(the environmental science)

Environmental Science – the study of the environment, the processes it

undergoes, and the problems that arise generally from the interaction of humans
with the environment
Thomas Robert Malthus – wrote “An Essay on the Principle of Population”

Rachel Carson – an American scientist and writer, was disturbed by the use of
synthetic chemical pesticides
Wood – the primary fuel resource
Garrett Hardin – an American ecologist, wrote “Tragedy of the Commons”
April 22, 1970 – the first Earth Day was celebrated

Environmentalist – an individual who promotes environmental awareness and

advocates for the protection of the environment

Environmental Scientist – a specialist who studies, collects, and analyzes data

pertaining to environmental conditions or problems

Ecology – science which studies the relationships between humans and other
organisms
Ecosystem – a basic ecological unit; described as a community of organisms
within an area where matter cycles and energy flows
Biotic Component – living component

Abiotic Component – nonliving component, includes all the things which help
living things survive
Species – is made up of the same kind of organisms

Population – a group of inhabitants or individuals of the same species in an

ecosystem
Biosphere – all ecosystems when combined; “sphere of life”
Atmosphere – the layer of air
Hydrosphere – sphere of water
Lithosphere – the layer of the earth where soil is found

Antoine Lavoisier – Father of Modern Chemistry, he said that matter cannot be

created nor destroyed

Asphyxiation – lack of oxygen; a condition in which oxygen does not circulate in

our system

Sustainable Yield – the highest rate at which these renewable resources could
be used while making them still available to the next generation

(the earth’s atmosphere)

Water – the most important greenhouse gas
Outgassing – the release of gases from the hot molten rocks
Air Pressure – weight of air that exerts a force on earth
Troposphere – most important layer of the atmosphere
Greenhouse Gases – help keep the Earth warm
Tropopause – the boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere
Stratosphere - above the tropopause where temperature gradually increases
Ozone Layer – the region where ozone concentration is the highest
Sun – the Earth’s major supplier of energy
Mesosphere – the third layer of the atmosphere where meteors burn up
Mesopause – the boundary between the stratosphere and the mesosphere
Thermosphere – layer where space shuttles orbit and where auroras can be seen
Exosphere – a very thin layer which merges into the outer space
Nitrogen – the most abundant gas in the air
Nitrogen Fixation – the process where nitrogen is converted into useful forms

Photosynthesis – a chemical reaction in which plants use sunlight to convert CO2

and water into glucose and oxygen

Air Pollution – a condition in which the quality of air is degraded due to the
presence of harmful substances, particulate matter, and biological agents
Point Sources – are readily identified and are stationary
Nonpoint Sources – are not easily identified as they are diffused and may not be
constantly emitting pollutants

Thermal Inversion – the condition wherein cool air settles in the place and holds
more pollutants from industries and other sources

Air Pollutants – are substances whose concentrations in air are high enough to
be considered hazardous to human health
Anthropogenic Sources – manmade sources

Primary Air Pollutants – substances that are released directly into the air by point
and nonpoint sources
Sulfur Dioxide – a primary pollutant produced from volcanic emissions

Secondary Air Pollutants – those formed from the chemical reactions of primary
pollutants and other substances

Complete Combustion – means there is enough oxygen gas that reacted with
the fuel

Incomplete Combustion – the amount of oxygen used is not sufficient to burn all
the hydrocarbon fuel
Allotrope – a form of carbon

Soot – a soft, black allotrope of carbon that produces the black smoke that is
belched out from the tailpipe of the vehicle; by-product of burning
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons – are known as human carcinogens
Neurotoxin – substance that can damage the brain and other organs which
could lead to death

Clean Air Act in the Philippines (RA 8749) – has regulated the use of leaded gas
as well as set limits on the emission of other air pollutants
Freon 12 – first chlorofluorocarbon; dichlorodifluoromethane
Airborne Pathogens – disease-causing agents

Particulate Matter – a group of pollutants made up of very small solids or liquid

droplets that remain suspended in the air

Photochemical Smog – formed from chemical reactions which are triggered by

sunlight

Industrial Smog – formed from the carbon-filled smoke that is present due to the
poor combustion of fuel
Ozone Depletion – mainly caused by certain synthetic substances (CFCs)

Part per Million – a unit of measurement that is used to express small

concentrations

Ozone Hole – can be found over the Antarctica (South Pole); used to describe
the particular thinning of the ozone layer
Acid Deposition – acid rain
Wet Deposition – acids in rain and in other forms of precipitation

Dry Deposition – acids fall directly to the soil without mixing with atmospheric
water
Environmental Tobacco Smoke – a prevalent indoor air pollutant
Infrared (IR) Light – the longwave energy emitted by the Earth’s surface
Global Warming – enhanced greenhouse effect
CO2 – is the most mentioned cause of global warming

Methane (CH4) – a greenhouse gas that absorbs more heat and is 25 times more
effective as a greenhouse gas than CO2

Nitrous Oxide – a greenhouse gas that stays longer in the troposphere and
absorbs heat 360 times better than CO2

Montreal Protocol – an international agreement on the use of ozone-depleting

substances; September 1987; countries agreed to limit the release of ODS
(ozone-depleting substances) and CFCs
Ice Age – last period of glaciation
Insolation – incoming solar radiation
Milankovitch Cycles – Milutin Milankovitch, explained the past climatic changes
Precession – Earth’s wobbling or vibrates like a spinning top
Obliquity – changes in the Earth’s tilt
Eccentricity – changes in the shape of the Earth’s orbit
Paleoclimatology – the study of the climate of past ages
Kyoto Protocol – 36 countries have committed to reduce their GHG emissions to
the levels they specified within the years 2008 to 2012
Australia – country of the highest number of skin cancer

Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer – the meeting that
addresses the ozone layer depletion

(the earth’s hydrosphere)

Hydrosphere – the cast sphere of water on Earth
Saltwater – 97% of Earth’s water
Freshwater – 3% (ice caps + glaciers = 2.59%; 0.5% for soil moisture)
Hydrologic Cycle – water cycle
Infiltration – the process by which water enters the soil

Percolation – water moves down further into the soil and permeable rocks until it
reaches the aquifer or the groundwater storage areas
Capillary Action – water is distributed to the stems and leaves
Transpiration – water evaporates from the leaves of the plants
Runoff – water flows in downslope surface movement

Surface Water – water in the rivers, lakes, seas, and in the reservoirs; gets
replenished through precipitation and from runoff

Groundwater – water that works its way below the ground through voids and
permeable rocks
Aquifers – permeable rock materials
Aquitards – impermeable rock materials
Saturated Area – filled to capacity with water
Water Table – upper limit of a saturated area
Unsaturated Area – above the water table; also called as vadose zone
Vadose Water – water in the vadose zone

Spring – groundwater that comes out from fissures or cracks in the aquifer’s solid
impermeable base
Saltwater – water in the seas and oceans
Salinity – concentration of salts
Estuary – region wherein freshwater mixes with saltwater
Humidity – a measure of atmospheric water vapor content
Relative Humidity – the most common way of expressing humidity
Upwelling – ocean giving rise
To Oscillate – means to move back and forth rhythmically
Meteorology – the science of climate and weather
Seawater Intrusion – the contamination of freshwater with saltwater

Land Subsidence – the depression of the land above an area where massive
extraction of water leaves voids underground
Water Scarcity – the lack of sufficient available water resources to meet the
demands of water usage within a region
Desalination – process of removing salt and other impurities

Floodplain – a flat land beside rivers and streams that gets submerged when
surging water breaks through river banks
Dissolved Oxygen – amount of diatomic oxygen (O2) dissolved in water

Biological Oxygen Demand – refers to the amount of oxygen that

microorganisms in water need to survive
Total Suspended Solids – indicates the turbidity of water

Total Dissolved Solids – a measure of the number of dissolved contaminants in

the water

Coliform Bacteria – are microorganisms which come from animal dung or human
feces
Water Pollution – a condition in which water becomes unfit for its intended use

Self-Purification – a natural process of cleaning up the water through the action

of microorganisms and other natural processes
Pathogens – disease-causing agents
Lead – a heavy metal which is a neurotoxin
Neurotoxin – a poison that damages the central nervous system
Minamata Disease – mercury poisoning in Kyushu, Japan

Biomagnification – a condition in which the toxin is transferred from one species

to another; also called as bioaccumulation
Exxon Valdez Oil Spillage – oil spill in Prince William Sound in Alaska (1989)

Eutrophication – a condition in which there are too much nitrates and

phosphates in water; excessive amount of nutrients in water
Algal Bloom – excessive growth of algae

Red Tide – a kind of algal bloom made up of phytoplanktons which are single-
celled protists or plant-like organisms (dinoflagellates – Karenia Brevis makes it
red)

Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning – effect of the toxins produced by dinoflagellates

that causes numbness of lips, paralysis, or death
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) – stable compounds that persist or stay in the
environment for a long period of time
Dioxins – are considered the most carcinogenic compounds
Dead Rivers – a river which is not suitable for any beneficial purpose

Biologically Dead River – refers to that which could no longer support important
aquatic species due to the depletion of oxygen and the deterioration of its
natural conditions

Thermal Pollution – heat pollution; happens when hot wastewater is released in

rivers or lakes
Tailings – are from the wastewater produced from the processing of mineral ore
and are collected in a large catchment basin
Bioremediation – the process wherein microorganisms degrade the oil spilling
faster

Watershed – a region from which every drop of surface runoff drains towards
another body of water

National Water Crisis Act of 1995 – led to the privatization of the Metropolitan
Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS)
Caustic Soda – used to neutralize acidic raw water

Aluminum Sulfate – alum (tawas); added to coalesce to form a mass that

collects the solid particulates in the water
Calcium Hydroxide – limewater; added to react with alum

Flocculation – hastens the formation of flocs which are the collection of solid
particulates that bind to the sticky mass

Osmosis – the movement of a solvent through a semi-permeable membrane into

a solution with higher concentration of dissolved solids
Sewage – the wastewater produced from bathrooms or toilets

(soil and land resources)

Lithosphere – solid component of the earth
Continental Crust – supports the continental plates
Oceanic Crust – supports the ocean floor (thinner; seismic waves travel faster)

Mohorovicic Discontinuity – moho; the boundary between the crust and the
mantle (Andrija Mohorovicic)
Oxygen – most abundant element in the crust (47%)
Silicon – second most abundant element in the crust (28%); also known as quartz
Mantle – a very thick layer comprising almost 80% of the earth’s volume

Asthenosphere – thin portion of the mantle that is made up of hot, semi-liquid

materials
Seismology – science of earthquakes
Igneous Rocks – are formed from magma that cooled and hardened

