~ PROFESSIONAL

IP51S0LUTIONS
Welcome

Thank you and welcome to 'BS6399-2 Wind Loading - Practical Design, an IStructE

seminar presented by Alasdair N Beal.

Alasdair N Beal BSc CEng MICE FIStructE is a Member of Thomasons LLP Consulting Civil

& Structural Engineers, Leeds. He has over 30 years experience in practical engineering

design. He has written papers about various aspects of codes of practice and design including

'A Bit Windy? - BS6399-2 in practice' (The Structural Engineer 16th Nov 2004). He has also

served on IStructE committees producing design guidance for reinforced concrete structures

and retaining walls.

© Professional Solutions 2006

 Thomasons
Consulting Civil &
Structural Engineers
and Building
Surveyors
12 United Business

BS6399-2
Park,
Low Fields Road.
Leeds
LS12600
tel. 0113 245 1282

DESIGN FOR

fax. 0113 244 3557

leeds@
thomasons.co.uk

WIND LOADS

Afasd,.air N. Be-at
BSc CEn"gl MICE FIStructE
Thomasons LlP Consulting Civil & StructuraI Engineers, Leeds

Tholll850nS
Engineers need to know
wind pressures for
designing buildings like
these
The consequences of
getting it wrong can
be serious.
This roof came off 10
minutes after
children's playtime.

2
 CP3-V was a 'code of
BllmSRSTJ\NDAKD RS4J!99.2i practice for wind loads
CODE OF PRACTICE
. . _... . 'If:;rt>r
......~
CP3:
V·2:

1997
~JV
.~fMo.lqM
for the design of
buildings'; BS6399-2 is
[O~~
IID'1'ft1JlE11 1_
~
, A ';01iom.!
e..m..-J..... lI.Io.l
a 'code of practice for
.1\ 1:, ~ J, h"'; 50 CanwNd..."J
NPn~ h,..ftMt
wind loads'
(~odp.of 1
Loading for buildings ­
! These are different: a
Basic data for the I Part 2: Code of practice fOT wind loads code for 'wind loads for
design' should specify
design of buildings - I wind pressures which
I produce safe,
Chapter V: l.oading- reasonably economical
building designs. It
Part 2: Wind Loads I does not matter if it
does not model wind
behaviour perfectly.
BS6399 is more like a
collection of research
data than a code of
practice for design. The
data are presented and
it is up to the engineer
to work out what to do
with them. To make
matters worse, the
information is
presented in a different
order from the logical
sequence for design, so
engineers also need to
""'-_.61 find where the different
pieces of information
....., are and bring them

• COI'IUIU_"~.""".~U1If
"'Si·
.a .
.

British'· Stlfld8rds
together in the form
they require.

3
 shovr ~t~t te>OT 'fJeAS ~'n(J(e,;;;)s.<uL VJI"i£. ~~
I \)J ,Ohet 6~.sfG)
'" 5pee..cL ~ s
b~...se..dJ oh Q)
.-0•• _ _• • • ' Input building height H, input building

- type factor Kb (table 1)

5/'0'1':"[:6'0-,:1;
Stage 2: Checkllmlts of appIloeblllty BulIding Is dynamic. This part does not
Cr < 0.25. H < 300 m (U.2) apply (lI8ll references (1) 10 (4])

-r,c>'fh~
f\') 5:J 7-~ o~
Yes
;;i..
h0> pp~~ VI &...~~
-------' Basic Wind speed map (figure 6)

le=-v ~~ d' --, ...

AIIItude factor 8•• d1rectlonal factor
Sd' seasonal factor S,. probability
_f~or_Sp_ _ _ _ . _

•. _--- ...._ Site len'aln type. level of upwind

roottops H" • separatiOn of buildings X i

_ !i Directional and topographic effects

I I ! ; 8~~~_, ~l' ~ .!1t. S/L _________0

~s-....- .... '4-~~! f~ -·~c: ,;~ ; :~; : ~.; ~ efI~-z-=-~=~=;r=~=- ~=~d=-~=·- -=~=- - "'' ·-11
· ;-_n-l .
I Dynamic pr~sure Cle. q, (3.1.3)
1

,__ _______L __ . ~
3.4.2 1
1
;- DlrliCtiona, pressure coeffiCients Cp ~:
- ,; (303)
P }.'i

_._.~L -"
Directional Wind Ioad6 P (3.1)
~;

Flpn 1 - Flo'lfchart iU'Ilstratto.I outlllle p~clul'.

4
 3> ~e.c. :~nd (jJSt" } 014 ~ /iwl8S63!a fl-foUY~ ()h~ ~~
ALI':TlJd~ ~L pas;~tthn eoJe, heW et>Je, lf2e>T CD()h~ ~
Site wind speed is
Calculating the Site Wind Speed allculated from
Clauses 2.2.1 and
2.U Site wbul .peed 2.2.2.
11 Ht\! 2.2.2.1 ~~,
NB CP3-V wind

Tbtt site wind speed ~ for aDY particular direc:ti0ll

speeds were based on

JF peak gust speeds. In

r" ",.,,(1
v. =lIi. )( Sa )C S. )C s. x S. BS6399-2, the basic

site wind speed is

1 <J based on the hourly

_.. ~._.<+-----~-

where mean wind speed

"':<'-~~\~ :j.lf
1\ is the basic wiDd. speei from 2.2.1; (which is much lower)

S. is an altitude £actor (see 2..2.2.%); but this is then

. ~~ j f:':-~~1 factored up to give

S. is a ~ factor (He 2.2..2.3);

peak gust speeds for

"iiL '~;',\II
S. la a HUOIDA1 factor <eee 2.!-%.4); design.

oS, ia • ~ Uctor (aee 2.1.2.5). If topography is

{liF, signiflClUlt (Le. near

i:\~
1U.%.2W11en toIIoIa'aDhv is ftOt amsiderea sicDifiaurt s.
summits of ridges or

escarpments), there are

\;Pi'/~ S. = 1 + 0.00148 6 pages of guidance to

be followed.

when
ds istlle ate altitude (iJ'l.blI!!trea ah:we meaa -level>
"I,

U2.2.3Whea ~ is ~cllipifieaDtSa shoa1cI be t,'

....
Sa = 1 + O.OOU\S

.48 is the site altitude OD metres a130ft meaJl sea le\.1); or

S. =1 + O.OO~ + 1.2(11...
WMre
10 F'°~rC) p hf\: ReLwcS> 'nt"
4T is t1w altitude ot tlae upwiad __ ot ~ t topopaphy
~t..,..., .............. ~u.
"'p,.l- \\~lftmt.,
.,. ia the efJecIift . . . otthe tlltJIOpap}tic _tuN;
• is. ~Jocatioafactar.

fd~§.~S \?h wind 5t~ Glh chDl\l-%e

DYCJS\ lca \\ LA thfJ WI ~1c1 pv ess,u veJI..
~~
5

~--- lJ\ ---------------­ --------- z _.~

 b(Ysfo \.{) ?hcL s~ d:'~V~h
o
~"t/50eth.'w''&- --.I}n~?n Ih UK

Cl. 2.2.2.3 gives factors

to be applied to the
basic wind speed
1.2.2.3 mNetio,,·'_ctor depending on its
direction NB Cl.
'J.1ae.4inmcm fact.or S. ~ he lIIICKl to aG;lJIt the huic wiDd apeed to prochce wiDd apeeda witll the same 2.1.1.2 states that in
liB af__ aceedeiiD uqr wiDi dinc6oll. Va!u.es aTe Ii'NIl in Taw., 3 for aD. wiJul di.reetiaDa iD. 3Cf design. all wind
of.,
iatervaJs (where tlse1ViDd iirectiaD.ia tIefiaed·ia tM 0CJI'lWIlti0M11IUlJII*': aaeMt wiDd.is a wiJul clinctiou
= go- IIJli bJowafromtheeuttothe aite). JfdleOl'ierJt8tioD ofthelnWdtncis 'tIDbowa or iporecl the
s,
val. of tile cIirection£actor should_ takeJl.. = 1.00 £or all ~
directions within 45
degrees of a design
wind direction must be
NOTE W1t.D_ tiMahoafatw widt~·r.t:adtUtUW a ' urietJora...... fna.TaIU 3 M considered. The orange
iatftpD1a. . fotm. ...... ~ _ ....... Ol'tU _ _ iau..napci1rilulGncda..,. ~
column in the table
Table 3 - Values of dtrecdOll factor S. shows effect of this

