CHAPTER

Eastern River
5 Valleys
2500 B.C. –1000 B.C.

Terra-cotta toy horse

 A Harappan
necklace

2500 B.C. 2000 B.C. 1766 B.C. 1200 B.C. 1122 B.C.
Cities appear in Cities appear in Shang come to Aryans arrive in Zhou invade
Indus River valley Huang Ho valley power in China Indus River Shang kingdom
valley
82 UNIT 2 RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS
 Chapter Focus
Chapter Overview
Read to Discover Visit the Human Heritage Web site
• How the Indus River valley civilization developed. at humanheritage.glencoe.com
• What has been learned from the ruins of Harappa and and click on Chapter 5—Chapter
Mohenjo-daro. Overviews to preview this chapter.
• How religion influenced the Shang dynasty.
• Why the Shang dynasty declined.

Terms to Learn People to Know Places to Locate

planned Harappans Indus River
communities Aryans Harappa
citadel Yü the Great Mohenjo-daro
dynasty Wu Huang Ho
ancestors valley
oracle bones
nobles

Why It’s Important By 2500 B.C., cities started to appear in the

Indus valley of South Asia. By 2000 B.C., they were being estab-
lished in the Huang Ho (Yellow River) valley of China.
More isolated than the people of Mesopotamia or Egypt,
the people of the eastern river valley civilizations were cut off
from other parts of the world by high mountains, broad
deserts, and large bodies of water. As a result, they became self-
sufficient, or able to take care of nearly all their own needs.
Compared to the Sumerians and the Egyptians, they did little
trading with other parts of the world.
Because few artifacts have been found, much of what is
known about the ancient eastern river valley civilizations comes
from legends. Even so, available evidence points to unique and
rich cultures that continue to interest archaeologists.

SECTION 1 The Indus River Valley

The Indus River flows through the countries known today
as Pakistan and India. About 2500 B.C., a group of people called
Harappans (huh rap’ uhnz) settled in the valley of the Indus
River. Although others had lived there before, the Harappans

CHAPTER 5 EASTERN RIVER VALLEYS 83

 were the first to create a civilization. Harappan civilization
extended about 1,000 miles, or 1,600 kilometers, from the foothills
of the Himalayas to the Indian Ocean. This area was more than
twice the size of either Mesopotamia or Egypt.
The lives of the Harappan people were shaped by the Indus
River. The river fertilized the land and made its soil rich. When
the river flooded, however, it swept away everything in its path.
People had to control the Indus in order to settle near it. To do
this, they built dikes and dams. They cleared land for farming and
built irrigation systems to bring water to dry areas. They grew
barley, wheat, peas, melons, and dates and fished in the river.
The Harappans were the earliest known people to grow
cotton. They spun the cotton, wove it into cloth, and dyed it
bright colors. They produced cotton cloth hundreds of years
before anyone else.
The Indus River influenced the way the Harappans built their
cities. To protect cities from floods, the Harappans built them on
raised mounds. They used river mud to make bricks, which they
baked in the sun. Then they went one step further. They fired, or
baked, some bricks in kilns, or ovens. They used these kiln-dried
bricks as a covering over the mud bricks. The fired bricks were
stronger and lasted much longer than sun-dried ones. The
Harappans used fired bricks for houses and public buildings.

Early India

MAP STUDY

PLACES AND
REGIONS India is part
of the triangle-shaped
peninsula that forms the
southern part of the
continent of Asia. What
geographic features
would have helped to
protect the people of the
Indus River valley from
enemies?

84 UNIT 2 RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS

 Student Web Activity
Visit the Human Heritage Web site at
humanheritage.glencoe.com
and click on Chapter 5—
Student Web Activities to find
out more about Harappan
civilization.

THE GREAT BATH AT MOHENJO-DARO The people of Mohenjo-daro

may have washed themselves at the Great Bath. It measured 40 feet, or 12 meters, long
and 23 feet, or 7 meters, wide. To make the Bath watertight, they used cement, tar, and
four layers of brick. What was the purpose of the Great Bath?