Sedimentary Rocks – are formed from sediments that accumulate and were
compacted due to increased pressure

Metamorphic Rocks – are changed or “metamorphosed” rocks that resulted

from being exposed to high temperature and pressure and different chemical
reactions

Minerals – are elements or compounds which are solid, inorganic, and naturally-
occurring
Tenacity – hardness of minerals
Iron – an important component of heme of the red blood cells
Calcium – essential for strong bones and teeth

Mineral Resources – are those useful materials which could be derived from the
rock cycle
Subsurface Mining – process of digging out deeply buried mineral resources
Surface Mining – process of removing shallow deposits

Open-pit Mining or Quarrying – the process of removing rock, sand, gravel or

other minerals from the ground in order to use them to produce materials for
construction or other uses

Dredging – the use of chain buckets or draglines to scoop out underwater

minerals from the ocean or sea bed

Strip Mining – the use of large machines (bulldozer) to remove in strips the layers
of rocks and soil that cover the mineral deposits

Upwelling – the process in which nutrients from the bottom of the sea reach the
surface through the movement of water
Pedosphere – the thin outermost layer of the earth made up of soil
Horizon – each layer in the land surface
O horizon – topmost layer of the soil
A horizon – topsoil; the first mineral layer of the soil
B horizon – subsoil; rich in clay, organic matter, and other mineral components
C horizon – made up of massive bedrock

E horizon – under the O horizon; stands for eluvial, materials such as clay,
aluminum, iron, and organic matter have been leached from it
Parent Material – the materials in which soil is formed
Soil Consistence – the ease or difficulty of breaking the soil apart

Sovereignty – refers to the independence of a country to rule over its people

and manage its resources

Erosion – the transfer of soil particles and its other components from one place to
another
Sedimentation - the process of settling or being deposited as a sediment

Transparency – refers to the clearness of the water, or its ability to allow light to
pass through it
Turbidity – refers to the cloudiness or murkiness of water

Overgrazing – occurs when the livestock that graze in a grassland are beyond
the carrying capacity
Desertification – a condition in which the soil has become very dry and infertile
Salinization – the concentration of salt ions builds up in the soil
Waterlogging – the soul becomes oversaturated with water

Leaching – the process of removing or extracting the components of a soluble

material with the help of a solvent

Protected Area – classified to be in a critical condition that if left alone, will

become ecologically or environmentally degraded
La Mesa Ecological Park – found in Quezon City
National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS); RA 7586 of 1992 – there are
eight categories of protected areas
 (energy resources)
Go Foods – foods rich in carbohydrates

First Law of Energy – energy cannot be created nor destroyed; it can only be
transformed from one state to another

Second Law of Energy – tells about the degradation of energy; involves “wasted
energy”
Horses and Carabaos – “beasts of burden”

Electric Cables – transmission lines; strong metallic wires made up of good

conductors of electricity and covered with good insulating materials
Step-up Transformer – boosts the electrical voltage
Step-down Transformer – reduces the electrical voltage

Power Distribution Grid – the process of transporting electricity from the power
plants to our homes

National Power Corporation (NPC) – produces and sells electricity to a distributor;

responsible for the production or generation of electricity

Manila Electric Company (Meralco) – a private corporation that distributes

electricity to its customers

calorie (small letter c) – is also known as the gram-calorie; the amount of energy
which, when transformed completely into heat, can heat up 1 gram of water by
1°C
Calorie (big letter c) – kilocalorie; equals to 1000 calories

British Thermal Unit (Btu) – another unit of energy; the amount of energy which
will raise the temperature of a pound of water by 1°F
Power – tells us how fast the work is done (power = work/time)
Watt – unit of power

Department of Energy (DOE) – supervises and gives policy guidelines for the
energy industry

National Electrification Administration (NEA) – provides financial and technical

assistance to the cooperatives that take care of electricity distribution

Industrial Revolution – began with the discovery that coal can produce the heat
needed to boil water and produce steam

Fossil Fuels – coal, crude oil, and natural gas; comprises more than 75% of the
world’s energy resource; formed from the remains of organic matter (plants and
animals) which died and decayed a long time ago

Coal – is produced from millions of years of compaction and chemical changes

of fossilized organic matter; the first fossil fuel to be discovered; “dirty fuel”
Charcoal – comes from burned wood
Peat – a form of biomass which was already used as a fuel
Lignite – a sedimentary rock which is also called brown coal
Bituminous – sedimentary rock and is a soft type of coal
Anthracite – a very good type of coal because it gives off a good amount of
heat
China – considered as the biggest producer of coal

Crude Oil or Petroleum – produced from the fossils of plants and animals buried
over millions of years under conditions of high temperature and intense pressure

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) – largest producers of

crude oil
Saudi Arabia – has the world’s biggest oil reserves

Petrochemicals – important substances produced from refining crude oil (diesel

& gasoline)

Natural Gas – a mixture of light hydrocarbons (methane, ethane, propane, and

butane)
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) – came from processing natural gas
Russia – world’s largest suppliers of natural gas
Malampaya Gas Field – was discovered in 1989 by Shell-Philippines Exploration

Alternative/Nonconventional Energy Resources – are renewable resources that

have less environmental impact
Sun – main source of energy on the earth

Photovoltaic/Solar Cells – have been invented to absorb sunlight and convert it

into electricity
Solar Panels – a group of solar cells
Wind – moving air

Windmills – wind turbine generators/wind turbines; has blades or rotors attached

to a turbine and generator that convert mechanical energy into electricity
Bangui Bay (Ilocos Norte) – the first wind farm of the country