Dtrfttl... I. iliA M. . . ..,.: Dinedoa t'acQr S.

where differences in
distance from sea etc.
are not important.
In theory, each side of a
building could be
designed for a different
wind speed and
different wind
pressures but in
practice this would
complicate the design
without any benefit in
economy.
However it can be
useful sometimes - e.g.
to reduce design wind
mq pressures for a building
near the east coast. It
can also be useful for
2..Ll.2 For each ~ ~ the l'IIJlI'8 «wiml ~:!4V eitller..tIe of die directiaa.1'IOl'DJ81 to internal pressures from
. .MWc1incface 80alci M ~ \VJsea ..,18rIletrY iI UHd to nd1acetbe JlUIDJt.. of~loacl
casea. both opJK:l8.iDcwirlll cIirectiaaa. e.... , =er aJUl8:: l8C1 .-w.. omci. . . . aaci the mare 0Iler'0QS
a dominant opening
(see later).
diNllt'tWm usec:l

45°e.>lch '1f 6
 • L. '0. : 1fWl1~O~CJ~ G-V~hdJ5r:;het f9 VCl show DV ~~OYdY~ \x.IoY~'--1 ----,

Cl. 2.2.2.4 gives

Ten1 porary Structures
reduction factors on
basic wind speed for
the design of
J..UA S.uoncd factor temporary structures
and buildings under
n. 8eII8OINd fae.tcao s•. ." ueecl to nduce the basic wiIul speecl for huildmcs w1Iich are expedeclto'be construction.
GPO.' atothewiJulfOrlJ*lilc StlhnmvaJ ~ iD puQcularfor tempor.y ..... ..a1Mail6tp dm:iIc The reason for the
~ Values whic1l maiataiD. th.risk(prohal:Jiliti)~ezceedecIof Q=0.02 iD the stated..periocI
celiftD. iD Armex D. reference in this
clause to Appendix D
PorpenDlllle1lt lnDWinp IIDCllNilctinp eQCI.ecl to the wind for acontimaou period ofmore than 6mcmths is tmelear, as this
• value of 1.0 .hoaW he 1Uecl for S.~ gives a factor of 1.0
for a probability of

JaIl
F_
'IoIcIIatM

O.Be
0.83
1_ 10,W
T...I. D.l- v.t... of ".10841 ~r

2 .....

o.
. . . . . . .I)Mdoda

0.98 0.87
• JI1IDIatIg
JIoIlths

.I_
Felt
occurrence of0.02 per
year.

.Mu 0.82 ,0.88 0.83 Mal"

•
Uq
a.-to
0. • 0.11
0.75
0.13
U~J6 .~
Mv
J1la O.te 0.6'1 O.BS ,1. .
d1U 0.62 10."11 0 .86
1
4hll
AuK 0.71 0.82 0.90 Aa.
hp 0.82 0.85 0.96 Sep
Oci\ 0.83 0.89 1.00 Del
New 0.88 0,95 1.00 New
IDee OJJ4 IU)Q 1.00 Dec
JaIl 0.98 O.Wl IJIUl
[FM 0.83 0.88 Felt
IIbr
I~
0.82
WUIrIl'
• ........ to J'IMN
fI&1'

7
R-e.ssore- is eoh5ti,;t1iht'o~hout" LL. ~*T~ 1{he; pYeSSV~ fV"l BS 63~ ~v h1~'n yTs~

I ~ '-J-l ~ ~ ." -I
~HL- ~h" t:lDII ~Set\Sibl£;
... bU\2dth~
feY' ~e.> aOO.J
rYllvsT be-
h~~r.
~id~ 1£.,~
Sl
s&'h.e;
I Cl. 2.3.3 Table 4

..
The site wind speed
including these factors
wnt
6H., is converted into the
L­ .1

1 effective wind speed ­

~
Prolireof the gust speed, based on

:~ I H,IHab2 ~:r ~I 1~~~~:~~~l(CI.

dispIacremlInI 2J1.

~ hei~
I
H.
Hr I 1.7.3) and distance

1t--­
~
l
--- --r----l--l I
G.51 Nr~DI· 101 1/ If'r I ..",' I z:I I from the sea.

I
I-.---~ - - - - ­__

0.81(. H
-- -.----- "---- I .... 11 "'f:1 .a: For overall forces and
. I
If
--... 1 roof pressures, H. is
., 'F, 11.3
., ·""",r ·r,'" ., ',.or" '/ ,/ the overall height; for
""
.1_.1..,_.................,..

X
-­ 0.2
0.1 I I I I I
wall pressures, H. is
height to top of wall.
Shelter from other
o buildings can be taken
o 1 2 3 .. 5 ~----a.i
8 into account but note
tclis-ittaedft wbld speed l'a.W. -& - Faetar s.. for .tamdard method surrounding buildings
u.&1 The etHdiw wind _ . . . ......,..,.. . . 1 ........... . . . ha ....., .......... : ....................
etc. may change in the
sptMMl Ve DIlNd........ CIeM................... .~JMl. a-.. lti. ._ t........1. . life of a structure.
B. bl B. NB The same effective
should be calculated from: Ina

Vc = V. S" (12) • <Ill I.. : le Ill" a t le . 1. . wind speed applies over

whole building height.
e2 1." LilO 1.36 1.28 :(.2 1.18 1.15 1.07
wh... li ).:fIr; 1.12 1.67 1.41 5 UjO 1.46 1.36 If the effective wind
V"is the site wiBd speed to speed at the top of a
1.18 1.78 1.7' 1.62 10 1.73 u- 1.51
obtl.iMd hm: 2.2.1, for the 15 1.86 1-85 I .• 1.11 15 1.85 1112 1.11 skyscraper is 55m1s,
....... = W aroundt& to 1..90 1.90 1. • t.11 20 1.90 1.89 1.77 then the same wind
notioaaIorthopna1 'IriJld 30 1.96 L98 Loa, t~85 30 1.96 IJJG 1;,$5 speed applies to shop
50 1.06 2.04 2..04 1.95 50 JUN, 1,04 1.95 windows at 'ground
dir«tions cW'iMd with'the
100 2~O7 100 level. Cl. 2.2.3.2
pressnre coeflkiem data for
eaclt form of buildi:nc';
..,.
2.12 2.12 1.12 2.12 2.12 2.07
permits 'division into
parts' for overall forces
Sf, .the terrain and building
1Nott2 n....... d8.................IRantes-!5l.
INon,a V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .=5 ... on tall buildings but not
factor obtained from 2,2.3.3. 1NDtt. 1f. . . lOO . . . . . . . . . . . .l . . . . . ef. . . a. for local pressures.

~Ohcl pr0SSU re -r Y e.s.TIVh~·rf 0 h .s =t> -d..O -t 1,- Z \&/~~ 8

C,L&ckJ~V\~ X h\~h 1~e1~ -l;o- 'dYO()'ncL -G,O \(Iv jhr\?­
 Once the effective
Wind Pressure wind speed has been
calculated (Cl. 2.2.3),
the wind dynamic
2.1.2 Dynamio preanre press1D"e can be
calculated (Cl. 2.1.2).
2.1.2.1 "the value of the clvnamic pressure Qs of theltllJldardmethocl is liven 'by
A problem in BS6399
is that not only are its
q, =O.613Ve2 clauses often out of
logical order in this
where way but clauses are
often on different
4'1. is tile dynamic PresRI'e (ill Pa'J); pages from the tables
they refer to - Cl. 2.1.2
Ve is tJ1e effective wiDd apeecl from 2.2.3 (in mll). is on a different page
from Table 2.
2.1.2.2 Values of clvnamic presJnUe q. for various values of Ve are RiftA in Tote 2.

