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Metallurgy Matters: Carbon content, steel classifications, and alloy steels

PRACTICAL WELDING TODAY JULY/AUGUST 2003 (/PUBLICATION/PWT/JULY-AUGUST-2003)
AUGUST 28, 2003
BY: BOB CAPUDEAN (/AUTHOR/BOB-CAPUDEAN)

Steel classification is important in understanding what types are used in certain applications and which are used for others. For
example, most commercial steels are classified into one of three groups: plain carbon, low-alloy, and high-alloy. Steel classification
systems are set up and updated frequently for this type of information.
Generally, carbon is the most important commercial steel alloy. Increasing carbon content increases
hardness and strength and improves hardenability. But carbon also increases brittleness and reduces
weldability because of its tendency to form martensite. This means carbon content can be both a blessing
and a curse when it comes to commercial steel.

And while there are steels that have up to 2 percent carbon content, they are the exception. Most steel
contains less than 0.35 percent carbon. To put this in perspective, keep in mind that's 35/100 of 1 percent.

Now, any steel in the 0.35 to 1.86 percent carbon content range can be hardened using a heat-quench-
temper cycle. Most commercial steels are classified into one of three groups:

1. Plain carbon steels

2. Low-alloy steels
3. High-alloy steels
(https://static.thefabricator.com/a/carbon-content-steel-
Plain Carbon Steels classifications-and-alloy-steels-0.jpg?size=1000x1000)
These steels usually are iron with less than 1 percent carbon, plus small amounts of manganese,
phosphorus, sulfur, and silicon. The weldability and other characteristics of these steels are primarily a product of carbon content, although the alloying and residual elements
do have a minor influence.

Plain carbon steels are further subdivided into four groups:

1. Low
2. Medium
3. High
4. Very high

Low. Often called mild steels, low-carbon steels have less than 0.30 percent carbon and are the most commonly used grades. They machine and weld nicely and are more
ductile than higher-carbon steels.

Medium. Medium-carbon steels have from 0.30 to 0.45 percent carbon. Increased carbon means increased hardness and tensile strength, decreased ductility, and more
difficult machining.

High. With 0.45 to 0.75 percent carbon, these steels can be challenging to weld. Preheating, postheating (to control cooling rate), and sometimes even heating during welding
become necessary to produce acceptable welds and to control the mechanical properties of the steel after welding.

Very High. With up to 1.50 percent carbon content, very high-carbon steels are used for hard steel products such as metal cutting tools and truck springs. Like high-carbon
steels, they require heat treating before, during, and after welding to maintain their mechanical properties.

Low-alloy Steels
When these steels are designed for welded applications, their carbon content is usually below 0.25 percent and often below 0.15 percent. Typical alloys include nickel,
chromium, molybdenum, manganese, and silicon, which add strength at room temperatures and increase low-temperature notch toughness.

These alloys can, in the right combination, improve corrosion resistance and influence the steel's response to heat treatment. But the alloys added can also negatively
influence crack susceptibility, so it's a good idea to use low-hydrogen welding processes with them. Preheating might also prove necessary. This can be determined by using
the carbon equivalent formula, which we'll cover in a later issue.

High-alloy Steels
For the most part, we're talking about stainless steel here, the most important commercial high-alloy steel. Stainless steels are at least 12 percent chromium and many have
high nickel contents. The three basic types of stainless are:

1. Austenitic
2. Ferritic
3. Martensitic

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2/2/2018 Metallurgy Matters: Carbon content, steel classifications, and alloy steels - The Fabricator
Martensitic stainless steels make up the cutlery grades. They have the least amount of chromium, offer high hardenability, and require both pre- and postheating when
welding to prevent cracking in the heat-affected zone (HAZ).

Ferritic stainless steels have 12 to 27 percent chromium with small amounts of austenite-forming alloys.

Austenitic stainless steels offer excellent weldability, but austenite isn't stable at room temperature. Consequently, specific alloys must be added to stabilize austenite. The
most important austenite stabilizer is nickel, and others include carbon, manganese, and nitrogen.

Special properties, including corrosion resistance, oxidation resistance, and strength at high temperatures, can be incorporated into austenitic stainless steels by adding
certain alloys like chromium, nickel, molybdenum, nitrogen, titanium, and columbium. And while carbon can add strength at high temperatures, it can also reduce corrosion
resistance by forming a compound with chromium. It's important to note that austenitic alloys can't be hardened by heat treatment. That means they don't harden in the
welding HAZ.

* Stainless steels always have a high chromium content, often considerable amounts
of nickel, and sometimes contain molybdenum and other elements. Stainless steels
are identified by a three-digit number beginning with 2, 3, 4, or 5.

Figure 1
Be sure to check the appropriate AISI and SAE publications for the latest revisions.