Geothermal Energy – heat from the earth; originates from the mantle and slowly
moves towards the surface
Thermal Gradient – difference in temperatures
Volcanic Magma – common source of geothermal energy
Philippines – second largest producer of geothermal power in the world
The Geysers (California) – the largest producers of geothermal energy
Geysers – are hot springs which shoots up jets of very hot water and steam
Fumaroles – are cracks or holes in the ground which releases hot water vapor
Hydropower – energy derived from water
Dams – are used to store and control the flow of water
Maria Cristina Waterfalls – supplies electricity in Mindanao

Caliraya-Botocan-Kalayaan Hydroelectric Power Plant – where potential energy

in Laguna is harnessed
Japan and USA – two major users of nuclear energy
Nuclear fission – the reaction that happen in atomic bomb explosions; a
reaction which splits the radionuclide into simpler isotopes

Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant – the old Soviet Union power plant in Ukraine that
exploded in April 26 1986 due to an unauthorized safety equipment by its
nuclear engineers
Biomass – comes from plant and animal resources
Methane – produced from decayed animal dung from chicken and pigs
Biofuels – fuels derived from biomass
Global Warming Potential (GWP) – based on CO2, whose GWP is 1
Ethyl Alcohol – “grain alcohol”
Methyl Alcohol – “wood alcohol”

Anaerobic Bacteria – lives in oxygen-free conditions, helps decay biological

wastes in garbage dumpsites and landfills

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act – prohibits the use of garbage

incineration because it produces much air pollutants

Biodiesel – a petroleum-biofuel blend, an alternative to pure petroleum fuel

source

Jathropa Curcas – plant species that contains a good amount of oil; known as
tuba-tuba

(Managing our wastes)

Highly Developed Countries – HDP
Less Developed Countries – LDP
Garbage – trash; any material which has no value or use

RA 9003 – Ecological solid Waste Management Act which prohibits incineration

and open burning of garbage
Solid Wastes – refers to nonhazardous/nontoxic wastes

Biodegradable Wastes – are those that can be decayed by bacteria and other
organisms; made up of organic matter
Nonbiodegradable Wastes – cannot undergo bacterial decay
Detritus Feeders – decomposers
6000 tons of garbage – amount of garbage in metro manila (daily basis)
Smokey Mountain – found in Tondo, Manila
Rodriguez Landfill – a 14-hectare sanitary landfill in Rodriguez, Rizal

Alexander Parkes – 1860, England; used cellulose fibers of a tree to produce a

very crude plastic material for billiard balls

John Wesley Hyatt – 1870, USA; added camphor to the cellulose fibers to create
a much-improved moldable material for billiard balls aka Celluloid
Leo Baekeland – 1907, USA; synthesized the first plastic aka Bakelite
Bakelite – a material for electrical insulation
Monomers – building blocks of plastics
Herman Staudinger – 1920, Germany; discovered the process of polymerization
Polymers – macromolecules
Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle – 3Rs
Waste Segregation – separation of trash into bio and non-bio wastes
Organic Wastes – usually made into compost

Compost – a natural fertilizer mixed with soil materials, rich in nutrients, ideal for
plant growth
Vermi-composting – composting which uses earthworms
Waste Markets – buys and sells different kinds of recyclable or reusable materials

Incineration – makes use of high-temperature furnaces or ovens which are strictly

controlled, monitored, and maintained
Incineration Plant – a large structure complete with facilities for mixing garbage

Dioxin – carcinogenic toxin, and is the by-product of burning plastics and

chlorinated materials

Clean Air Act – RA 8749, 1999; made the country the first ever to legally ban
incineration
Sanitary Landfills – final disposal of solid wastes

Hazardous Wastes – are those which present a threat to human health and the
environment
Carcinogens – substances which causes cancer
Teratogens – substances which causes birth defects
Mutagens – substances which causes mutation or changes in cellular DNA

Flammable or Combustible – those hazardous products that can be easily set on

fire
Explosive – those which can explode or detonate
Corrosive – those which can damage the skin tissues
Toxic – those which can cause injuries or death through ingestion
Chlorine – a common toxic component of bleaching agents
Acute Effects – immediate reactions to the substance
Chronic Effects – permanent or long-lasting damage

Infectious Wastes – are those used in medical treatments (cotton swabs, gauzes,
etc)
Sharps – syringes, needles, blades
Radioactive Wastes – from the materials used in X-ray and cancer treatments

Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA) – the government agency

responsible for monitoring the activities around Laguna lake

Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous

Wastes and their Disposal – an international agreement that protects developing
countries from hazardous activity
 (Protected areas in the Philippines)
National Parks - refer to forest reservations essentially of natural wilderness
character which have been withdrawn from settlement, occupancy or any form
of exploitation except in conformity with approved management plan and set
aside as such exclusively to conserve the area or preserve the scenery, the
natural and historic objects, wild animals and plants therein and to provide
enjoyment of these features in such areas
Name Area Established Location
Aurora Memorial National Park 5,676.00 ha 1937  Aurora
(14,025.7 acres)  Nueva Ecija
Balbalasang-Balbalan National Park 1,338.00 ha 1972 Kalinga
(3,306.3 acres)
Bangan Hill National Park 13.90 ha 1995 Nueva Vizcaya
(34.3 acres)
Bataan National Park 23,688.00 ha 1945 Bataan
(58,534.3 acres)
Biak-na-Bato National Park 2,117.00 ha 1937 Bulacan
(5,231.2 acres)
Bulabog Putian National Park 854.33 ha 1961 Iloilo
(2,111.1 acres)
Caramoan National Park 347.00 ha 1938 Camarines Sur
(857.5 acres)
Cassamata Hill National Park 57.00 ha 1974 Abra
(140.9 acres)
Fuyot Springs National Park 819.00 ha 1938 Isabela
(2,023.8 acres)
Guadalupe Mabugnao Mainit Hot 57.50 ha 1972 Cebu
Spring National Park (142.1 acres)
Hundred Islands National Park 1,676.30 ha 1940 Pangasinan
(4,142.2 acres)
Kuapnit Balinsasayao National Park 364.00 ha 1937 Leyte
(899.5 acres)
Lake Butig National Park 68.00 ha 1965 Lanao del Sur
(168.0 acres)
Lake Dapao National Park 1,500.00 ha 1965 Lanao del Sur
(3,706.6 acres)
Libmanan Caves National Park 19.40 ha 1934 Camarines Sur
(47.9 acres)
Luneta National Park 16.24 ha 1955 Metro Manila
(40.1 acres)
MacArthur Landing Memorial National 6.78 ha 1977 Leyte
Park (16.8 acres)
Mado Hot Spring National Park 48.00 ha 1939 Cotabato
(118.6 acres)
Minalungao National Park 2,018.00 ha 1967 Nueva Ecija
(4,986.6 acres)
Mount Arayat National Park 3,715.23 ha 1933 Pampanga
(9,180.5 acres)
Mount Dajo National Park 213.35 ha 1938 Sulu
(527.2 acres)
Mount Data National Park 5,512.00 ha 1936  Benguet
(Baguio-Bontoc Scenic National Park) (13,620.4 acres)  Mountain Province
Mounts Iglit–Baco National Park 75,455.00 ha 1969 Mindoro Occidental
(186,453.4 acres)
Mount Pulag National Park 11,550.00 ha 1987  Benguet
(28,540.7 acres)  Ifugao
 Nueva Vizcaya
Naujan Lake National Park 21,655.00 ha 1956 Mindoro Oriental
(53,510.7 acres)
Northern Luzon Heroes Hill National Park 1,316.00 ha 1963 Ilocos Sur
(3,251.9 acres)
Olongapo Naval Base Perimeter 9.04 ha 1968 Zambales
National Park (22.3 acres)
Pagsanjan Gorge National Park 152.64 ha 1939 Laguna
(377.2 acres)
Pantuwaraya Lake National Park 20.00 ha 1965 Lanao del Sur
(49.4 acres)
Paoay Lake National Park 340.00 ha 1969 Ilocos Norte
(840.2 acres)
Puerto Princesa Subterranean 22,202.00 ha 1999 Palawan
River National Park ★彡 (54,862.3 acres)
Quezon Memorial National Park 22.70 ha 1975 Metro Manila
(56.1 acres)
Rungkunan National Park undetermined 1965 Lanao del Sur
Sacred Mountain National Park 94.00 ha 1965 Lanao del Sur
(232.3 acres)
Salikata National Park undetermined 1965 Lanao del Sur
Natural Parks - are relatively large areas not materially altered by human activity
where extractive resource uses are not allowed and maintained to protect
outstanding natural and scenic areas of national or international significance for
scientific, educational and recreational use

Name Area Established Location

Apo Reef 15,792.00 ha 1996 Occidental Mindoro

(39,022.9 acres)

Balinsasayao Twin Lakes 8,016.05 ha 2000 Negros Oriental

(19,808.1 acres)

 Camarines Norte
Bicol 5,201.00 ha 2000  Camarines Sur
(12,852.0 acres)

Bongsanglay 244.72 ha 2000 Masbate

(604.7 acres)
Bulusan Volcano 3,672.00 ha 2000 Sorsogon
(9,073.7 acres)
Kalbario-Patapat 3,800.00 ha 2007 Ilocos Norte
(9,390.0 acres)
Lake Danao 2,193.00 ha 1998 Leyte
(5,419.0 acres)
Mahagnao Volcano 635.00 ha 1998 Leyte
(1,569.1 acres)
Mayon Volcano 5,775.70 ha 2000 Albay
(14,272.1 acres)
Mount Apo 54,974.87 ha 1936  Davao del Sur
(135,845.9 acres)  Cotabato
Mount Balatukan Range 8,423.00 ha 2007 Misamis Oriental
(20,813.7 acres)
Mount Guiting-Guiting 15,265.48 ha 1996 Romblon
(37,721.8 acres)
Mount Inayawan Range 3,632.74 ha 2007 Lanao del Norte
(8,976.7 acres)
Mount Isarog 10,112.35 ha 2002 Camarines Sur
(24,988.2 acres)
Mount Kalatungan Range 21,247.73 ha 2000 Bukidnon
(52,504.3 acres)
Mount Kanlaon 24,388.00 ha 1997  Negros Occidental
(60,264.1 acres)  Negros Oriental
Mount Kitanglad Range 31,235.19 ha 1996 Bukidnon
(77,183.8 acres)
Mount Malindang 34,694.00 ha 2002 Misamis Occidental
(85,730.7 acres)
Northern Negros 80,454.50 ha 2002 Negros Occidental
(198,807.4 acres)
Northern Sierra Madre 359,486.00 ha 1997 Isabela
(888,309.3 acres)
Northwest Panay Peninsula 12,009.29 ha 2002  Aklan
(29,675.6 acres)  Antique
 Pasonanca 12,107.00 ha 1999 Zamboanga del Sur
(29,917.0 acres)
Samar Island 333,300.00 ha 2003 Eastern Visayas
(823,602.2 acres)
Sibalom 5,511.47 ha 2000 Antique
(13,619.1 acres)
Tubbataha Reef ★彡 97,030.00 ha 2010 Palawan
(239,766.4 acres)