..
T.llle 2 - Dye.mle preaure 9s(ia Pal
Ve +0 +1.0 +1.0 +3..0 +4..
+&.0 +1.0 +7.0 +8.8 +9.0

10 61 14 88 104 120 138 157 177 199 221

20 245 210 297 824­ 353 383 414 447 481 516
30 552 589 628 668 709
~~ ~~"
751 194 839 88S 932
40 981 1030 1080 1130 ( _lUKf) \ 1240 1300 1550 1410 1470
50 1530 1590 1860 1120 1790 1850 1920 1990 2080 2130
60 2210 2t80 2360 2430 2510 2590 2670 2750 2830 2920

9
 if} I (!lackJ,,,,~o~ .51l)~ OLd
~\a~~ ~Bu.~"~..: 'eod~
Different types & sizes
ofelements and
buildings are allowed
for by 'Ca' on wind
pressW'e. (Cl. 2.1.3.4 (p.
14), Fig. 4 (p. 16), Fig.
5 (p. 17). Exposure
~e-Se categories are defined
G..WBS in Cl. 1.7.2 (p. 9).)
,)V)A)J This appears simple but
f\~e
in practice it means a .
different wind pressure
J~£0ire e) ~1't.. 101k1 on for every element of the
~t, 'vJloh
'(e-SS v
Jut_. pr
tIlneer
mdMdHI. .

.
umU wh .
building. This is
pointless: the variations
in member sizes and
comtections would be
~ 0.55 .~d_
3 tim pum
or.t
thaJl
uneconomic. It is
essential to rationalise
==' ­ oa 10 . . . . . . .win.... a values.
\01I?o he>
12 d~'O '"
100 1000
~.-=~~I~~:::
..... _..............

S\M la ecIiIUIt~tIMMt . ..
Dl.gonII ClImel'llton .. m

....ta.....cfMIIt ..........to...
a. =10 X ~·voIume of 8tDrey
- &1.% When l!l8eloMd bui1cliJw is
Usually curve 'B'
applies. NB Ca. applies
to pressW'e, not wind
14 ~edintc)J:'OOJUwith·intemal
doors speed and is usually

:(;2
.. A
'to""
IB
'to-t'
~
ltte'-t..
S B
Ill"
C
,tD.ct'
c
(IlaI>

l'to-'" le Ill_ .fch ... nota lust.dB_ times more

·--.bJe tb;Qtth.~dOOl'S
0.8-1.0, so small
differences are
unimportant.
> to, t. B B B C c le et:lllt 10 X ~intemal volume of room
;>1iD 10 A ~ 8 B A- C le Ca also used for internal
> toto 11 A A B B A B IB
pressure (Cl. 2.6.1.1,
>.tJlto!O
>~nollo
A.
A
/l'
A
•
4
B
B
~
111.
B
A
•
1'8
2.6.1.2, pp. 53, 54).
>IMHCli80 A A A B 111. A 18 Fig. 5 gives guidance
::0150 A ~ A B lA A B on a values for overall
forces on a wall or roof
P1...... l-SI. . . . . , . - - c.ol....anl ~ panels but no guidance
on a values for
1.e. ~fUlU d /5 -tee- bI9~~~ ~o-z, It supporting beams.

a '.fal..\le.. IS w,e. £~O'1'"IoQ.., Oel cWmelh/c)lOh7tl?Qt" fiaT _b~ ~;(f0rem C('/2l 10

~(!Mr~'?s_JW,~ ~I ~~~~~M~~~eJ ~ ~

I'tts a.e a iVJJAA&.t't' ~ ~F"j~~

It is often said that a is
Size effects - a and Ca the diagonal ofthe
load tributary area for
the beam (half ofthe
area on each side).
Beam or coil... Putl,•• or "iftber /filsts However influence
lines show that the
o 0'

..
trfbutsrya,rea
Loaded width
.. ..
tribolary area

Loaded width
. • I
load on the beam
actually comes from
twice this area; for
more flexible members
r4C .. 4 •
with load sharing (e.g.
joists, purlins) the
relevant area is larger
still.
For main rafters,
beams or columns, it is
reasonable to take a as
the diagonal across the
full panel area on both
sides. For roofjoists,
purlins or side rails it
Diagonal is reasonable to take a
dimeMion as the diagonal across
11 two panels on each
side of the member
being designed.

PlJ~);h ~ 6"2.J
bean-. b ~
d~~~
d~~

11
 Calculating total wind
Ove ra 11 Wi nd Force s load on a building is
complicated - see Cl.
2.1.3.8 Owrall loads 2.1.3.6 (p. 15).
Theoveral1loadPon a bUildirag is taken as the sum of the, loads onindividual surfaCN with allowances for Standard wall and roof
non-simultaneous action between faces and for mildly dynamic response. pressure coefficients
may be used (Cl. 2.4,
The overall horizontal loads are given by
pp. 30, 31 and Cl. 2.5
(pp. 36-53».
P = O.85(tPfroat - l:Preu) (1 + <;> (1) Alternatively, Fig. Sa
(p. 32) gives overall
net pressures. NB the
where factor 0.85 in Cl.
tJ>froIlt is the horizontaloomponent of surface load summed over the windward-facing walls and roofs; 2.1.3.6 applies to both.
t:Paar is the horizontal component of surface load summed over the leeward-facing walls and roofs; Then factors must be
applied for dynamic
Cr is the dynamic augmentation factor from 1.6.1; effects and friction
forces.
31D equation 7 (EPhat T.hle5. Net preuure coemeienu for overaB load
Friction forces on
r..> foreomribo:tiontofuwalls ilID DIH
walls are in Cl. 2.4.5,
sI .2'4 Fig. 6 (p. 35) but they
be taken as q.CpCoA. where"
~lf.5 1~ 1.0 only apply to parts of
,pis the net pressure coemd~1L 1 1.2 0.8 the side walls more
venin Tablets.. ~ 2 1.2 0.8 than b downwind of
the windward end,
~4 1.1 0.8 where b = the smaller
of B or 2H. Friction

tableli· FrtdiomIl drqcoerftelents -l-.-le,o/ Drn~ ~ppt~

forces on roofs are in
Cl. 2.5.10.1 (p. 53)
and apply to areas of
Dra9coeftident
0.01
I r ~ ce~Q)'\ VI erred S . roof more than b/2
downwind of the
'Q~02 windward end.
0.04

12
 The dynamic
augmentation factor is
from Ct. 1.6.1 (p. 9),
0" B Fig. 3 (p. 10), Table 1
r----.-.--­
9».
I·o.s. 1-'" __
. ._--, (p. However it is
usually 1.05 or less, so
precise calculations are

·t02~."
Wlimportant. Usually

• ..j, :t:
"--{' ....
,l:
cot
.
:t:
the tota1 force is
approx. 0.85 x 1.05 =
approx. 0.9 x (sum of
pressures on walls of

lo.1~~----~--+--+~.,.L ~
pi building)
~
Division into parts is
,
~ t , permitted for
calculating total wiftd
o.+-..... L .._ ",".. --~ L.LL"! .,._ .....1. 4 , I ..
t'
t! ,~---...l.,_, __,
force on tall buildings
"', .. . .1IfWlll., IIdB
1 10 100 (Cl. 2.2.3.2 (p. 28), Fig.
BUilding height, H Cm) II (p. 29» but not for
local wall pressures.
Ftpl'. S- !)YDamle . . . . .Jl'tGIoll laotOl' <;. ~ ..B
_~

..#.':;t~:·~

~d''''''.
".......ei:fIIJCIc......
~ ~:.,.flhst."'anflBc:rhJ...
... . a.,
If",.
",
l····..

'--"'-'-"'-J' i
l

tD~.. ~!~
1/~ °t bu 72dth%,
Kb
t1e.f! of bU72J1~

--.. ~. (uh1~K~l~~~ Hi'"201h'-) 2

:to
I I
.
""'--1.:".
"" I 1:: 2:1

~;=;?;~.
" :
-iDl il:t
:

o.
!

.• .....
~....,,..,.< fr.,mhtt·~·; ..
(.~lMIt ~MfJ
,...f14
..'. . . . . . .

f)

11) . . . . . . . """"11 111

~t
:t:
! I

ftpre tl-Divt.Hoa., ~ ...... tor Oftl'allloU.t

1-+ ~oJ c.o~~Oh 13

l/p0 5
 Usually total lateral
Overall Wind Forces
force is approximately
0.85 x 1.05 = approx.
0.89 x (sum of
pressures on walls of
building).
Here is Table 5a with
the coefficients
multiplied in.

