Is There A Difference Unit Portfolio

Kelaiah Salustiano

Part 1: Unit Summary

Learning Statement
Tell the story of how you made sense of the different concepts throughout this unit. Be sure to hit all of the following talking points, and
include all activities/worksheets that are applicable. ​You must use 2 artifacts/section (worksheets, notes, class discussions) from
this unit as evidence.

1. Discuss the concept of sample, population, hypothesis, null hypothesis and sample fluctuation​ (Assignments: Try This Case, Who
Gets Measles, Who Gets A’s, Quality of the Investigation, Two Different Differences, Changing The Difference, Questions Without
Answers,)​.
2. Discuss how to use standard deviation and normal distribution to determine whether a difference is significant. ​(Assignments: Mean
and Standard Deviation Problem Set, Bacterial Culture, Decisions With Deviation)
3. Discuss how to calculate χ2 and how it can be used to measure “weirdness.” ​(Assignments: How Does χ2 Work?, Measuring
Weirdness With χ2 , A Probability Table, Late In the Day)
4. Discuss how to use proportional reasoning to determine expected values in a two population case and how to apply χ2 to a two
population and theoretical model problem. . ​(Assignments: What Would You expect?, Who’s Absent?, Big and Strong, and
Delivering Results,​ P​aper or Plastic, Is it Really Worth It)
Part 1: Unit Summary Answers Here
Beautiful examples (Your assignment work Amazing Narratives ( Answers to each of How I feel about my preparedness:
here! Evidence) the Discussion Questions)

Population ​The whole group from which a sample is

taken.

Sample ​Coming from a statistical population, a data

sample is a set of numbers/data collected or selected
by a defined procedure.

Hypothesis ​A predicted statement, which can be

tested. Hypothesis doesn’t always have to be tested,
it can be a simple explanation.

Null Hypothesis ​A hypothesis that states there is no

statistical significance between the two variables.

Sample Fluctuation ​A selection taken from the

“population” that is examined in order to find out
something about the population.

Example Problem

Boys Girls Total

Cotton 20 30 50
Candy

Strawberr 10 20 30
y
 Total 30 50 80

Population: The population the sample was taken

from was boys and girls.

Sample: The numbers that were given to us on the

table: boys who prefer cotton candy ice cream vs
boys who prefer strawberry ice cream, and girls who
prefer cotton candy ice cream vs girls who prefer
strawberry ice cream.

Hypothesis: There is a difference in the preference of

cotton candy ice cream and strawberry ice cream
between boys vs girls.

Null Hypothesis: There is no difference in preference

of ice cream between boys and girls.
Standard Deviation ​The standard deviation of a set
of data measures how “spread out” a data set is.

How to calculate standard deviation

3, 5, 8, 10, 14

1. Find the mean (average) of a data set.

3 + 5 + 8 + 10 + 14 = 40
40 / 5 = 8

2. Find the difference between each data item

and the mean.
3 - 8 = -5
5 - 8 = -3
8-8=0
10 - 8 = 2
14 - 8 = 6

3. Square each difference.

-5 * -5 = 25
-3 * -3 = 9
0*0=0
2*2=4
6 * 6 = 36

4. Find the mean (average) of these squared

differences.
25 + 9 + 0 + 4 + 36 = 74
74 / 5 = 14.8

5. Take the square root of the of this mean

(average).
Square Root of 14. 8 = 3.85

Normal Distribution ​A function that represents the

distribution of many random variables as a
symmetrical bell-shaped graph.

When we use standard deviation to study variation

among measurements, we make this assumption:

Normality assumption - if you make many

measurements of the same thing, the data will closely
fit a normal distribution.
How to Calculate x​² ​(Chi Squared)

Chi - Squared Expression:

(Observed - Expected)​²

Expected

Example:

50 Coin Flips

Heads:
Expected -25
Observed - 32

Tails:
Expected - 25
Observed - 18

Chi - Squared Heads:

(32 - 25)​²

25

49

25
=
1.96

Chi - Squared Tails:

(18-25)​²
 25

49

25

=
1.96

Total Chi - Squared Value : 1.96 + 1.96 = 3.92

How to Calculate Expected Values

Example Problem - Comparing the Boys and Girls

who Prefer Chocolate Ice Cream to Vanilla

Observed Values

Boys Girls Total

Chocolate 20 10 30

Vanilla 40 30 70

Total 60 40 100

Boys - Chocolate
60 * (30/100) = 18

Boys - Vanilla
60 * (70/100) = 42

Girls - Chocolate
40 * (30/100) = 12
Girls - Vanilla
40 * (70/100) = 28

Expected Values

Boys Girls Total

Chocolate 18 12 30

Vanilla 42 28 70

Total 60 40 100

Chi - Square

Boys - Chocolate = (20-18)^2 / 18 = 0.22

Girls - Chocolate = (10-12)^2 / 12 = 0.33

Boys - Vanilla = (40-42)^2 / 42 = 0.09

Girls - Vanilla = (30-28)^2 / 28 = 0.14

Total Chi - Squared Value = 0.22 + 0.33 + 0.09 +

0.14 = 0.78

THE END