Steel Classification Systems

Before we look at a couple of common steel classification systems, let's consider one more high-carbon metal, cast iron. The carbon content of cast iron is 2.1 percent or
more. There are four basic types of cast iron:

1. Gray cast iron , which is relatively soft. It's easily machined and welded, and you'll find it used for engine cylinder blocks, pipe, and machine tool structures.

2. White cast iron, which is hard, brittle, and not weldable. It has a compressive strength of more than 200,000 pounds per square inch (PSI), and when it's annealed, it
becomes malleable cast iron.

3. Malleable cast iron, which is annealed white cast iron. It can be welded, machined, is ductile, and offers good strength and shock resistance.

4. Ductile cast iron, which is sometimes called nodular or spheroidal graphite cast iron. It gets this name because its carbon is in the shape of small spheres, not flakes.
This makes it both ductile and malleable. It's also weldable.

Now let's take a look at a typical steel classification system (see Figure 1 ). Both the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) and the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI)
use virtually identical systems. Both are based on a four-digit system with the first number usually indicating the basic type of steel and the first two numbers together
indicating the series within the basic alloy group.

Keep in mind there may be a number of series within a basic alloy group, depending on the amount of the principal alloying elements. The last two or three numbers refer to
the approximate permissible range of carbon content in points (hundredths of a percent).

These classification systems can become fairly complex, and Figure 1 is just a basic representation. Be sure to reference the most recent AISI and SAE publications for the
latest revisions.

That's a look at some basics concerning the iron-carbon-steel relationship and its influences on welding and metal alloys. Next time we'll look at hardening and ways to make
metals stronger. We'll also consider the influences of some key alloying elements and the effects of welding on metallurgy.

Tags: corrosion resistance (/glossary/corrosion-resistance)

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2/2/2018 Metallurgy Matters: Carbon content, steel classifications, and alloy steels - The Fabricator

Bob Capudean
Contributing Writer
Back Alley Customs
Waterford, MI

Contact via email (mailto:shorty1340@comcast.net)

More Content by Bob Capudean (/author/bob-capudean)

He is a welding instructor at Oakland Community College, Auburn Hills, MI.

Published In...

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work with every day. This magazine has served the welding community in North America well for more than 20 years, and we
intend to continue providing hands-on information, real-world applications, and down-to-earth advice for welders.

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Read more from this issue (/publication/pwt/july-august-2003) 

47 Comments The Fabricator 

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Redowl115 • 7 years ago − ⚑

what is the best metal to be used for knives durable and resistance and when sharpened it last long....
28 △ ▽ • Reply • Share ›

Run2slo > Redowl115 • 6 years ago − ⚑

What, please, is the answer: Best spec for knives?
4△ ▽ • Reply • Share ›

Zombie > Redowl115 • 7 months ago − ⚑

5160 carbon steel or truck leaf spring are excellent knife steels, good edge retention and easy to work with.
△ ▽ • Reply • Share ›

GeoWhetstine > Redowl115 • 3 years ago − ⚑

400 series stainless is normly used for cutlery. This is a low C < .10, with low S <.01 moderate amounts of Mn,Si,Ni,Mo, and a Cr range normaly
somewhere in the mid 12 % range. This type of steel is fairly hard,durable,magnetic,and most important, resists rusting. However....this steel is NOT
suitable for a sharp edge on knives and whatever sharpening is accomplished will not last.For a sharp you need to look to a higher C steel with little
Cr.However,to do this you sacrifice the stainless ability that prevents rusting.and you must remember to dry throughly after washing.
△ ▽ • Reply • Share ›

Shelly Bender Barton • 5 years ago − ⚑

which stainless steel has the lease amount of carbon in it and how much does each on have in it 304L,308L,316L.
11 △ ▽ • Reply • Share ›

Maxmanishmax3 • 6 years ago − ⚑

Can you please confirm which grade it is by below composition ??

Ø Carbon
- ≤ 0.06 %

Ø Silicon

- < 0.07 %
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2/2/2018 Metallurgy Matters: Carbon content, steel classifications, and alloy steels - The Fabricator

Ø Manganese
- 0.28
to 0.45 %

Ø Sulphur
- < 0.04
%

Ø Phosphorus
- < 0.03 %

Ø Nitrogen
- < 0.012 %
9△ ▽ • Reply • Share ›

Dipti • 7 years ago − ⚑

what is wrought iron then, no mention of it?
9△ ▽ • Reply • Share ›

Wits > Dipti • 6 years ago − ⚑

Wrought iron is an iron alloy with a very low carbon content, in comparison to steel, and has fibrous inclusions, known as slag. This is what gives it a
"grain" resembling wood, which is visible when it is etched or bent to the point of failure. Wrought iron is tough, malleable, ductile and easily welded.
Historically, it was known as "commercially pure iron" however, it no longer qualifies because current standards for commercially pure iron require a
carbon content of less than 0.008 %
3△ ▽ • Reply • Share ›