Ta},l. 6a -!'Jet pressure coefiieients for overall load

s
, bIB
.l'.
1
2
~4
't.
1-2' .,"~
12 ' ,~."",
1,.1 , " ' "

14
 -1Mli~ fYQbabil;~ 'to h~~ ar-~ ,I' Mv Bt'€J62e (BRE \A.)~VlcL'\
~e116~ )
Wind pressures on
walls are
straightforward. and
the figure and table are
Plan Plan both on the same page
w.o ,
........ "",D
for once (Cl. 2.4.1, p.
~---~-~ 30, Fig. 12, Table 5 p.
: J

1
ru
31)

Wlnd~ I
,
,_J
I co! W1nd~
I Note high pressure zone
on inset top storeys (Cl.
2.4.4.2, Fig. 15, p. 34)..
This can be onerous for
III IA"'~ wind 0111,. ~utd wmd IJIl ~ f.", inset top floors on
D skyscrapers, although it
~-"""-~~
Elevation of side face is not clear that this was

,- - D Wind .. -I ....9.2b '

-'' "' 1
intentional.

1IAi .:oL~ll
. -­

J:
AI B
•
:t
Wmd •

B ; C l~ c
BUIlding with D > b Butldlng with D S b
':1;....

b) K~ to.-m-e nIOIIfIIct!lU._ tlflsWilQlce

l'ipre 12 ­ Key to wall pNUUft data

T.ble S- ExmlUll JJ.....ure cuemO~eDta c,.. for vwtioal wall•

............T ... -................ 3::>Vles 0+ I-/I~~

_..... _- -_.- ~) -­

M Co,",,,,€/( oV'
=t:r"
- DOL>b~ Vi 'I f~Y LAhS> ~ sid~ r'd its­
.d~ ?os';T;onS • tl I' 1~~~,$ ~ G)cJJi~ P~)--'eJ'tS 15

rI'""\VI.--PN Pc':>~-CS £'F2J)J ~Tr&

 Cl. 2.8.2 (pp. 56-59)
Freestanding Walls & Signboards covers signboards and

"All• • a-,.,.. -.satrIIf... ..... "''''''415

----,1
freestanding walls.
Allowing for shelter in
the calculations can
4h lablell. Reduction malce a big difference.
hetors tor,frreestaDdlne
2h lwaJl$·andparapets
0.3 h Llb RedudiClll factor
<3 O~8
5 0.7
B c D
10 0.8
"
» 15 1.0
'\ COrner or free end

Tabl. 21- Net'preuuft coefficients Gp tortr.e-staDdiDg waDs aDd parapets

t Soltlllty wan. Zoaea
~h-,e;ablo
fr~ IWithout return comers 8.4
A IS C J)
1.7
SOJ'6 ~-l ~ 2.1
12.1 11.2
With return corners Ih 1.8 1.4 1.2

~\"

2 \

'=0.8 All 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

U«lmay I ~ClII' _tuna CGnIIIlf' .--.ilL

h~ W&>10

"-:~2 StQrt~rd'
FOf"'gnboatds Hpatated tromtheWOUIrJl6J itf t· lftllelrMtght, Cp • tt
tfiegap it ·nJ••, : lffiiVht~ot_;~ treat dl _,ll
]'heforcesh·ouJd be:apfJled::at the mfd·hefgM·Of,tI'Ie·boerd~<butmayvat'Y! ,ateJdy 0.258

I~ tfu h~Slde(pof':-~;~h Iou f@1'- I dWrS ~h mn€J ~ (~~~~~;)

-re..~ sheQTeal ~ 6

~~y-~~~_~~~2.d1~~

'·;.&f~:Loadld,zOlf.
=
iiJ;lgtength b B or b 2H,=
tidtever isthe smaller,
,fr~B:is:the crosswind
. . . ."ofthe b\JitdihQand H
'height of wall, including
o
-apet.
S·
.t~"
Cl. 2.5.1, pp. 36-38)
Roofs up to S degree
pitch are considered as
'flat'.
o ~'__~'~._, Zone 'D' pressures for
"",..."..,. ,...'"'."..."....",;-_•. """'~,.<~""" .._'''''''"',.,'"''''''''''''''''''''',.'''"....,-,~ ...",.......­
a 'flat' roofof 4.9
degrees pitch are much
lower than those for a 5
c ~; degree 'monopitch' or
'duopitch'roof: as
...,, A , degree roofhas a

r
WInd
. 'if"'"

t ' ~~4., ...

A suction of -0.7 when
wind is at 90 degrees.
yet a 4.9 degree 'flat'
roofhas a pressure of
+/-0.2.
,~~l!'IIt tII\tbltrool
The B86399-2
Fi..... Ui- Key r.r Oat roof.
committee is happy that
the figures are correct.
Table 8 - Enernal pres.urecoefBeienb Cpe for flat roofs of'buUdiDp Therefore on low pitch
roofs on low-rise sheds,
Flat roof'type I Zoae reducing a roof pitch to
.-or-
A B c D slightly less than 5
eav•• degrees can greatly
reduce design uplift
. pressure.
-La This is all very dubious.
-1.0

-0.8
-0.55
eaves .
,-0.4
.
-1.8
-1.25 1-0.6

17
 Cl. 2.5.2 pp. 39-41)
Pressures for monopitch

... e",O"
•
tl
.1
:1::'1
~
6=180"

Wlnd_
Plan
Itwp.
--: ,.11./10
-- '
lA
.-
,

~.
,
i
'

._,
I

C
HlQbIlMM

D
lA
roofs
NB there are no
coefficients for overall
pressures, so the total
load on the roof must
be calculated by adding
lit
up all the pressures on
r ' .. ~ I 11./4t ~
'-I~j II t I different areas.

[ c ] ~ I L.- __ '~I2__ . 4. :r~"CJ~ +~I

&2.2 Loaded mnes Is Yh o'2..1
---,.------.-- 0;----:_.-'- f-!oo

'- - - - _.--..-.-c..--_.. . . .
i IJI.IIl
-~
't ,--L12 -
It19lilnglhs llt. '" smaller or L or 2H and bw '" sm&Iler of W or 2H
5 d~~

- I:a-l; tr1:; I:; i ;i~'j':~ is b1J t:; I ff1JOhO~lo~t-

ofloodWbop
e
ecoto h-> ; e-od1 it&\-­
Q..
\) (

YOo

+0.8 1-+0.8
1.1 1-0.1
+0,8 1+0.8 1+0.8 +0.8 1+0.8 +0.45
. .... v· .......-u...... ~ .... ~,~-,- ...............-.. <11-
18IJ-.:IiMIIW.. . - - . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . , . . . . . . P..."..

18

 . r-r~ 6o\--rR.; IC1Cl""d et- d- \f"&d.S\ ~ -=-r

6 Jr{(exeenlpr'ec;su'(e,s t.u~I'U)'$ iTi$rlI Sf be- Ye~\I~ ~~..:J
~_._-_.~-~---------_._------ --------~

For duopitch roofs, the

Pressures on Duopitch Roof total force must be
worked out by adding
1. no up all the different
areas.
Plan '-'
• Considering all the
I
~f~

E ..
'------r--L-f..-.. I
..._._..,....

A
I

.
C

.
e

A
..
J ..
.-.
~!
j
!

II
i
Wid....
soo, •
_• r 8
C
0

0
~j
,I
pressure zones with a
different a dimension
for every member,
would result in dozem
of different design
l
It 12',1,
-..:::L:---...i.
i
i I> J2
.'-r._..
eT I \
. ~t pressures. It is
essential to rationalise
~-- ~
!\--. b 12 I a values pressure and
_. __ WlndO. 4' . ..,... YL~ --f
coefficients and use
TaWe.tl- ~ PI'UMIJlIt aoefBdellU e,. lordaophehMOfs o t ~ only a limited number
Rt,.. z..... ,·w ~,rdesign.
8_0",
JIhIlII.......