Harappa and Mohenjo-daro Harappan civilization

centered around two major cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-daro
(mōhen’ j ō dahr’ ō). These cities were about 400 miles, or 640
kilometers, apart. Many experts believe they were twin capitals.
Harappa and Mohenjo-daro are the oldest examples yet
found of planned communities, or cities built to a definite plan. Reading Check
Both cities contained hundreds of small buildings. Some build- What are
ings served as homes, while others served as shops. The build- planned communi-
ings were laid out on a planned street grid, or uniform network. ties?
The streets crossed each other at almost perfect right angles. The
buildings that lined the streets were arranged in blocks of about
the same size.
Most buildings were two stories high and were built around
a courtyard, which opened into several rooms. Outer walls of
buildings had no windows, and walls fronted on narrow lanes in
such a way as to break the force of the wind. Almost every build-
ing had its own well, bathroom, and drains. The drains carried
waste away from the houses and emptied it into drain holes lined
with brick. These drains were cleaned often. This sanitation sys-
tem helped protect the health of the Harappans.
The most important buildings of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro
were built high above the houses and shops so as to be safe from
neighboring peoples and floods. In each city, a citadel (sit’ uh Reading Check
duhl), or fortress, stood on a mound at least 40 feet, or 12 meters, Where was a
high. It was surrounded by a thick brick wall. Inside the citadel at citadel located, and
Mohenjo-daro was a huge watertight tank called the Great Bath. what did it look like?
Some experts believe it was used for religious ceremonies. Next to

CHAPTER 5 EASTERN RIVER VALLEYS 85

 the Great Bath stood a huge granary. Traders from other areas who
stopped at Mohenjo-daro most likely left their goods there.
Harappa also had a series of huge granaries. The floor of
each granary was supported on low walls. In the walls were air
No Showers?
Harappan bathrooms con-
holes that allowed air to move around in the granary. This kept
tained no bathtubs. People the grain dry and prevented it from spoiling. Nearby were circu-
preferred to pour water lar brick platforms. Each had a scooped-out area in the center
over themselves from where grain could be pounded.
hand-held pitchers.

Decline of the Harappans No one knows for certain

Sculpture of Harappan
Priest-King
how Harappan civilization came to an end. One reason may have
been that the Harappans used up their natural resources. For
example, the Harappan farmers may have tried to raise more and
more crops on the same plots. This would have robbed the soil of
nutrients needed to make it fertile enough to produce well. With-
out good harvests, there would not have been enough food to
feed everyone, especially if the Harappan population was
increasing.
Another reason may have been that the Harappans cut down
too many trees to fuel their ovens. Without tree cover, floods
would have swept away the soil and forced people to leave their
cities and farming villages. It is known that parts of Mohenjo-
daro had to be rebuilt several times because of floods. At first, the
city was rebuilt carefully. As time went on, however, new build-
ings were not made as well, and older ones were patched up.
Then, too, the Harappans may have gotten tired of rebuilding
and decided to move somewhere else.
A third reason may have been that the Indus River valley
was invaded and all the Harappans were killed. Unburied skele-
tons of groups of men, women, and children have been found in
the streets of Mohenjo-daro’s ruins. Every skeleton showed some
kind of injury.
All that is certain is that Harappan civilization began to
change about 1700 B.C. Not only were homes no longer built as
well, but pottery was no longer made as carefully. By 1200 B.C., a
group of people called Aryans (ār’ ē uhnz) had taken over the
Indus River valley. Harappan civilization ceased to be.

Evidence of a Lost Civilization Very little is known

about the Harappan people and their civilization. As yet, no one
has been able to read Harappan writing. There is no record of the
civilization’s political history. No royal tombs have been discov-
ered. All that is known about Harappan religion is that there was
more than one god, and most Harappan gods were female.
Much of what is known comes from the ruins of Harappa and
Mohenjo-daro. There, archaeologists have found jewelry made of
gold and a blue stone called lapis lazuli (lap’ uhs laz’ uh lē), as

86 UNIT 2 RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS

 Bangles Today, many
people in India and
Pakistan wear bangles—
ring-shaped bracelets and
anklets. So did the Harap-
pans. To find out how the
Harappans made their
bangles, archaeologists in
the 1980s and 1990s turned
to present-day bangle mak-
ers. Using traditional meth-
ods, they gave archaeolo-
gists insights into how the
Harappan bangle makers
HARAPPAN SEAL This Harappan seal is 1 inch, or 2.5 centimeters, square. It might have worked.
shows a bull facing an incense burner. In eastern civilizations, the bull was a symbol of
strength. The seal also shows Harappan writing. What is unusual about Harappan
writing?