Natural Monuments - is a relatively small area focused on protection of small

features to protect or preserve nationally significant natural features on account
of their special interest or unique characteristics

Name Area Established Location

Bessang Pass 693.32 ha 2000 Ilocos Sur

(1,713.2 acres)

Chocolate Hills 14,145.00 ha 1997 Bohol

(34,953.1 acres)

Salinas 6,675.56 ha 2000 Nueva Vizcaya

(16,495.7 acres)

Timpoong and Hibok-Hibok 2,227.62 ha 2004 Camiguin

(5,504.6 acres)

Protected Landscapes/Seascapes - areas of national significance which are

characterized by the harmonious interaction of man and land while providing
opportunities for public enjoyment through recreation and tourism within the
normal lifestyle and economic activity of these areas

Name Area Established Location

 Davao Oriental
Aliwagwag 10,491.33 ha 2011  Compostela Valley
(25,924.6 acres)

Amro River 6,471.08 ha 2000 Aurora

(15,990.4 acres)
Baganga 114.88 ha 2000 Davao Oriental
(283.9 acres)
Bigbiga 135.71 ha 2000 Ilocos Sur
(335.3 acres)
Buenavista 284.27 ha 2000 Quezon
(702.4 acres)
Calbayog Pan-as–Hayiban 7,832.00 ha 1998 Samar
(19,353.3 acres)
Casecnan 88,846.80 ha 2000  Cagayan Valley
(219,545.2  Aurora
acres)
Central Cebu 29,062.00 ha 2003 Cebu
(71,813.8 acres)
Dinadiawan River 3,371.33 ha 2000 Aurora
(8,330.7 acres)
Hinulugang Taktak 3.20 ha 2000 Rizal
(7.9 acres)
José Rizal Memorial 439.00 ha 2000 Zamboanga del
(1,084.8 acres) Norte
Libunao 46.70 ha 2000 Ilocos Sur
(115.4 acres)
Lidlidda 1,157.44 ha 2000 Ilocos Sur
(2,860.1 acres)
Magapit 3,403.62 ha 2000 Cagayan
(8,410.5 acres)
Mainit Hot Springs 1,374.00 ha 2000 Compostela Valley
(3,395.2 acres)
Manleluag Spring 1,935.17 ha 2004 Pangasinan
(4,781.9 acres)
Mati 914.26 ha 2005 Davao Oriental
(2,259.2 acres)
Maulawin Spring 149.01 ha 2000 Quezon
(368.2 acres)
Mimbilisan 66.00 ha 1999 Misamis Oriental
(163.1 acres)
Mounts Banahaw–San Cristobal 10,900.59 ha 2009  Quezon
(26,935.9 acres)  Laguna
Mount Mantalingajan 120,457.00 ha 2009 Palawan
(297,655.7
acres)
Mount Matutum 15,600.00 ha 1995 South Cotabato
(38,548.4 acres)
Mounts Palay-Palay–Mataas-na- 3,973.13 ha 2007  Cavite
Gulod (9,817.8 acres)  Batangas
Mount Timolan 1,994.80 ha 2000 Zamboanga del Sur
(4,929.3 acres)
Pamitinan 600.00 ha 1996 Rizal
(1,482.6 acres)
Quezon 938.00 ha 2003 Quezon
(2,317.8 acres)
Quirino 164,364.46 ha 2005 Quirino
(406,153.4
acres)
Rajah Sikatuna 10,452.60 ha 2000 Bohol
(25,828.9 acres)
Roosevelt 786.04 ha 2000 Bataan
(1,942.3 acres)
Santa Lucia 174.16 ha 2000 Ilocos Sur
(430.4 acres)
Simbahan-Talagas 2,266.49 ha 2000 Aurora
(5,600.6 acres)
Taal Volcano 62,292.14 ha 1996 Batangas
(153,927.2
acres)
Talaytay 3,526.29 ha 2000 Aurora
(8,713.7 acres)
Upper Marikina River Basin 26,125.64 ha 2011 Rizal
(64,557.9 acres)

Protected Landscape and Seascape

Name Area Established Location

Agoo–Damortis 10,513.30 ha 2000 La Union

(25,978.9 acres)

Alburquerque-Loay-Loboc 1,164.16 ha 1999 Bohol

(2,876.7 acres)

Aliguay Island 1,191.89 ha 1999 Zamboanga del Norte

(2,945.2 acres)

Apo Island 691.45 ha 1994 Negros Oriental

(1,708.6 acres)

Baliangao 295.00 ha 2000 Misamis Occidental

(729.0 acres)

Batanes 213,578.00 ha 1994 Batanes

(527,762.7 acres)

Biri Larosa 33,492.00 ha 2000 Northern Samar

(82,760.5 acres)

Cuatro Islas 12,500.00 ha 2000 Leyte

(30,888.2 acres)