A B
z-...... -r
C .B , .G A .. C­ D

«>~ ~f I-W r-o» -1.1 1-0.7 rU -LU -0»

-eL8 1-4,)·9 i~~ -LO
l-WO
-l.tr'
r-o'
-1...7
r-UJ
-2••
-1.0
-1.0
'-:1.2
1-4,)·9
1-0.9
:-4,).8
-<1;8
-0.7
-0.5
1'-'0-'1
rob
~~
-V. A
-o.~
-o.i
-1.7
-ZOO
-2.2
-..•
i-La

:-1.5
-1.0
-0.8
-0,7
-o.a
1-0.8
1-0-7
r­

+6" -t.8 -1~ -0.• -0.9 -0.3

~
-0." 40 -1.1 -0.' -o.S p- dt'ffe,yemI
v~~ues
+0.0 +0.0 +0.0 -0.1 -0-4
+16'" .-1•.1 [-0.8 ,:-0.4 -1.~ :-0.9 -o.~ -l.e -1,0 -O.IJ 1-0.4
Wfnd . .
+0.2 +0.9 +0.2 i-US -0.9 -o.~ -"
+30" -0.6 i-(lo HU 1-«);9 -0.5 -0.5 -1.9 -1.1 1-0.6 1-0"5
•
:tf.~ +4~
+O.S
-0.0
+0.6
:-0.0
+0.4
-0.0
~.9
1-0.4
-0.6
-O~
-a6
-o.~ -1.2 -1.2 -0.1 1-0.4
• J +0.8 -to.6 +0/7 :-0:.
13! ...,. !otV.1I 1""',11 11UI -0.1'
-0.3
I-U:i
-Cl!
I-u.e -.1.:4 1-1.2 -0:1 1-0.0
l+o.ll ,+o.s . ,",.8 ' -0. . I-~UJ !-eL! -1.2 1-1.2 -1.16 I-CUt
Al.: ........ .,' . ~"'''''''_.~,''''''_
<'C'lc+D".
r. .........m-......
,.I
t. . . . . . . .. . , . .. .t1Icr'....... tNMN• . , .. . . . . . .

",.,.­ ~.' .: {
~% . . . . . . . .r. ................................_ _ IIip.:Bc-piala ..... +6.

_'""!Wt;r'z. . ._,.,..... . . . . . . . . .a.,. . . J.;f"l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

• DUVnP~h;\) rPn
ed ~ 7;;2 0-( c1~ml'"\~
19
.. .sp~~~L, srY~Ke$ ~ 1: ~ Ife?~ vJ~V"dJ 0QSc1<illo~)

 ct. 2.5.5, p. 47·

rJlultibay Pitched Roofs
multibay pitched roof.

u.s M........,. roof.

CP3-V gave detailed
recommendations for
~'"'* ..
ClOIIftici...·. . dowu.W~o t ~qcldaopitehanalti.bay
..Fip:re 13.1U7 ~ _1IIbn. to1Ht tU. . . . . . . . ~%OI1i.

roan as debecl
pressures on multibay
pitched roofs.
lIotN.... ftldacea ...... ofaterM1JlNHurecoeftideata..,. he _ _ lrOBa TUle 90r Table 10, ..

~ ..fG1ItMt: However BS6399·2

It) J"oI'......._ nota... .mwaia llJure tIa}• ..,.JllQlifiwpr.....ClOf'ffWeDt ~ from. TaW. 9 does not give pressures
...-w._nplacM..OIl tlse·..-.4. . ...,.. ~.,.l»ye,.=-o.4. on multibay roofs

tavqW(Jaeptiw)iitdl-.le>. ...... 1dIea.

It) For•••aat•.) Iitch iuopit.dal'GC6. .ul'Olll cIowa
vpwjIul
clthe. .l'1dIalhou1.i.... ueaad_1Miac
rWpd . . . . . iIlHpre 231J).lOthat
the1ocalcoeffieieats helBa&Ieac:!l rWce-eiwa."tkeDMlft _ _ A_Beavemnea far DePtift
explicitly - adjustment
factors are applied to
the figures for single­
pitch ...... bay roofs. This takes

........,.eto....iriclaell·(poiiIiftpi_tIJIIJ.>.
e)For..-l·pitch~IOOU.. .u.ro«.........
. t:NIIIW
wiIlll«.tM 1QIWUtl""mouLl\e awecl••
care to work out.

--pc8tiw
(aepti" )u .....

ja.fitut-.). . Jli.-.~• __ .JocalCl are aiWIl by1he les. BS6399 says nothing
. . . . . E aaclFIictp pitch aacIes.
about multibay roofs
BOTE ""'~m.iauafO)""",,""""'1ID_""""'" ............... 6eplll:ll --1r,r . . . . . . 10'.
with longitudinal
wind (90°). Are
lW ..... &om,=fr Dd' = UIlt. ill.nthe .... CMU,..~~iJt.
. . . .""...,JyiBrthl. .lII!tiIIa

TaW. 12-
efT.tt..12 tetlJa. . . . . . 1IiItIe.-r
faetol' for andti-ltay room
".awiIul"'.
PftDiIft·1DII,)'

internal roofslopes
positive or negative?
According to the BRE,
liillllllCtGla. 11.0 ttp;t;i -- lOll ..... ~ IbA. iII&IlNa7a I

AD . . . .
outer slopes should be
taken as positive pitch
and internal valleys as
i
T. . _1fdged CIoWIMInd _....,. negative pitch. This
gives high suction over
Wtnd . . ~'''''" '-......,-."'.
the whole area of a
~
~ ,./ .,... ' / .
'. \'. " . ·,;;;,~_··..'-.-'II
typical 5°-10° pitch

...",_11I.,".11I"
\ , . . "I multibay shed roof.
T...... _net , "

"··,T. . . . 11IOUIJhId downWInd ,,/

f ~.
.1 If the mofis 'flat' (i.e.
pitch slightly less than
5°), suction is much
o ' Plgure ·23 lower.
Wlhd, blows cyCYoss tt-,e '{oo~

20
 Table 13 (p. 50) gives
Open-sided Canopies pressures for
freestanding canopy
roofs.

'PlWIl UC'l.« I..wt!l .... 0Mr.u

-.ftIideat. A
...... .........

B C
a

all' .t ,. _ "..
,all,
f1' ~.2 1+0·0 fH.B +I:!
MiJrimumC = 0
.. -0.6 Hl,fS -1.3 1-1.4 ._~_.-

1 1.2 -1.3 ~1.8 2.2

I)"

Miai.aumC =0
Vjni>muDC - 1
[+0.4
-0,1
-1.4 (-1.2)
+0.8
-1.1
-1.4{:-1.~
~
~1.1
-2.6
.--0­
-1.8
2.6 ( 2.1)
---r--'j" ~'1
Cp > 0 downMIl'd8 i
ID"
MjPrim-C=O
all' +0:5
-0.9
+1..2
-1.5
+2.4
'-2.0
+1.6
-2.1
1..
· 1.4(-1.1) 1-2.,1 t 1.8)
15­
. C 1 de +0.7
-1.4( 1.1)
+1.4
-2.6
+S.7 +1.8
_~~10
i

ViJrimmnC =0 -1.1 -1.8 -2." -2.6 , • ""--1

MinjmgmC=l -1.5 ~ 1.0) -1.5{-1.0) 2~9 1-2.8( 1.6)
12fT de +0.8 +1.7 +~t9 >+2.1
!
M;!IIi. . . . C=O -1.8 -1.2 -2.8 -2.9 ....!
Minjmpm.( -1 1..5 f-0.9) -1.5(-0.1') -2.9 -2.1 (-1.5) 0'
Bo·
· all'
(,=0
+1.0
-us
+.2.0
'-2.&
+3.l
-3..2
+2.3
-3.2
..-,
. j ,
.
-~t+--,.··-·_·· '·r~--'
· (=1 ~2..5 ....2 ..5(-1.4)
fk.~w_---J
-1.4E 0.$ -1.4(-0.8>
.ur +1.3 +2.2 ~..! +2.4
W
· C=O -1.8 -3.0 -3.8 -3.6 lii'gure.~
.' ·,,\11
MiaUnum.C =1 -1.4f-O~ -1.4(-0.8) -2.0 -2JS(-l.2)
INnTII"1 . .., .... _ ....... goo((''''

~l .....................f=1..fim--il .. ~ . . . . . . . . . . .- -. . . . . . . . . . .

...............................W ......