well as tools and weapons of stone, copper, and bronze. They have
also found clay models of animals, rattles, dice, and toy carts with
movable wheels.
One of the most important finds was a series of tiny seals
made of soapstone. An animal and a line of writing were carved
on each seal. The animals included tigers, elephants, rhinoceri,
and crocodiles. This suggests that at one time much of the area
was jungle. Most of the seals had a small hole in them and could
be worn as necklaces or bracelets. The seals may have stated the
names, titles, or trades of a person, family, or business. Experts
believe the seals were used to stamp the wet clay that sealed
packages of goods. Some Harappan seals have been found as far
away as Sumer.

Section 1 Assessment about the Harappans if they could read

Harappan writing?
1. Define: planned communities, citadel.
2. How did the Indus River influence the Graphic Organizer Activity
Harappans? 5. Draw a diagram like this one, and use it
3. What were some of the outstanding fea- to summarize the accomplishments of
tures of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro? the Harappans.
Critical Thinking
4. Predicting Consequences What do Harappans

you think archaeologists would learn

CHAPTER 5 EASTERN RIVER VALLEYS 87

 SECTION 2 The Huang Ho Valley
About 2000 B.C., or 500 years after the Harappans settled in
the Indus River valley, a civilization developed in the Huang Ho
valley of northern China. There are no records of its beginnings,
and no remains have been found. For this reason, much of what
happened comes from legend.
According to Chinese legend, a man-god named Yü the
Great drove out the serpents and dragons that lived along the
Huang Ho. He drained the land so that people could live there
and grow crops. Yü founded a kingdom called Xia (shē’ ah) and
united most of northern China under his rule.
Many experts believe that the early settlers of China chose
the Huang Ho valley for their home because it was fertile. The
river flooded every year, bringing rich soil with it.
The valley was cut off from other civilizations. The people
there developed their culture without borrowing from other civi-
lizations. By 1800 B.C., there were villages and farms all along the
river. The people farmed the land and used the river for travel
and trade. They made clay ovens, cupboards, benches, and pot-
tery. They built small round clay houses with thatched roofs.

Reading Check Cities of the Shang The first records of Chinese civilization
What is a come from a dynasty (dı̄’ nuh stē), or ruling family, called Shang.
dynasty? The Shang came to power in 1766 B.C. They built the first Chinese

THE WISE MAN FU HSI Chinese legends tell the stories of Yü and another
man-god, Fu Hsi. Here, Fu Hsi points to eight geometric designs used to tell the future.
Why are legends important to historians studying early China?

88 UNIT 2 RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS

 Shang China

MAP STUDY

PLACES AND
REGIONS The land-
forms of China con-
tributed to the early iso-
lation of the Chinese.
What geographical fea-
tures would have dis-
couraged the Shang
people from movement
to other lands or their
contact with other
people?

cities. Most were designed in the same way. At the center stood a
palace and a temple. Public buildings and the homes of high gov-
ernment officials were built around the palace. Within an outer
district were workshops, burial grounds, and the homes of the
workers.
Most of the Shang people, however, did not live in the city.
The city was the home of the rich, the educated, and the skilled.
Poorer people lived in the countryside. They were farmers who
grew such grains as millet, wheat, and rice and raised cattle,
sheep, and chickens. The farmers also produced silk, which was
used to make clothes for the very rich. The Chinese produced silk
hundreds of years before anyone else.

Spirits, Ancestors, and Kings The Shang worshiped Reading Check

spirits, or supernatural beings, which they believed lived in What role did
mountains, rivers, and seas. The people believed they had to spirits play in Shang
please the spirits. If the spirits became angry or unhappy, the religion?
people might suffer a poor harvest or lose a battle.
The Shang believed that ancestors, or those from whom one Reading Check
is descended, also influenced people’s fortunes. So, they offered Why did the
their ancestors food, wine, and special prayers. They hoped their Shang respect their
ancestors would help them in time of need and bring them good ancestors?
fortune. Because of this respect for ancestors, family ties were
very important to the Shang. They had rules about how family
members should act toward one another. Children were taught to

