z0 = 2 inside t he cont our c. 32. Cir cuit at t = 0– , t he di r ect i on of cur r ent and
cor r ect component was not given.
1 ez 1
2j c ( z  2) dz = 2j 2jf (2)
 e2 = 7.39
(i i ) When t he point z0 = 2 out side t he cont our c.
1 ez
2j c ( z  2) dz = 0 ( z = 2 lies out side c)
Not t = 0+
30. The t r ansfer funct ion
H (ej) = ej + e– j = 2cos

 2 
H er e x(t) = 2cos  t
 3 
4
2 So,  1A
i (0+) =
0 = 4
3  The magni t ude of he cur r ent i s 1 amper e
 2   1  (negat ive).
H (j0) = 2cos    2    1
 3   2  33.

 2 
y(t) = 2cos  t  180 
 3 
x(t) = cos t
0 = 
H (j0) = 2 cos () = – 2
y(t) = 2 cos(t + 180)
Fr om above fig.
 2  Nodal Analysis
y(t) = 2cos  t    – 2 cos(t + )
 3 
(V  8) V (V  8) V
   0
2 1 1 1 1
1 = 2 = 
3 4V = 16
T1 = 3 T2 = 2 V = 4 Volt s
T0 = 6 Now fr om K CL
2  i – 4+4+1 =0
0 = T  3
0 i = – 1A
y(t) = 2cos(20t + ) – 2cos(30t + ) H ence t he cur r ent (i ) i n t he gi ven ci r cui t i s
y(t) = ej (20 t )  e j (20 t ) – 1 Amp.
34. Given net wor k is in lat t ice for m
 ej (30 t )  e j (30 t )
Wher e Za = 3
y(t) =  ej (20 t )  e j (20 t )
Zb = 0
 ej (30 t )  e j (30 t ) Zc = 0
C3 = 1 Zd = 6
Thus t he value of C3 is 1. But it is not symmet r ical & balanced
n
1
31. x(y) = (2) n u (n)    u (n  1)
2
ROC = ( z  2)  ( z  ½)  
So, t he ROC of z-t ansfor m is null.
SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-3) 15

V1 37. We know t hat

So, Z11 = I  3 // 6  2
dn dn
1 I 2 0 Collect or cur r ent (I C) = AeD n = Ae n VT
dx dx
V2
Z21 = I Wher e
1 I 2 0
A = Ar ea for t he emit t er -base funct ion
e = Elect r onic char ge
V T = Ther mal volt age
 104  0 
I C = 0.001  1.6  10– 19  800  0.026   4 
 0.5  10 
K VL I C = 6.656 mA
– V 2 – 2I 1 + 0 = 0 H ence t he collect or cur r ent (I C) is 6.656 mA.
V 2 = – 2I 1 38. We known t hat
 Z21 = – 2
A
Also Now C=
d
V2
Z22 = I  3 // 6  2 Wher e C = Capacit ance
2 I 01 A = Ar ea of a capacit or
V1
 = dielect r ic const ant
Z21 = I
2 I 1 0 C1C2
Now C = C C
1 2

 4 20 
 1  10 9  3  109  12
=   8.8521  10
 4 
10 
9
 1  10 
3  10 9 
= 2.5  10 0 9

K VL  r 0
C= t
– V 1 – 2I 2 = 0 eq

V 1 = – 2I 2  r 0 4  0
t eq = 
 Z12 = – 2 2.5  10 0 2.5  109 0
9

So, t he Z-par amet er mat r i x for t he t wo por t = 1.6  10– 9 m

net wor k is given by = 1.6 nm
2 2  So, t he value of t hickness (t eq) is 1.6 nm.
Z =  
 2 2 
35. The number of complex mult iplicat ions r equir ed 39.
N 
for DI F-FFT =  log 2 N 
2 
N 
  log 2 N  (20  sec) = 125 sec
 2 
Solving t he above equat ion, we get N = 8
36. Fr om t he given figur e Fr om t he above fig., it is clear t hat
y(n) = 5[x(n) – x(n – 2)] bot h zener diodes ar e in r ever se biased
Y(ej) = 5[1 – e– 2j] X(ej) V BZ1 = 80 V
H (ej) = 5[1 – e– 2j] V BZ2 = 70 V
D 1 have list sat ur at ion cur r ent .
When we will var y t he volt age above 80V
D 1 get br eaks down & will r eplaced by 80V. &
t hr ough it ‘’ cur r ent can flow t hr ough it .
But because of D 2 we will t ake minimum cur r ent
i .e. net cur r ent equal s t o r ever se sat ur at i on
cur r ent of D 2 as we know.
Thus, it is a Band pass filt er
16 SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-3)

