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D. Causes of hypertension
There are 2 kinds of hypertension, essential and secondary.
a. hypertension Essential hypertension is the most not known cause. There are 10 -
16% of adults suffer from high blood pressure.
b. hypertension Secondary hypertension is a known cause and why. Hypertension
kind is only a small part, which is only about 10%. Some of the causes of
hypertension, among others:
1. Because hormonal, for example, from the adrenal glands.
2. The use of drugs.
3. smoking because the nicotine contained in tobacco.
4. Alcoholic beverages.
5. Abnormalities in the kidneys.
6. Intracranial Abnormalities resulting in increased intracranial pressure or
because of its location near the center of persyarafan that affect blood
pressure.
7. Abnormalities of the large blood vessels (aorta) that koartasio aorta
where the aortic arch aorta is continuous with decendens
E. Physiology
The heart has the function as a pump oxygenated blood in the arterial system, which
was brought into the cell and the entire body to collect blood deoxygenation (blood
oxygen levels less) of the vein system are delivered to the lungs for reoksigenasi
F. Pathophysiology of hypertension
The mechanisms that control the constriction and relaxation of blood vessels located in
the vasomotor center, the medulla of the brain.This stems from the central vasomotor
sympathetic nerve pathway, which continues down to the spinal cord and the spinal
cord out of the column to the sympathetic ganglia in the thorax and
abdomen.stimulation of the vasomotor center is delivered in the form of impulse
moves down through the sympathetic nerves to the sympathetic ganglia. At this point,
neurons release acetylcholine preganglion, which will stimulate post-ganglion nerve
fibers to the blood vessels, which resulted in the release of norepinephrine constriction
of blood vessels. Various factors such as anxiety and fear can affect vascular response
to stimuli vasokontriktor. Individuals with hypertension are very sensitive to
norepinephrine, although it is not clear why it could happen.
At the same time stimulate the sympathetic nervous system in which the blood vessels
in response to emotional stimuli, the adrenal glands are also stimulated
vasoconstriction resulting in additional activities. Secreting adrenal medullary
epinephrine causes vasoconstriction. Adrenal cortex secrete cortisol and other steroids,
which DAPT strengthen blood vessels vasokontriktor response.vasoconstriction
resulting in decreased blood flow to the kidneys, causing the release of renin. Renin
stimulates the formation of angiotensin I, which is then converted to angiotensin II, a
potent vasoconstrictor, which in turn stimulates aldosterone secretion by the adrenal
cortex. hormone causes retention of sodium and water by the kidney tubules, causing
an increase in intravascular volume. All of these factors tend to provoke a state of
hypertension.
Structural and functional changes in the peripheral vascular system responsible for the
changes in blood pressure that occurs in the elderly. These changes include
atherosclerosis, loss of elasticity of the connective tissue, and a decrease in vascular
smooth muscle relaxation, which in turn lowers the ability of tensile strength
distension and blood vessels. Consequently, the aorta and large arteries less able to
accommodate the volume of blood pumped by the heart (volume sekuncup), resulting
in decreased cardiac output and increased peripheral resistance
I. Prevention of hypertension
Person's risk for hypertension (except essential), can be reduced by:
a. Checking blood pressure regularly .
b. Maintain ideal weight .
c. Reducing salt intake .
d. Do not smoke .
e. Exercising regularly .
f. regular life .
g. Reducing stress .
h. Do not rush .
i. Avoid fatty foods.
Primary Prevention:
a. Adequate sleep, between 6-8 hours per day.
b. Reduce high cholesterol foods and multiply physical activity to lose
weight.
c. Reduce alcohol consumption.
d. Consumption of fish oil.
e. The supply of calcium, although only slightly lower blood pressure but
calcium is also quite helpful.
Secondary Prevention
a. Pattern whice food healthy.
b. Reduce salt and sodium in your diet.
c. Physical active.
d. Reduce intake Alcohol.
e. Stop smoking.
Tertiary Prevention
a. Control of blood on a regular basis.
b. Sports regularly and adjusted to body condition.
J. Treatment of hypertension
Treatment of hypertension is best:
a. Always control your blood pressure checked regularly by a doctor .
b. Always take medication regularly even without a complaint .
c. Reducing salt intake .
d. Increase consumption of vegetables and fruit .
e. Obeying doctor's advice.