CHAPTER 5 EASTERN RIVER VALLEYS 89

 Reading Check obey their parents and to honor older people. Wives were trained
What were to obey their husbands.
oracle bones? The Shang believed that their kings received their power
Who were the nobles, from the spirits of nature and their wisdom from their ancestors.
and what role did For this reason, religion and government were tied closely
they play in the together. An important duty of kings was to contact the spirits of
Shang dynasty? nature to make sure they provided enough water for farming.
Kings also asked the advice of their ancestors before making
important decisions. To do this, kings had questions scratched on
a flat, polished piece of bone. The bone had a hole drilled in it,
and a hot bar was put in the hole. Heat from the bar produced a
pattern of cracks on the bone. The cracks were believed to be the
ancestors’ replies to a king’s questions. A special interpreter gave
the king the meaning of the ancestors’ replies. These bones are
known as oracle (ōr’ uh kuhl) bones. The writing on them is the
oldest known form of Chinese writing.
Under the king was a large class of nobles, or people of high
rank in a kingdom. They spent much of their time hunting, both
for pleasure and as preparation for war. Nobles often fought with
each other about land. They joined together only when they had
to fight other people who refused to accept Shang rule.
Nobles rode into battle in horse-drawn bronze chariots. They
wore bronze helmets and armor made of buffalo or rhinoceros
hide. They were skilled in the use of the bow and arrow. Their

ORACLE BONES Shang rulers tried to learn the future by using oracle bones.
Here, a turtle shell used for this purpose shows an early form of Chinese writing.
When did Shang rulers use oracle bones?
Wu
C. 1000 B.C.
Zhou King
Wu, the ruler of a former
Shang territory, led the
attack against the last
Shang emperor. The
emperor was so cruel
that many soldiers gave
up without a fight. Wu,
known as “the Military
King,” believed the gods
wanted the Zhou
dynasty to rule China,
and he became the first
Zhou ruler.

90 UNIT 2 RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS

arrows had sharp points of bone or bronze. Soldiers marched on
foot behind nobles’ chariots. These soldiers generally were poor
peasants whom the nobles had forced to leave their farms and
join the army.

Decline of the Shang There was a great gap between rich

and poor during the rule of the Shang. Rich Shang lived in the
cities in wooden houses. They owned bronze weapons and
ornaments and wore linen, wool, fur, and silk clothes. Poor
Shang lived in the countryside and worked with wooden or stone
tools. Their houses were thatched or mud huts or caves scooped
out of the ground. Neither group felt any loyalty toward the
other.
Many experts believe that this gap between rich and poor
weakened the Shang civilization. In 1122 B.C., a people known as
Zhou (jō) invaded the Shang kingdom. The Shang were not
united enough to hold off the invaders, and their civilization came
to an end.

Metal Casting Shang metalsmiths perfected

a form of casting to create some of the finest
bronze works the world has ever known
(below). Metalsmiths still use molds to create
everything from artworks to machine parts
(right). What conclusions can you draw
about Shang technology?

CHAPTER 5 EASTERN RIVER VALLEYS 91

 The Shang left behind a great gift to the rest of the world in
their works of bronze. These include sculptures, cups, vases,
fancy vessels, and a variety of other items used for religious pur-
poses. Many art experts believe these are among the finest works
of bronze ever made.

Section 2 Assessment what questions might they want

answered before making decisions?
1. Define: dynasty, spirits, ancestors,
oracle bones, nobles. Graphic Organizer Activity
2. What were some of the Shang religious 5. Draw a diagram like this one, and use
beliefs? it to show the structure of a typical
3. What may have been the reason for the Shang city.
decline of the Shang civilization?
Critical Thinking
4. Formulating Questions If world
leaders today could use oracle bones,

Chapter Summary & Study Guide

1. The eastern river valley civilizations
began in the Indus River valley about
2500 B.C. and in the Huang Ho valley
about 2000 B.C.
2. The first people to build a civilization
in the Indus River valley were the
Harappans.
3. The Harappans are believed to have
been the first people to produce cot-
ton cloth, bake bricks in ovens, and
build sanitation systems.
4. The Harappan cities of Harappa and
Mohenjo-daro are the oldest known
planned communities.
5. No one knows for sure how the
Harappan civilization ended, but the
Aryans moved into and took over the
valley about 1200 B.C.
6. The legendary kingdom of Xia proba-
bly was established in China about
2000 B.C.
7. The Shang started the first recorded
Chinese dynasty around 1766 B.C.
8. The Shang believed spirits and ances-
tors influenced their lives.
9. The Shang developed the form of
writing found on oracle bones and a
method of making beautiful bronze
artworks.
10. Shang civilization ended with the
Zhou invasion of 1122 B.C.
Self-Check Quiz
Visit the Human Heritage Web site at humanheritage.
glencoe.com and click on Chapter 5—Self-Check Quiz
to assess your understanding of this chapter.