Dumanquilas Bay 25,948.00 ha 1999 Zamboanga del Sur

(64,118.9 acres)

Great and Little Santa Cruz Islands 1,877.00 ha 2000 Zamboanga del Sur
(4,638.2 acres)

Guiuan 60,448.00 ha 1994 Eastern Samar

(149,370.3 acres)
Initao–Libertad 1,300.78 ha 2002 Misamis Oriental
(3,214.3 acres)

Mabini 6,106.00 ha 2000 Compostela Valley

(15,088.3 acres)

Malabungot 120.62 ha 2000 Camarines Sur

(298.1 acres)

Malampaya Sound 200,115.00 ha 2000 Palawan

(494,494.9 acres)

Murcielagos Island 151.00 ha 2000 Zamboanga del Norte

(373.1 acres)

Peñablanca 118,781.58 ha 2003 Cagayan

(293,515.7 acres)

Pujada Bay 21,200.00 ha 1994 Davao Oriental

(52,386.3 acres)

Selinog Island 1,294.35 ha 2000 Zamboanga del Norte

(3,198.4 acres)

Siargao Island 278,914.13 ha 1996 Surigao del Norte

(689,211.8 acres)

Talibon Islands 6,456.87 ha 1999 Bohol

(15,955.3 acres)

Protected Seascapes

Name Area Established Location

Panglao Island 385.67 ha 2003 Bohol

(953.0 acres)

Sarangani Bay 215,950.00 ha 1996 Sarangani

(533,624.1 acres)
  Cebu
Tañon Strait 450.00 ha 1998  Negros Oriental
(1,112.0 acres)

Strict Nature Reserve - is an area possessing some outstanding ecosystem,

features and/or species of flora and fauna of national scientific importance
maintained to protect nature and maintain processes in an undisturbed state in
order to have ecologically representative examples of the natural environment
available for scientific study, environmental monitoring, education, and for the
maintenance of genetic resources in a dynamic and evolutionary state

Name Area Established Location

Calauit Safari Park 3,400.00 ha 1976 Palawan

(8,401.6 acres)

Calavite and FB Harrison 121,983.81 ha 1920 Occidental Mindoro

(301,428.6 acres)

Lake Buluan 6,300.00 ha 2006 Cotabato

(15,567.6 acres)

Lake Malimanga 12.35 ha 1980 Zambales

(30.5 acres)

Olango Island 920.00 ha 1992 Cebu

(2,273.4 acres)

Palawan 761,416.00 ha 1967 Palawan

(1,881,499.9 acres)

Resource Reserve - is an extensive and relatively isolated and uninhabited area

normally with difficult access designated as such to protect natural resources of
the area for future use and prevent or contain development activities that could
affect the resource pending the establishment of objectives which are based
upon appropriate knowledge and planning.

Name Area Established Location

Siocon 793.74 ha 1999 Zamboanga del Norte
(1,961.4 acres)

 Cordillera
Upper Agno River Basin 77,561.00 ha 2000  Nueva Vizcaya
(191,657.4 acres)

Managed Resource Protected Areas

Name Area Established Location

El Nido Managed Resource Protected Area 89,134.76 ha 1998 Palawan

(220,256.8 acres)

Marine Reserves

Name Area Established Location

Masinloc and Oyon Bay 7,568.00 ha 1993 Zambales

(18,700.9 acres)

Palaui Island 7,415.48 ha 1994 Cagayan

(18,324.1 acres)

Sagay 32,000.00 ha 2001 Negros Occidental

(79,073.7 acres)

Taklong Island 1,143.45 ha 1990 Guimaras

(2,825.5 acres)

Watershed Forest Reserves

Name Area Established Location

Aklan River 23,185.00 ha 1990 Aklan

(57,291.4 acres)

Alabat 688.00 ha 1987 Quezon

(1,700.1 acres)

Alijawan-Cansuhay-Anibongan River 3,630.00 ha 1992 Bohol

(8,969.9 acres)

Allah Valley 92,450.00 ha 1985 South Cotabato

(228,448.9 acres)
Angat Watershed 6,600.00 ha 1968 Bulacan
(16,309.0 acres)

Aurora 430.00 ha 1936 Aurora

(1,062.6 acres)

Bawa 8,955.00 ha 1987 Cagayan

(22,128.3 acres)

Binahaan River 465.00 ha 1991 Quezon

(1,149.0 acres)

Calabgan 4,803.00 ha 1992 Aurora

(11,868.5 acres)

Calatrava-San Andres-San Agustin 2,670.00 ha 1982 Romblon

(6,597.7 acres)

Calauag 328.00 ha 1939 Quezon

(810.5 acres)

Capalonga 752.00 ha 1966 Camarines Norte

(1,858.2 acres)

Catanduanes 26,010.00 ha 1987 Catanduanes

(64,272.1 acres)

Dahican 44.00 ha 1933 Camarines Norte

(108.7 acres)

Dalanas River 8,558.00 ha 1990 Antique

(21,147.3 acres)

Dibalo-Pingit-Zabali-Malayat 4,528.00 ha 1992 Aurora

(11,188.9 acres)

Dipaculao 1,786.00 ha 1987 Aurora

(4,413.3 acres)

 Bulacan
Doña Remedios-General Tinio 20,760.00 ha 1988  Nueva Ecija
(51,299.1 acres)