21
"'.
 I

~ E!CJ~~~eaea ~ c:ke.b ~8'><fst" qtrs o~1.tSJ1i)

Cl. 2.6.1, 2.6.2: internal
pressures are important
for design but poorly
covered by BS6399-2.
- Cl. 2.6.1 and Table 16.
~otw . .
~ OCI~~~
publtcations
- Wmd. DGrIDII1 to ~leface +0.2 recommend shed design
- W1.Ili 1IGI'JIlIl1 to i!DpezlDellhle face -o~3 as 'all sides equally
IFour wan. ~ JleII• •We; lOOliwlpeloleeWe .3 ~::~I~~ claim

"'1ril1ft1111t
2....
tiJaea...
1.2 Where aJl eD£1oMd build. . la . .diYi.tled.iDtlO noma with iJItetMl doonwhidt aTe DOt at 1eut
~tlumtlle"""'~taeiDtez...lpre..... ma,y
ill n.wiDll OIl UlteIwJ walls. A 1IIIttlIoi1cR ~dte iJIlemalpnl
moms. Thia:
ill
However ifwaUs are
impermeable, an
internal pressure of -0.3
JDIti.roo.aa.lMIiJ,mp,ia "'--I8J.lW ~ ....,..... is impossible: it must
...iJItetMl....' JlII.urecoefB c....Id· _.ei.tJJR-G..3 CIC' +0.2. w1dc:JM,
..' the...... Mt. be O. The B~6399-2
......coetIicieIlt dIe ~11ae. .xi_Jlet---..ooet&ciIIftt C. i lwaDaahaald code co~mittee says
. . . . . . . 0.5•. '11ae releveat c1iatoJsa). . . . . . a_the iJItetMl...... 1MY'"' tlIkea as: the SCI J~ wrong:
pressure IS -0.3/ +0.

\tfndows
_____/ div '\femT~ '_I
ODeM\Y\a~
~-- cJ
~O~Vol\O~ I.
') V b u\l., Lrt
Also,aUbuildingshave
doors and most have
• IhT~YhC3\ PV~SSLJVe., jJ ~:s~~~vents.
l\n~ O~G)~<JJhd ~1~n;

...r- 0 t \-¥ the sides. Openings are

I • g,rn{)<;)bit~ 0\ RDamS Q\~e.. t)OlJ an).. \~hlJ .~~=::refaces

. .on)e..ss c.o\'\s·,de.Y
'vICJ\\S 1< Roof
UC\) made. 'All sides
Cp~ Cpe
@ r::".
r , ye.
<J D00YS 1/ :t:=::~
Generally use
•• coefficients -0.3/+0.2.
~);n~\'(o\r\ o+~
Two ~cT~ Inrevr\~L S\)~Oh shoulcL hot be.., CDhsid~ve.£L when 22
checK~~ t~€.J Yoof fOY DpL,{t !!
 For internal pressures
the factor Ca is also
applied. In theory. the a
value is different for
every room. In a large
---f.--­
--1-'" ·""'f"""r-···'.""''''''~>'--'''i_' ".."....>'."1'• ••,.
open shed a is large.
giving a low Ca'
However note that
internal walls may be
built later to divide it
into smaller units.
Where intemal doors
are usually open or are
more permeable than
~'C_~~··~·~ ~~:;~:'~~"" -:.~,
_ T--" --~

external doors and

. • ,1.2 Wha",an'ac__ bo:ildinc is
~:::::r:...-+-~.::r~'- ._~..
windows. a may be
0.55 __ --'-"'::: :::::,;"c; -\'-,
..... _~~':T' ~=- .. ~:= ~=-
~ Into_os witti iDtemaldoors based on storey volume
."."'==; ''',:: ich .-0 not at 1Hs'.t:b!a times mON rather than room
, to
- 100 1000
,ob. than the aternal doors volume. In practice the
relevant volume is
"intemal volome of room
.... a 3: 10 x
OIIgor111J cstmenIlbn .. m probably the volume

..... ............,.,.."l1fIit. . . . . enclosed between

internal ftre doors.

...
~1IIIfItlt ~ " ....1a..... ~ ~ I I O _
s.. Typical values of Ca:

~ (1I:lI9
III I ... S U."l. S1 ...1. UlJocl.­ 18... 1.. • lit houses: 0.78...().85;

il;! A B iJl JI C C C low rise offICeS: 0.75­

:>s.'
>lHo 10'
A
i\
B
A
B
B •
B
C
A
C
C
C
e
0.8;

high rise offices: 0.8­

>0 10 to 15 A A B B A B B 0.85;

::. 16,to!O A A B 8 A B B single storey sheds: 0.7­

>JOto30 i\ A A~ B A A 1r
0.75.
:> "10 to 60 A­ A A B A A B
>DO A A A B A­ A 8 Ca = 0.85 is sensible in
most cases but Ca =
Flpr.4-St. . . . . . . . C.of. . . . . . . . . . . . 0.75 can be used for
internal pressures in
The. k'fiw-t ~ ih'fe \'h~l '\fo1.um~ NOW6"f"ek', fn\eru"Y\ Q.\1 IN Ql\.15 single storey sheds.

k\ \ " -ki" _.• ..,.--, ~ 0!l"Ol;\ be" bui'lt 1~etr' ld 23

'1I1'\e, lt~~~Y 'vr\t, 'YtleVh~~ pvessuve, d\'\f~d~ It InTo 5m(;))\eY Vh~ts .
 Dominant openings are
covered in Cl. 2.6.2 p.
54. This has problems.
Tote 17- Iatemal........ ooefBeIeata GR for ltalldblp.... clcmD...Jlt GP. . . . .

......................
No reliable data about
wall penneabilities, so
.lIdoof -.ot.._ .....
how do we know
whether opening is 2x
or 3x? Can only guess:
2x for small doors and
3 3x for big doors.
Reference to
1 ..1.3 W1Itn an estel'IIa1 opetrinc. nc:Il . . . door. wnhl ae dnmiDaat . . . . opea 1Nt .<:onaiclencl to De 'serviceability limit
cla.aiatlMuItimate 'limitatatt. the ccm.f1it.iewit:h cIooropeaahola1cl),e ~ • • "'~.' state' in 2.6.1.3 is
.... (Affe.nd?.x .) ·door l.e.(t" opcath CJkWK U,fI ~% of.- _ l i D D ".
t..

confused(serviceability
wind... ~~e.sSl,)'(e") ~1YJtJ?4 ':"~ cannot be OK unless
........ I ..... di·
.lllc,teevanl
at dim' • ..:A_.J th· fth· .1 __: .
agon . . ensrona·.......:I'enus 011 e SlZe·Q C UUUJUliWt
ultimate is OK). Clause
refers to Appendix D,
.qperIi. relative to die itlfetnaI:vohunciand may be taken as the ,reater of: which is illogical but
a =diagonal dimension ofdominant opening; or ... . ~ gives sensible outcome
wberethe Internal volume IS the volume of the - use 0.71 x normal
a = 0;2 x \flntemal volume ....:.. ·tbe dommantopemng.
storey or room COD:uumng' . . design wind pressures.
Internal pressure varies
with a - larger opening
T.lde 18-1JJterDa1 Dn:aure eoeIBcielde G- £or opea..eided IndldiIlp
WWtlincti.... I .
Ill...
0-........

I Loatrw
ITwe~
.........

I TJu.ee ...........

gives smaller internal

pressure but if a whole
building side is open
Table 18 applies, which
gives higher pressures.
Makes no sense.
If dominant opening
faces N or E, wind
direction factor (Cl.
• v.-p1e
\ tw
"l
6Ir'
nar~.l'Wtae
·. ..., ­
-II&. 2.2.2.3) may reduce
intemaI pressure. Cl.
2.2.3.3 (distance from
sea) may also help.

1;,e, bf~ 1f.e ~(ho-n-r o~ ~ 0F':ed-> 24

~P.l srvno.OO.euc. ~~ f~~~ Of7JV:>r:>ALOO, (~I?~€/z,A 1 "\

 These are the pressures
for dominant openings
calculated to BS6399-2.
The calculated internal
~emal pressures 'fur,a,DtmgumeasuDng 5Om{L) )( 50m (B) x tSm (H) 08,8 pressure from a 2m x
". • 41L. 1m opening is the same
Sitelftwe,coooUy as a40m x ISm

"'iDe:
I.5mx lm
AFea
0.2 x O.7S'(Ca)
OMlJ'ltiiell't
= O~'t5
UlPea • ~tobD)
opening. From a
common sense point of
view the figures seem
completely wrong.
. '\ ',-,
O~ 7"x 0.98 x O.7)K @:.7Y
According to Professor
2mx lm =0.37 (0.51) N J Cook's book
Designer's Guide to
2m:x 1.Sm O~9xO::98'x 0.7 x 0.71 =0.44 (0'.6'2) Wind Loading of
Building Structures,
3mx'4m O£9\xO~98x,:O.7 x··0.71 =0.44 (0.62) Part 2 Static structures,
p. 322, 'The variations
6m,x:8m O~9 x· O!95x'O. 7 x'O. 71 =,0.42 (0.60) in internal pressure
caused by dominant
lJJmix.l;,6m O~9tX;019'w,:Q. 7 x Et71 -"0.4:0'"
......... .
,. . . ';'~'.