aditya sharma > Dipti • 6 years ago − ⚑

Wrought iron is the purest form of commercial iron, containing 0.10% to 0.25% of carbon and less than 0.25% of impurities like sulfur, phosphorus,
silicon and manganese.[14] Wrought iron isredshort if it contains sulfur in excess quantity. It has sufficient tenacity when cold, but cracks when bent or
finished at a red heat. It is therefore useless for welding or forging.
Coldshort iron, also known as coldshear, colshire or bloodshot, contains excessive phosphorus. It is very brittle when it is cold. It cracks if bent. It may,
however, be worked at high temperature. Historically, coldshort iron was considered good enough for nails.
Nevertheless, phosphorus is not necessarily detrimental to iron. Ancient Indian smiths did not add lime to their furnaces; the absence of CaO in the
slag, and the deliberate use of wood with high phosphorus content during the smelting, induces a higher P content (> 0.1%, average 0.25%) than in
modern iron. Analysis of the Iron Pillar of Delhi gives 0.10% in the slags for .18% in the iron itself, for a total P content of 0.28% in the metal and
accounts for much of its corrosion resistance. Furthermore, the presence of phosphorus (without carbon) produces a ductile iron suitable forwire
drawing, for piano wire.[15]
△ ▽ • Reply • Share ›

Karthikarthick72 • 6 years ago − ⚑

can u give the uses and properties of high alloy steels?
5△ ▽ • Reply • Share ›

Guest • 7 years ago − ⚑

gray C.I. is used for making machine beds to provide damping & piston rings to inprove solid lubrication.
5△ ▽ • Reply • Share ›

guest • 7 years ago − ⚑

what might a steel of 0.35%C be used for if not heat treated(600C for 4days,cooled)
5△ ▽ • Reply • Share ›

Hemant • 6 years ago − ⚑

kindly tell me the lower & higher % of carbon in which metal???????????
3△ ▽ • Reply • Share ›

J Heinemann > Hemant • 6 years ago − ⚑

Stainless steel - C max. 1.2% (Cr min. 10.5%)
Low carbon steel - C max 0.30%
Middle carbon steel - C between 0.30 and 0.50%
High carbon steel - C between 0.50 and 2.15%
7△ ▽ • Reply • Share ›

Gyan Prakash > J Heinemann • 6 years ago − ⚑

Can you please provide details regarding carbon content in various iron and steel products specifically?
6△ ▽ • Reply • Share ›

Mickey Angel Diaz • 4 years ago − ⚑

Are there any standards and limits for hydrogen in steels? I know there are for Sulfur, Nitrogen, and Oxygen, but what about H? any ASTM or Airsapace

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2/2/2018 Metallurgy Matters: Carbon content, steel classifications, and alloy steels - The Fabricator
standards? I suppose H varies with the strenght level of the product and aplication?
2△ ▽ • Reply • Share ›

Arslan Khalid • a year ago − ⚑

Hi, what does mean by CFM in steel ?
1△ ▽ • Reply • Share ›

haseeb • 5 years ago − ⚑

what is eutectoid?
1△ ▽ • Reply • Share ›

amol mokhadkar > haseeb • 7 months ago − ⚑

Plain Carbon steels with 0.80% Carbon. The Eutectoid Point is at 0.80%C (Refer Fe-Carbon Diagram). this steel exhibit theorotically 100% Perlite
△ ▽ • Reply • Share ›

Ajay Chavan • 5 years ago − ⚑

We are using Grade 25 Casting for Brake Drum.The drum wears out in six months.Should we use ultra high carbon steel?.What should be composition
1△ ▽ • Reply • Share ›

Jacob Banovich • 5 years ago − ⚑

Wish the list was more complete for material properties... I would hate to have to find an ASTM just to look up a ultra-high carbon content steel classification.
No help for me here.
1△ ▽ • Reply • Share ›

mjin • 5 years ago − ⚑

what is the effect of combined carbon and free carbon in cast iron?????? T
1△ ▽ • Reply • Share ›

Enginearu • 6 years ago − ⚑

By adding carbon content to metal becomes hard and less ductile like high carbon steel but the cast iron has more carbon content than steels still soft and
ductile how? correct me if am wrong...
1△ ▽ • Reply • Share ›

Terry Moyo • 6 years ago − ⚑

Please explain to me which types of steel fall under the classification, 'special steels' and why?
1△ ▽ • Reply • Share ›

Surendrana • 6 years ago − ⚑

carbon is more strngth then by steel but in manfactureing why is using stain less steel
1△ ▽ • Reply • Share ›