Dupax 424.80 ha 1934 Nueva Vizcaya

(1,049.7 acres)
Ilocos Norte Metro 2,815.00 ha 1934 Ilocos Norte
(6,956.0 acres)
Ilog-Hilabangan 10,211.00 ha 1990 Negros Occidental
(25,231.9 acres)
Infanta 384.00 ha 1967 Quezon
(948.9 acres)
Jalaur River 9,228.00 ha 1990 Iloilo
(22,802.9 acres)
Kabankalan 432.00 ha 1991 Negros Occidental
(1,067.5 acres)
Lake Lanao 180,460.00 ha 1992 Lanao del Sur
(445,926.4 acres)
Libungan 52,820.00 ha 1990 Cotabato
(130,521.1 acres)
Loboc River 19,410.00 ha 1953 Bohol
(47,963.2 acres)
Lopez 418.00 ha 1940 Quezon
(1,032.9 acres)
Lower Agno 39,304.00 ha 1983 Benguet
(97,122.3 acres)
Maasin 6,150.00 ha 1923 Iloilo
(15,197.0 acres)
Mahugunao 136.00 ha 1932 Misamis Oriental
(336.1 acres)
Malagos 235.00 ha 1933 Davao del Sur
(580.7 acres)
Marcos Highway 6,105.00 ha 1978 Benguet
(15,085.8 acres)
Mariveles (Palanas) 325.00 ha 1919 Bataan
(803.1 acres)
Mulanay 26.00 ha 1938 Quezon
(64.2 acres)
Naguilian 90.00 ha 1936 La Union
(222.4 acres)
Olongapo (Palanas) 6,335.00 ha 1987 Zambales
(15,654.1 acres)
Palawan 4,776.00 ha 1982 Palawan
(11,801.8 acres)
Palompon 2,392.00 ha 1988 Leyte
(5,910.8 acres)
Panay River 4,350.00 ha 1990 Capiz
(10,749.1 acres)
Pantabangan–Carranglan Watershed 84,500.00 ha 1969 Nueva Ecija
(208,804.0 acres)
Polillo 130.00 ha 1966 Quezon
(321.2 acres)
Santa 25.00 ha 1935 Ilocos Sur
(61.8 acres)
South Upi 1,894.20 ha 1987 Maguindanao
(4,680.7 acres)
Talavera 37,156.00 ha 1938  Nueva Ecija
(91,814.5 acres)  Nueva Vizcaya
Tanap 41.00 ha 1971 Ilocos Norte
(101.3 acres)
Tibiang-Damagandong 280.00 ha 1938 Quezon
(691.9 acres)
 Torrijos 105.00 ha 1932 Marinduque
(259.5 acres)
Tumauini 17,670.00 ha 1994 Isabela
(43,663.5 acres)
Wangag 6,992.00 ha 1987 Cagayan
(17,277.6 acres)

Natural Biotic Areas - an area set aside to allow the way of life of societies living
in harmony with the environment to adapt to modem technology at their pace

Name Area Established Location

Abasig-Matogdon-Mananap 5,420.12 ha 2000 Camarines Norte

(13,393.4 acres)

Basilan 4,497.00 ha 2000 Basilan

(11,112.3 acres)

Buug 1,095.00 ha 1998 Zamboanga del Sur

(2,705.8 acres)

Lagonoy 444.60 ha 2000 Camarines Sur

(1,098.6 acres)

Wildlife Sanctuary - comprises an area which assures the natural conditions

necessary to protect nationally significant species, groups of species, biotic
communities or physical features of the environment where these may require
specific human manipulation for the perpetuation.

Name Area Established Location

Agusan Marsh 14,835.99 ha 1996 Agusan del Sur

(36,660.5 acres)

Chico Island 7.77 ha 2000 Masbate

(19.2 acres)

Marinduque 8,827.96 ha 2004 Marinduque

(21,814.4 acres)

Mount Calavite 18,016.19 ha 2000 Occidental Mindoro

(44,519.0 acres)

Mount Hamiguitan Range ★彡 6,834.00 ha 2004 Davao Oriental

(16,887.2 acres)
Naro Island 109.98 ha 2000 Masbate
(271.8 acres)

Rasa Island 1,983.00 ha 2006 Palawan

(4,900.1 acres)

Turtle Islands 242,967.00 ha 1999 Tawi-Tawi

(600,384.5 acres)

Wilderness Areas

Name Area Established Location

Alibijaban 430.00 ha 1981 Quezon

(1,062.6 acres)

Awasan Bay Islands 1981 Surigao del Norte

Bantayan Island 1981 Cebu

Basot-Quinalang-Malabungot Islands 185.38 ha 1981 Camarines Sur

(458.1 acres)

Caniago Strait Islands 210.00 ha 1981 Bohol

(518.9 acres)

Cebu Strait Islands 34.00 ha 1981 Bohol

(84.0 acres)

Dampalit Island 1981 Masbate

Guinauyan-Naro-Chico-Pobre 23.25 ha 1981 Masbate

Islands (57.5 acres)

Isabela 1,985.00 ha 1987 Isabela

Monte Alto Timber Resource Corp. (4,905.0 acres)

Majaba-Napayuan Islands 18.00 ha 1981 Masbate

(44.5 acres)

Panag Bay Islands 1981 Surigao del Norte

Rasa Island 1981 Surigao del Norte

World Heritage Site - is a landmark or area which is selected by the United
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as having
cultural, historical, scientific or other form of significance, and is legally protected
by international treaties