" (D.57) openings are greater

than for buildings with
':' . :t'~'m,.·.'. 7 .':0 7+1.
4·~. 'V
;,,;1:1:I<
'4: J.:~,

FJdI1sRfe,opeti
"0'0"",;.,;.1\ ,,0>6 ,,,,4"\
, '~.'C" :A;~'·:U'.lQc4f·'~A,~;V~.
\
d:f"'~':C&'lt~41
/. '\

QitG~~~~-:~;:V-•.~:~.~/
A - -'c. ,··L

"'1' )
" \
----
=10' 3'8.'
"

=}g.,•.u
.

A.'I!
.
,;-.' '. (0.$3)
<8~f6)
open sides ...'.
However as can be
seen, BS6399-2 gives
the opposite result.
This anomaly has been
referred to Code
committee but no
response has been
received. For the
present, must use roles
for dominant openings
as they are but hope
that it gets sorted out.

25
8S6399·2 DESIGN FOR WIND LOADS A N Seal
1
Worked Example No. 1 SINGLE STOREY SHED

3
I~

40 :'1

Roof purlins and siderails at 2m clc, Dado wall 2m high.

A single storey shed on level site in open country near Warrington. Main doors face north.

= =
Altitude 40m, distance from sea (west) 30km

Basic wind speed Vb = 22.2m/s (Cl. 2.2.1, Fig. 6)

-= -- =
Altitude factor Sa 1.04 (Cl. 2.2.2.2.2) => site wind speed Vs = 1.04 x 22.2 23.1 m/s
~

Dynamic Pressure Qtt (Cl. 2.2.3.3, Table 4, Cl. 2.1.2)

=
Ha (side walls) = Bm, Sb = 1.63, Eff. wind speed Ve 1.63x23.1 = 37.7m/s, !JJ1 =0.B7kN/m 2

= =
He (roof, front wall & rear wall) = 9m, Sb = 1.67, Ve 1.67x23.1 38.6m/s, ga =0.91 kN/m 2
\
\
8S6399-2 DESIGN FOR WIND LOADS A N Beal 2
Worked Example No. 1 SINGLE STOREY SHED

Local pressures (rationalised C. values) 1­

Member wall panels & cladding purlins, siderails·& columns rafters gable wall
a <9 9-18 18-35 >35
Ca 1 0.95 0.90 0.85
Internal pressure coefficients
Main doors closed: cp;Ca = +0.15/ -0.23
.
SmallI door open (dominant) Cp; = 0.75x(+0.66/-0.5/-0.8) (N/SIW)(Table 5). a = 2.2 Ca = 1

=
Cpi X Ca = 0.75x1x(+0.66/-0.5/-0.8) +0.5/-0.38/- 0.6

Large door open (dom.) Cp; = 0.9x(+0.66/-0.5/-0.8) (N/SIW) (Table 5). a = 5.8 Ca = 0.99

Cp; X Ca = 0.9xO.99x(+0.66/-0.5/-0.8) = +0.59/-0.45/-0.71

Large door open is critical for dominant opening .

For dominant opening, for wind from W or S apply coefficient Sp = 0.71.

For wind from north, directional coefficient for wind +1- 45 deg. from N: Sd = 0.87, so

pressure X 0.872 = xO.76 => wind pressure x 0.71xO.76 = xO.54.

Design pressures (roof)

bL = 30m, b w = 40m, transverse wind bJ10 = 3m, bJ2 = 15m, longitudinal wind bvJ10 =

4m, bvJ2 =.20m.

1. Roof Cladding
(a) Main roof areas (areas C, 0, F & G, Fig. 20, Table 10)
worst case cpe = -0.711+0.02 (longitudinal wind in valley, Zones C, D),
doors closed: combined pressure = -(0.71+0.15)xO.91 = -0.78kN/m2
or +(0.02+0.23)xO.91 = +0.23k~/m2
=
dominant opening: combined pressure -(0.71+0.59)xO.54xO.91 = -0.64kN/m2
max. pressure +0.23kN/m2/ -0. 78kN/m2
(b) 4m zone adjacent to gable, 3m adjacent to eaves and ridge - worst case Zone A Cp; =­
1.96. Combined pressure = -(1.96+0.15)xO.91 = -1.92kN/m2
2. Wall cladding

=
D/H = 3.3; b = 2H 18m (Table 5)

(a) general windward cpe = +0.66, wind parallel cpe = -0.8

doors closed: pressure = +(0.66+0.15)xO.91 = +0.74kN/m 2
or -(0.8+0.23)xO.91 = -0.94kN/m2
dominant opening pressure (west Wind) = +(0.66+0.71)x O.71xO.91kN/m 2 = +0.89kN/m 2
or (north Wind) -(0.8+0.59)x 0.54xO.91 = -0.68kN/m2
Critical pressure +0.89kN/m 2 /-0.94kN/m 2
(b) Within 0.2b = 3.6m of corner cpe = -1.3
doors closed pressure = -(1.3+0.15)xO.91 = -1.32kN/m2
dominant opening, N wind, pressure = -(1.3+0.59)xO.54xO.91 = 0.93kN/m2
Critical pressure = -1.32kN/m2
BS6399-2 DESIGN FOR WIND LOADS A N Beal 3
Worked Example No. 1 SINGLE STOREY SHED

3. Purlins (6 degree pitch roof)

Main roof areas (areas C, D, F & G, Fig. 20, Table 10)
worst case cpe = -0.71/+0.02 (longitudinal wind in valley, Zone C)
3m strip adjacent to eaves Zone A -1.73/0, 3m strip adjacent to ridge: Zone E -0.94/0
Main areas design pressure (doors closed) = (-0.71xO.95 - 0.15)xO.91kN/m 2 = -0.75kN/m 2
or (+0.02xO.95 + 0.23)xO.91kN/m2 = +0.23kN/m2
Main areas (door open),
design pressure =(-0.71xO.95 - 0.59) x 0.54xO.91kNfm 2 = - 0.62kN/m2
or(+0.02xO.95 + 0.71) x 0.71 x 0.91kNfm2 = +0.47kN/m2
4. Rafters
Pressure coefficients

Longitudinal wind (average = - 0.745

Design pressure = Ca><Cpe qd + C.Cp; qd = 0.9xO.91 Cpe + 0.91 C.Cp;

=0.82Cp; + 0.91 C.Cp; (doors closed), O.54x( 0.82Cp; + 0.91 C.Cp;) (with dominant opening)
-0.58xO.82
~0.48kN/m') !(.().
-0.91xO.82
75kN/m')
-0.58xO.54xO.82
~.().26kN/m') !(
-O.91xO.54xO.82
.().40kN/m')

~ ~
+0.15xO.91 (+0. 14kNfm2 )
~!
+O.59xO.54xO.91 (+0.29kN/m
2
)

doors closed with dominant opening

5. Columns and siderails

Pressure as wall cladding with external pressure x Ca = 0.95
doors closed: pressure = +«O.95xO.66)+O.15)xO.91 = +0.71 kN/m 2
or -(O.95xO.8+0.23)xO.91 = -0.90kN/m2
=
dominant opening pressure (west wind) +«0.95xO.66)+0.71)x 0.71 xO.91 kN/m 2 =
+0.86kN/m2
or (north wind) -«0.95xO.8)+0.59)x 0.54xO.91 = -0.66kN/m2
Critical pressure +0.89kN/m 2 / -0.90kN/m2
8S6399·2 DESIGN FOR WIND LOADS A N Beal 4
Worked Example No. 1 SINGLE STOREY SHED

6. Pressure on gable (for wind bracing design)

As column design pressures but external pressure x Ca = 0.85
doors closed: pressure =+«0.85xO.66)+0.15)xO.91 =+0.65kN/rn2
=
or -(0.85xO.8+0.23)xO.91 -0.83kN/m2
dominant opening pressure (8 wind) =+«0.85xO.66)+0.45)x 0.71xO.91kN/m2 =+0.65kN/rn 2
or (north wind) -«0.85xO.8)+0.59)x 0.54xO.91 =-0.62kN/m2
Critical pressure +0.65kN/rn 21 -0.83kN/m2

-0.9xO.8xO.51
-..
+0.95xO.6
-..
-O.95xO.5

Pressure coefficients (Cl x e,ga)

Table 1: Kb =2, H = 9rn => Fig. 3 er = 0.04.
=
Cl. 2.1.3.6: for overall forces mUltiply pressures xO.85x(1 + er) xO.89
roof: qd = 0.91 kN/m2, 0.89xqd = 0.81 kN/m 2
=
side walls: qd 0.87kN/m2, 0.89xqd-= 0.77kN/m2
+0.01 ~N/m2 -0.69kN/m~0.3 kN/mio.29~/m2 -0.55kN~~.;4kN/m2
~ ~""""'"--~ -0. OkN/m....' ~ !
-..
+0.44kN/m2
-.. -0.36kN/m2

7.0 7.0 ~I

Pressures for calculating overall forces

BS6399·2 DESIGN FOR WIND LOADS A N Beal 5
Worked Example No. 2 TOWER BLOCK

M 8 ME 14 ... 8... 15

o
N

l{)
(\')
/
l{)

Tower block in Liverpool.