Amit Aditya3112 • 7 years ago − ⚑

EXCELLENT!
1△ ▽ • Reply • Share ›

Duke of London • 25 days ago − ⚑

What Carbon Steel alloys are typically used for pans? Looking to try my hand at casting a carbon steel skillet but don't know what alloy of Carbon Steel to
purchase. Thanks!
△ ▽ • Reply • Share ›

Parekh Jain • 2 months ago − ⚑

You can learn more about steel classifications Systems, and alloy steels in this article. Thanks for such a nice article.
△ ▽ • Reply • Share ›

Sambhav Alloys • 3 months ago − ⚑

There are a million different stainless steel grades. This easy-to-read chart has all you need to know on stainless steel's grades. Nice Article.
△ ▽ • Reply • Share ›

abrex plates • 3 months ago − ⚑

Very useful information. This article will help you understand and select the right steel grade required for your metal application.
△ ▽ • Reply • Share ›

Mukesh Jain • 3 months ago − ⚑

All stainless steel is sleek, modern, & very rust-resistant, but some grades perform better. This article will help you understand and select the right steel grade
required for your metal application.
△ ▽ • Reply • Share ›

k h bh d i
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2/2/2018 Metallurgy Matters: Carbon content, steel classifications, and alloy steels - The Fabricator
rakesh bhandari • 3 months ago − ⚑
Useful Information!. Thnx For Sharing:)
△ ▽ • Reply • Share ›

vivek vigneshwaran • 8 months ago − ⚑

Carbon steels are steels with carbon content up to 2.1% by weight....can you please explain what is that "2.1% by weight" means?
△ ▽ • Reply • Share ›

Knowledge King • 10 months ago − ⚑

What effect on tensile strength and ductility of high carbon content in steel
△ ▽ • Reply • Share ›

neha • 2 years ago − ⚑

what is the disadvantage of increased Cr content in an alloy steel? for eg. What loss in properties do we observe if we exceed the max limit of Cr in
42Cr4Mo2?
△ ▽ • Reply • Share ›

neha • 2 years ago − ⚑

On what Properties do we have to compromise when we increase chromium content in alloy steels?
Specifically, in case of say 42Cr4Mo2 what are the effects or disadvantages of exceeding the Cr composition limit? please do reply ...
△ ▽ • Reply • Share ›

Ehsan • 2 years ago − ⚑

Hi, I was wondering if anyone could help me to identify the following steel :
C=0.04
Si = 0.04
Mn = 0.85
P=0.016
S =0.001
Ni=0.011
Cr = 0.014
Mo -0.001
Cu = 0.008
Al = 0.045
Fe = Bal (wt.%)
△ ▽ • Reply • Share ›

Lucy Stephen • 2 years ago − ⚑

How can percentage iron be calculated in metals
△ ▽ • Reply • Share ›

Chetan Parekh • 3 years ago − ⚑

Can you please confirm which grade it is by below composition ?? if carbon 1.116, silicon 0.189 , manganese 0.237,phosphorus 0.004, sulphur 0.007, copper
0.022, allu. 0.001, chrom 0.649, moly. 0.025, nickle 0.001, vanadium 0.001
△ ▽ • Reply • Share ›

Divya Lattoo • 3 years ago − ⚑

Can any one tell me if i can hot bend 0.25 carbon, 0.3 Nb + V + Ti steel?
△ ▽ • Reply • Share ›

piyush • 4 years ago − ⚑

HIGH TENSILE STEEL ARE LOW CARBON STEEL OR HIGH CARBON STEEL WITH SUITABLE ALLOYING ELEMENTS??
△ ▽ • Reply • Share ›

Anton DM • 5 years ago − ⚑

There seems to have a lot of questions regarding steel composition in this forum. What does the series designation numbers suppose to mean?
△ ▽ • Reply • Share ›

David Tan • 6 years ago − ⚑

I'm new in the business of waste management. Company that I work for involves knowing the value of various metal material,it's classification and it's value.
Is there a web page that I can refer to so that I may be more knowledge equipped in regards to metal classification as well as it's pricing? Thank you so much.

David Tan
Malaysia
△ ▽ • Reply • Share ›

Shilaj86 • 6 years ago − ⚑

if the Carbon content is >6.12%, Si 2.3%, Mn: 0.06%. what is the material.

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△ ▽ • Reply • Share ›

Purnendrashrivastavamech > Shilaj86 • 6 years ago − ⚑

it may be white cast iron

△ ▽ • Reply • Share ›

Narinder Gogna • 6 years ago − ⚑

if plain carbon steel contain upto 1% carbon, then how very high carbon steel contain 1.5% of carbon
△ ▽ • Reply • Share ›

Nenitadrilon • 7 years ago − ⚑

What kind or classification be used for the rehabilitation of a loader bucket used in abrasive and acidic materials being excavated
△ ▽ • Reply • Share ›

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