Water cycle is the cycle of

processes by which water

circulates between the
earth's oceans, atmosphere,
and land, involving
precipitation as rain and
snow, drainage in streams
and rivers, and return to the
atmosphere by evaporation
and transpiration.
The carbon cycle
comprises a sequence of
events that are keys to
make Earth capable of
sustaining life. It describes
the movement of carbon as
it is recycled and reused
throughout the biosphere,
as well as long-term
processes of carbon
sequestration to and release
from carbon sinks.
Oxygen cycle is circulation of
oxygen in various forms
through nature. Plants and
animals use oxygen to respire
and return it to the air and water
as carbon dioxide (CO2). CO2 is
then taken up by algae and
terrestrial green plants and
converted into carbohydrates
during the process of
photosynthesis, oxygen being a
by-product.
The phosphorus cycle
describes the movement of
phosphorus through the
lithosphere, hydrosphere, and
biosphere. The atmosphere
does not play a significant role
in the movement of
phosphorus, because
phosphorus and phosphorus-
based compounds are usually
solids at the typical ranges of
temperature and pressure found
on Earth.

The nitrogen cycle is the

biogeochemical cycle by
which nitrogen is
converted into various
chemical forms as it
circulates among the
atmosphere, terrestrial, and
marine ecosystems. The
conversion of nitrogen can
be carried out through both
biological and physical
processes.

The sulfur cycle is the

collection of processes by
which sulfur moves to and
from minerals (including
the waterways) and living
systems.
 TYPES OF ROCK
Igneous rock is rock that forms from the cooling of magma. When magma
cools and solidifies, it forms igneous rock. Magma forms in Earth’s lower crust and
upper mantle. When magma flows out onto the earth’s surface, it is called lava.

Sedimentary rock is rock that forms when sediments are compacted and
cemented together. The sediments that form sedimentary rock come from the
weathering and erosion of igneous, metamorphic, or even other sedimentary rock.

Metamorphic rock is rock that forms when the texture and composition of a
preexisting rock is changed by heat or pressure deep underground. Igneous and
sedimentary rock can change into metamorphic rock, and metamorphic rock can
even change into another metamorphic rock.

Properties of Minerals
The Physical properties of minerals are used by Mineralogists to help determine the identity of a
specimen. Some of the tests can be performed easily in the field, while others require laboratory equipment. For
the beginning student of geology, there are a number of simple tests that can be used with a good degree of
accuracy. The list of tests is in a suggested order, progressing from simple experimentation and observation to
more complicated, either in procedure or concept.
Color

Most minerals have a distinctive color that can be used for identification.

Streak

Streak is the color of the mineral in powdered form. Streak shows the true color of the mineral.

Hardness

Hardness is a measure of the mineral’s resistance to scratching. Softer

Cleavage & Fracture

Minerals tend to break along lines or smooth surfaces when hit sharply.

Crystalline Structure

The particular shape is determined by the arrangement of the atoms, molecules or ions that make up the crystal
and how they are joined.

Transparency or Diaphaneity

Diaphaneity is a mineral’s degree of transparency or ability to allow light to pass through it.

Tenacity

Tenacity is the characteristic that describes how the particles of a mineral hold together or resist separation.
Magnetism

Magnetism is the characteristic that allows a mineral to attract or repel other magnetic materials.

Luster

Luster is the property of minerals that indicates how much the surface of a mineral reflects light.

Odor

Most minerals have no odor unless they are acted upon in one of the following ways: moistened, heated,
breathed upon, or rubbed.

Taste

Only soluble minerals have a taste, but it is very important that minerals not be placed in the mouth or on the
tongue.

Specific Gravity

Specific Gravity of a mineral is a comparison or ratio of the weight of the mineral to the weight of an equal
amount of water. The weight of the equal amount of water is found by finding the difference between the
weight of the mineral in air and the weight of the mineral in water.
REFERENCES
https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/water_cycle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_cycle

https://www.britannica.com/science/oxygen-cycle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus_cycle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle

http://gregdiv4.weebly.com/6-characteristics-for-rocks-and-minerals.html

HOLT, RINEHART, and WINSTON. Inside the Restless Earth.