Altitude = 20m, distance from sea = 1km (NW), 30km 0N& SW), >100km (N, E, 5)

Basic wind speed Vb = 22.3m/s (Cl. 2.2.1, Fig. 6)

Altitude factor Sa = 1.02 (Cl. 2.2.2.2.2) => site wind speed Vs = 1.02 x 22.2 = 22.6m/s

Dynamic Pressure Ch Cl. 2.2.3.3, Table 4, Cl. 2.1.2 (~S\C \JyfnQ)Yn\ C \Xl,.. . cL P ~tJ re

Ha (plant room) = 65m, Sb = 2.06, Ve = 2.06x22.6 = 48.7m/s, ~ = 1.45kN/m2

­

He (higher walls) = 60m, Sb = 2.06, V. = 2.06x22.6 = 48.7m/s, gll = 1.45kN/m2

He (lower walls) = 40m, Sb = 2.00, V. = 2.00x22.6 = 45.2m/s, g" = 1.25kN/m2
1. Overall loads

Direction factor Sb = 0.98 (5), 1.00 (W), 0.87 (N), 0.77 (E). a = 68m => Ca = 0.84 (Fig. 4)

Table 1: Kb = 1, H= 65m => ':i9' 3 Cr..= O.O~ ~ Tt" is wo)-'th & cl ~

D/H < 1, 0.67<8/0<1.5 => netpress. coeff. = 1.2 (Table 5a) 1"&12 bu ~ 2.J1·v-.~ ,
"\
Cl. 2.1.3.6: for overall forces multiply pressures xO.85xCax(1+Cr) = xO.74 C,...J
2 2
plant room & higher walls: qd = 1.45kN/m , 0.74x1.2x1.45 = 1.29kN/m
lower walls: qd = 1.25kN/m2 , 0.74x1.2x1.25 = 1.11 kN/m 2
2
ENV wind up to H = 30m (ref. Fig. 11) Sb = 1.96, Ve = 44.3m/s, qd = 1.2kN/m2 => 1.07kN/m
BS6399·2 DESIGN FOR WIND LOADS A N Beal 6
Worked Example No. 2 TOWER BLOCK

2. Internal pressure coefficients

No dominant openings: ep;Ca = +0.17/-0.25 => internal press. = +0.25/-0.33kN/m 2
3. Wall cladding
(a) General
Ca = 1
S wind: D/H <1 => Cpa = +0.85 windward/-0.6Ieeward,
side walls -1.3 (Zone A), -0.8 (Zone B). Fig. 12: lower parts B = 45rn, Zone A extends 9m
from each corner, upper parts B = 30m, Zone A extends 6m from corners
Wwind: D/H <1 => Cpa = +0.85 windward/-0.6Ieeward,
side walls Cpa = -1.3 (Zone A), -0.8 (Zone B). Fig. 12: B = 30m
(Zone A extends 6m from corners)

max. +ive pressure = +(0.85+0.33}x1.45 = +1.71kN/m2

max. -ve pressure = -(O.8+0.25}x1.45= -1.52kN/m2 (Zone B) A~ '2..~:t b20\.\lS

max. -ve pressure = -(1.3+0.25}x1.45= -2.25kN/m2 (Zone A) --~ -~~nh~ >< /h'l ~ DU
NB these design pressures also apply at ground levell!!!! ~~ @.­
Note +ve pressure & Zone B pressures will be standard for design to all faces. In theory, e.. ,- S(; (
directional coefficients could be used to reduce Zone A pressures at NE corner and some d . IOWeA'"
of others but this would introduce variations in details and risk of error on site, so better to bLe (JK
use same Zone A pressures at all relevant locations. L
(b) local Zone E on side wall at base of upper section (ref. Fig. 15)

Cpa = -2.0, qd= 1.25kN/m2, max. -ve pressure = -(2.0+0.25)x1.25 = -2.81kN/m2 --.lol!O>')~I~ I)

(c) Check effect of dominant opening-at ground floor level (main door open). Internal ­
=
pressure 0.707x 0.9xO.85x1.45kN/m2 =.+0.78kN/m 2 External pressure (Zone B) =

-O.707xO.8x1.45kN/m2 = -O.82kN/m2 • Total pressure = -1.6kN/m2 > -1.52kN/m2 , so critical.

Check Zone A. Total pressure = -0.707(1.3+ O.9xO.85)x1.45kN/m2 = 2.12kN/m2 < 2.25, not
critical.
4. Internal partitions ~1.s
b~ed oh
~ Q D lr\
e S\r.B O\, ~~.
ref. Cl. 2.6.1.2 cp; = 0.5, CII = 0.85, design pressure = O.85xO.5x1.45 = O.62kN/m2
BS6399-2 DESIGN FOR WIND LOADS A N Beal 7
Worked Examples No. 3 Display Sign, No. 4 Parapet wall

Example 3 Display sign

1300
Site in Halifax, Yorkshire
Altitude = 140m in town> 100km from sea
Nearest buildings 20m away, Ho = 6m ~
Vb = 23m/s (Fig. 6) Y:h" C)
Sa = 1.14 (Cl. 2.2.2.2.2) -, I l.sb ~5ScJ~J7 fOh.J)

H,=40 ~. ~;~£: ao V\ vw...

H~ ~.2x
= 4'.0.: (1.2x6 - 20) a.8m ~~eI H fO~

mm. Ha - 0.4x4.0 - 1.6m ( . . .3.3) / 0 g

Sb = 1.07 (Table 4) t.i I\-. • I\­

=> Ve = 1.14x1.07x23 = 28.1m/s

=> fq = 0.48kN/m2 (Table 2)

Cl. 2.8.1

Zone A extends 0.3x4 = 1.2m from edges (Fig. 26)

Cp = 3.4 (Table 21)

I( = 0.6 (Table 21 a)

=> design pressure = 0.6x3.4xO.48 = 0.98kN/m2

(or~eX'~~ CDLJ~ ~
~ ~~oil2,'l<W

Example 4 Parapet wall ­

q
N Same location as Example 3

Parapet 30m long, with return corners.

Vb = 23m/s (Fig. 6)
S. = 1.14 (Cl. 2.2.2.2.2)
H. = 22.0 - (1.2x6 - 0.2x 20) = 18.8m (Cl. 1.7.3.3)

Sb = 1.72 (Table 4)

=> Ve = 1.14x1.72x23 = 45.1 m/s

o
=> a,= 1.25kN/m2 (Table 2)

ci Cl. 2.8.1

N
Uh> 15 => K = 1.0 (Table 21a)

Main part of parapet is Zone 0 (Fig. 26)

C p = 1.2 (Table 21)

=> design pressure = 1.2x1.25 = 1.50kN/m2

Zone C (4-8m from ends: C p = 1.4 (Table 21)

=> design pressure = 1.4x1.25 = 1.75kN/m2
Zone B (0.6-4m from ends): C p = 1.8 (Table 21)
/ => design pressure = 1.8x1.25 = 2.25kN/m2
Zone A (0-0.6m from ends): Gp = 2.1 (Table 21)
=> design pressure = 2.1 x1.25 = 2.63kN/m2