1
f p = 2R C
i mi

1
f p = 2  5K  0.55 mF

1
=
2  5  10  0.55  10 9
3

The diode have least sat ur at ion will br eak down = 57.8745 kH z
fir st and it will r eplaced by its br eak down volt age So, t he smal l si gnal i nput pol e fr equency i s
and t he net cur r ent equal upt o ot her di ode 57.8745 kH z.
r ever se sat ur at ion cur r ent .
43. The minimum sum-of-pr oduct (SOP) expr ession
for t he funct ion
40.
= Q.S.X  Q.S.X
44. The maximum pr opagat ion delay of t he cir cuit
= t pd, NOR + t pd, mux + t pd, NOR + t pd,mux
= (2 + 1.5 + 2 + 1.5) ns
Fr om above fig.
= 7 ns
Vx 1 106 s  106 45. At 6t h Clock pulse
 1  6  1  
Vi n 10 s s s Q2Q1Q0 = 110
  I t makes NAND gat e out put ‘0’ at 8 ns due t o it s
  V delay. At that t ime counter r eceives 7th, 8th Clock
V 0 =  1  Vx  0 
s
pulse and count s 111, 000. H ence, it is mod– 8
6
 1  10  V x s  106
count er.
 s 
3
V0 V0 V x   s   s  106  46. s 1 2k  3
 = .    1
Vin 
V x Vin  s  106   s  s2 2k 4
2 k (2 k  3)  4
V  s1  0 for st abilit y
 over all volt age gain  0  = – 1 2k
 Vin  s0 4
41. The ac small signal volt age gain
4k 2 + 6k – 4 > 0
V0   1   4k 2 + 8k – 2k – 4 > 0
= gm1  r01    r02   r03 
Vin   gm 2   4k(k + 2) – 2(k + 2) > 0
(4k – 2) (k + 2) > 0
(4k – 2) > 0, k + 2 > 0
k > – 2, k > 0.5
0.5 < k < 
So t he r ange of k for which t he syst em is st able is
0.5 < k < 

d
47. Given x1 (t )  2 x1 (t )  3u (t )
dt
42. CM 1 = 50PF [1 – A V ]
AV = – gm RD  x1 = – 2x1 + 3U
= – 0.01  1
d
AV = – 10 and x2 (t )  x2 (t )  u (t )
dt
CM i = 50PF [1 + 10]
= 0.55  10– 9 F  x2 = – x2 + U
= 0.55 nF c = x1
SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-3) 17

 x1   2 0   x1  3   S
  =    U C = B log 2 1  
 x2  0 1  x2  1   N
S = 1638.2
 x1 
[c] = 1 0   x  Eb =
S

J / sec
= 31.503
 2 R b bit s / sec
H ence by applying Gilber t ’s t est , t he syst em is
cont r ollable but not obser vable. C
= log2 (1 + S/N)
48. Given t r ansfer funct ion B
k(s  2) C
G(s) = , H (s) = 1  log2(1 + S/N) =
2
(s  2s  2) B
 (1 + S/N) = 2C/B = 252/4 = 213 = 8192
dk
At br eak away point  =0  S/N = 8191
ds
 S = 8191  N
d  s 2 
=0  S = 8191  4  103  2.5  10– 5  2
ds  s2  2s  2 
= 819.1  2
 2 d d 2 
 (s  2s  2) ds (s  2)  (s  2) ds (s  2 s  2)  Eb =
819.1  2
= 31.503
  Rb
 (s2  2s  2)2 
So t he minimum bit ener gy (E b) is 31.503 mJ/bit .
51. P = 10– 5 N = 105
Given quest ion can be solved by t wo met hods.
M et h od 1 :
 1(s2  2s  2)  (s  2)(2s  2)  Binomial : nCx px qn– x
   =0 P[x = 0] + P[x = 1] = 105 5
 (s2  2 s  2)2  C0 (10 5 )0 (1  10 5 )10
 – s2 – 4s – 2 = 0 105 5
 C1 (10 5 )1 (1  10 5 )10 1