92 UNIT 2 RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS

CHAPTER

Using Key Terms

5 Assessment
Graphic Organizer Activity
Imagine you are preparing a feature Citizenship Create a diagram like
film about the civilizations in the Indus this one, and use it to show the flow of
River and Huang Ho valleys. Use the fol- power and authority in the Shang govern-
lowing words in a brief summary describ- ment. Groups that should appear on the
ing the facts you plan to present in your chart include: artisans, farmers, king, spir-
film. its, ancestors, and nobles. Which group
appears at the top? At the bottom?
planned communities citadel
dynasty spirits
ancestors oracle bones

m
t
os

os
m
nobles

t
Au
er

th
w

or
Po
Understanding Main Ideas

ity
lea
st
lea

st
1. Why is so little known about the early
life of people in the Indus River and
Huang Ho valleys?
2. Why were Harappa and Mohenjo-daro Geography in History
unique places in which to live?
3. What were some of the possible rea- Places and Regions Refer to the
sons for the decline of the Harappans? map of early India on page 84. Note the
4. What evidence suggests that there was location of the Indus civilization and the
trade between Harappa and Sumer? geographic features that may have affect-
5. Why were family ties important to the ed its development. Describe what other
Shang people? area of this region is a likely place for
6. How did Shang kings use oracle other civilizations to develop.
bones? Explain why.
7. Why did the gap between the rich and
poor help weaken the Shang?
8. What cultural contribution did the
Shang leave to the world? r Jo urnal
You
Using you m
ay
Critical Thinking tails
any de lanned
pa re p
Com
o te d about ppa a
nd
1. Why did people in the eastern river have n ities in Hara ails about
valleys borrow little from people in un et
comm -daro with d te a
other regions? oh enjo u n ity . Crea
M mm in
2. What do you think may happen to a wn co ways
civilization if it uses up its natural your o strating the is simila
r
illu n ity
chart mmu
resources? Why?
ic h y our co
3. Do you think people today hold ances- wh t.
ifferen
tors in the same high regard as the and d
Shang? Explain. 93
 2 Around
UNIT

THE HITTITES
Around 2000 B.C., the Hittites moved the people they conquered, they devel-
into Asia Minor from an area somewhere oped ideas and inventions of their own.
beyond the Black Sea. Within the next 700 One of the most important of these was
years, they built an empire that rivaled the Hittite battle chariot—the weapon that
Egypt in size and power. Although the allowed the Hittites to challenge the civi-
Hittites adopted many of the customs of lizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt.

Hittite Empire  Deeply reli-

45°N 30°E 35°E 40°E 45°E 50°E
gious, the Hittites
used the fury of the
CA
SP

gods to threaten
IA

BLACK SEA
N

people who broke

SE
A

40°N laws or treaties. A

ANATOLIA PLATEAU
Hittite artist armed
ASIA MINOR T
this god with a
ig
ris

Euph
rat thunder hammer
Ri v

35°N e sR
ive and a handful of
er

r
MEDITERRANEAN SEA
jagged lightning
bolts.
e River

EGYPT Hittite Empire at Peak

miles 0 200 400
Nil

kilometers 0 200 400

In 1595 B.C., Hittite armies plunged deep into

Mesopotamia to capture the city of Babylon.
Although a rebellion forced the Hittite king to
return home, Babylon never recovered from the
attack. The Hittites went on to take control of
lands stretching from the Aegean Sea in the west
to the upper Euphrates River in the east.

94 UNIT 2
the W rld

The Hittites pre-
ferred to rule by
treaty rather than by
force. They recorded
the terms of these
treaties on gold, sil-
Some Hittite battle chariots carried ver, or iron tablets
two warriors—a driver and an archer. written in their own
The larger and heavier battle chariots hieroglyphics or in
carried three—a driver and two armed cuneiform adopted
soldiers. This allowed the Hittites to from the Babylonians.
double their fighting power. 