 – 0.58, – 3.41
Valid BAP is – 3.41 = (1) (1)  0.367 + 0.367 = 0.735
49. Y(t) = X(t) – X(t – T o) M et h od 1 :
Aut ocor r elat ion funct ion for o/p e  x
Poisson =
= Ry () = E[y(t) Y(t + )] x!
Ry () = E [(X(t) – X (t – T o)] [X (t + )  = np = 10– 5  105 = 1
– X (t + – T o)] (since n = 105, p = 10– 5)
Ry () = E [(X(t) X (t + ) – X(t) X (t +  – T o) e1 (1)1
=  e1
– X (t – T o) X(t + ) + X (t – T o) X (t +  – T o)] 1!
Ry () = [Rx () – Rx ( – T o) – Rx ( + T o) + Rx ()]  2  e– 1 = 0.735
Ry () = 2 Rx () – Rx ( – T o) – Rx ( + T o) So, t he pr obabilit y t hat not mor e t han one bit
will be in er r or is 0.735.
52. Given
Air filled r ect angular waveguide
So, t he aut ocor r ect i on funct i on of Ry () of t he a = 2.286 cm
out put Y(t) is 2Rx() – Rx( – T o) – Rx( + T o). b = 1.016 cm
50. Fr om given dat a f = 10 GH z
Channel t r ansmission r at e (C) = 52 kbps Assume dominant mode (TE 10) is pr opagat ing in
Channel band widt h B = 4 kH z t he waveguide,
So cut -off fr equency of TE 10 mode is given by

= 2.5  10– 5 c 3  1010
2 f c(TE 10) = =
2a 2  2.286
N = 4  103  2.5  10– 5  2
f c = 6.56 GH z
18 SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-3)

pr opagat ion const ant  is given by The r eceived power, PR is given by

 100  103  150  150  (0.06) 2  3
 = j PR =
(4 )3  (103 )4
2
 fc  = 1.22  10– 8 = 0.0122 W
= i   0 0 1   
 f  H ence, t he r eceived power is 0.0122 W.
9 1  6.56 
2
55. L et us consider a = 1 and b = – 1
= j 2  10  10  8
1  For line (1) :
3  10  10 
 = j158.07 m – 1 Now t he equat ion of t he line t o point (– 1, 0) and
(0, – 1) is given by
Ther efor e t he value of pr opagat ion const ant is
given by 1
y– 0= (t  1)
 = 158.07 m – 1 1
53. Given y=– t – 1
a = 2.286 cm t
(t  1) 2
b = 1.016 cm  (t  1) dt = 1t 0
1
2
air filled r ect angular waveguide
For line (2) :
c 1 1
f c(TE11 ) = 2
 2 (Since m = 1, n = 1) The equat ion of t he line t o t he point (0, – 1) and
2 a b (1, 0) is given by
3  1010  1 1 
=  2
 
2  (2.216) 1.0162 
f c(TE11 ) = 16.15 GH z
c 3  1010
f c(TE01 ) =  = 14.76 GH z
2b 2  1.016
c 3  1010 1
f c(TE20 ) =  = 13.12 GH z y – (– 1) = (t  0)
a 2.286 1
c 3  1010 y+1= t
f c(TE10 ) =  = 6.56 GH z
2a 2  2.286 y=t– 1
 I ncr easing or der of t he cut -off fr equency is
t
given by (t  1) 2
TE 10 < TE 20 < TE 01 < TE 11
 (t  1) dt
0
=
2
0 t 1

54. Given
At t = 0 :
fr equency, f = 5 GH z = 5  109 H z
c 3  108 (t  1)2
wave lengt h,  =  = 0.06m y=
f 5  109 2
gain of ant enna, G = 150 1
Range of t ar get , Rmax = 1 km = 103 m, y=
2
r adar cr oss-sect ion,  = 3m 2,
At t = 0+ :
t r ansmit t ed power, Pt = 100 kW
Radar r ange equat ion is given by (t  1) 2
1
y=
2
 2  4
 Pt  G  G    2 
Rmax =  4  1
  Since A e  G y=
 (4 )2  PR   4  2
 