The Hittites con-

sidered the sun
goddess, called
Arinna, the giver
The royal seal of a Hittite king was imprinted of all life. Known
on this clay as “Queen of
tablet.
Heaven and
Earth,” she was
honored with
works of gold such
as this statue. 

Taking Another Look

1. Where did the Hittites build their empire?
2. What methods did they use to control their
empire?

Hands-on Activity
Writing an Argument Write a list of arguments
that an Egyptian soldier might have used to
convince the pharaoh to adopt the all-new
Hittite battle chariot.
95
 Standardized Test Practice
Directions: Choose the best answer to each of the following
multiple choice questions. If you have trouble answering a
question, use the process of elimination to narrow your
choices. Write your answers on a separate piece of paper.
1. Sumerian society granted certain rights 3. The Code of Hammurabi was important
to women. Which of the following rights because
did Sumerian women have?
A it punished unfair judges
A They had the right to operate B it established one set of laws for all
businesses. city-states
B They had the right to vote in city-state C it protected confidential messages sent
elections. between judges
C They had the right to attend the same D it required prison sentences for people
schools as men. convicted of crimes
D They had the right to join the
Sumerian army. Test-Taking Tip: Remember to read
all the answer choices and pick the best
Test-Taking Tip: Eliminate answers answer. Although the Code of Hammurabi did
that you know are incorrect. Since only the punish unfair judges, this fact is not the most
sons of the rich could attend school, you can important. Which aspect of the Code was the
eliminate answer C. most significant change from previous codes
of law?

2. Which of the following Mesopotamian

inventions is still used in agriculture 4. A major accomplishment of the societies
today? of Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt,
which allowed these civilizations to
F Ziggurats flourish, was
G Feed troughs F the building of pyramids to honor
H Cuneiform rulers
J Plows G the teaching of English to children in
school
Test-Taking Tip: Make sure that you H the use of waterways to irrigate crops
read the question carefully. The question asks
for an invention used in agriculture (farming).
J the development of the 60-minute hour
Since cuneiform is Sumerian writing, it cannot
be the correct answer. Test-Taking Tip: The key phrase in
this question is: which allowed these
civilizations to flourish. Some of these
accomplishments are certainly important—we
still use the 60-minute hour today—but they
did not all contribute to the basic survival of
these two civilizations.
96
 Standardized Test Practice
Ancient Egypt
5. The Mesopotamian, Egyptian, and Indus 30°E 40°E 50°E

River valley civilizations arose where ASIA MINOR CASPIAN

SEA
M
they did because ES
O
PO

Tig
T

ris
E ASIA

AM

R
A of advice from their religious leaders

up
MEDITERRANEAN

IA

ive
ra

h
SEA tes

r
SYRIA Riv
PHOENICIA er
about where to settle PALESTINE
N

B there were so many hunting grounds 30°N LOWER

Giza
EGYPT

in North Africa Memphis

N il e

PE
RS
ARABIA IA
N

Ri
ve
C the rivers they settled near provided a GU
LF

r
Thebes
means of transportation

;
SAHARA UPPER EGYPT Southern Boundary,
1st Cataract Old Kingdom

RE
D of the many renewable resources Southern Boundary,

D
Middle Kingdom

SE
2nd Cataract New Kingdom,
AFRICA
available nearby

A
c. 1450 B.C.
20°N
3rd Cataract
5th Cataract
4th

Test-Taking Tip: Think about what Cataract

miles 0
kilometers 0 200
200
400
400

these three civilizations had in common (they

all settled in river valleys). Why was this
geographical feature so important to the 7. According to the map above,
development of these societies?
A ancient Egypt did not include Thebes
B the New Kingdom of Egypt included
the Sahara
6. The Egyptians made many contributions C the southern boundary of the Old
to other civilizations. Which of the Kingdom was near the 1st Cataract of
following was NOT developed by the the Nile
Egyptians? D Phoenicia was not part of the New
Kingdom of Egypt
F papyrus
G a number system based on ten Test-Taking Tip: Use the map’s
H medical splints and bandages legend, or key, to help you understand what
the map’s symbols represent. Make sure your
J city-states
answer is supported by information on the
map. Do not rely on your memory.
Test-Taking Tip: Be careful—
overlooking the words NOT or EXCEPT is a
common error. Look for the answer that does
NOT fit. Since the Egyptians did develop
papyrus (a type of paper made from reeds),
answer F is not the correct choice.

97