MISTERIES VAN DIE GESKIEDENIS

Die Slag van Tollense, 1,400 VHE

Rondom 3200 jaar gelede het daar ‘n enorme veldslag by die brug oor die
Tollenserivier in noordoos Duitsland plaasgevind. Die skaal van die
veldslag en die sofistikasie van die wapentuig het geskiedkundiges
geskok. Meer info is hier onder beskikbaar, sowel as ‘n skakel.

Wat my pla, is dat ons NIKS weet van noordelike Europa in die Bronstydperk
nie. Daar bestaan maar min kennis oor die Bronstydperk in die Algemeen, het
ek lankal besef.

Watter nasies met watter tale het aan daardie geveg deelgeneem? Germane?
NEE, die Germane het nog nie bestaan nie. Die geboorte van Proto-Germaans
word op 500 VHE geskat.

Die Egiptiese en Babiloniese rekords is eintlik al wat bestaan, en hulle dek net
noordoos Afrika, die land Kana’an, Libanon en Sirië, Mesopotamië en Anatolië
waar Turkye nou is. Dié rekords is ook maar onvolledig en vol onduidelikhede
maar dis beter as niks.
Wat ons weet oor noordoostelike Duitsland in 1,200 VHE:

‘At the time of the battle, northern Europe seems to have been
devoid of towns or even small villages. As far as archaeologists
can tell, people here were loosely connected culturally to
Scandinavia and lived with their extended families on individual
farmsteads, with a population density of fewer than five people
per square kilometer. The closest known large settlement around
this time is more than 350 kilometers to the southeast, in
Watenstedt.’
Geskiedkundige stamme van Noord-, Wes- en Sentraal-Europa

Teutone (Germane)

Die Germaanse stamme het in 1,200 VHE nog nie eens begin met hulle ekspansie na die
suide nie. Die verste suid waar stamme op groot skaal gewoon het, was Denemarke. Die
Oergermaanse taal, Proto-Germaans, se oorsprong word op 500 VHE geskat, waar dit in
suidelike Swede en Noorweë en noordelike Denemarke gepraat is.

Die Kelte (Gauls)

Die Urheimat van die Kelte was rondom die oorsprong van die Donau in suidwes Duitsland
net noord van Switzerland. Eerste tekens van lewe is 1,400 VHE. Tydens die eerste
millennium VHE het die Kelte oor die hele Europa versprei, van Ierland en Skotland tot die
Iberiese skiereiland en selfs so ver oos as Turkye.
Die bevolkingdigtheid in daardie dele was egter laag en geen Keltiese dorpies is in noordoos
Duitsland gevind nie.

Waskone (Baske is die enigste oorblyfsel)

Hulle was die vroegste bewoners van Europa na afloop van die laaste Ystydperk. Oorblyfsels
van die Waskoniese taal word oral oor westelike, sentraal en suidelike Europa aangetref in
plekname soos bv die Alpe, en geografiese name wat met “Ar-“ begin.

Die Waskone het op die Britse eilande, oor die meeste van Frankryk, Spanje en Portugal
gewoon, sowel as noordelike Italië en die eilande van die Middellandse See. Geen bewyse
van teenwoordigheid in Duitsland nie.
Slaughter at the bridge: Uncovering a colossal Bronze Age battle

By Andrew CurryMar. 24, 2016

About 3200 years ago, two armies clashed at a river crossing near the Baltic
Sea. The confrontation can’t be found in any history books—the written word
didn’t become common in these parts for another 2000 years—but this was no
skirmish between local clans. Thousands of warriors came together in a brutal
struggle, perhaps fought on a single day, using weapons crafted from wood,
flint, and bronze, a metal that was then the height of military technology.

Struggling to find solid footing on the banks of the Tollense River, a narrow
ribbon of water that flows through the marshes of northern Germany toward
the Baltic Sea, the armies fought hand-to-hand, maiming and killing with war
clubs, spears, swords, and knives. Bronze- and flint-tipped arrows were loosed
at close range, piercing skulls and lodging deep into the bones of young men.
Horses belonging to high-ranking warriors crumpled into the muck, fatally
speared. Not everyone stood their ground in the melee: Some warriors broke
and ran, and were struck down from behind.

“If our hypothesis is correct that all of the finds belong to the same event,
we’re dealing with a conflict of a scale hitherto completely unknown north of
the Alps,” says dig co-director Thomas Terberger, an archaeologist at the
Lower Saxony State Service for Cultural Heritage in Hannover. “There’s nothing
to compare it to.” It may even be the earliest direct evidence—with weapons
and warriors together—of a battle this size anywhere in the ancient world.

In what they admit are back-of-the-envelope estimates, he and Terberger

argue that if one in five of the battle’s participants was killed and left on the
battlefield, that could mean almost 4000 warriors took part in the fighting.

At the time of the battle, northern Europe seems to have been devoid of towns
or even small villages. As far as archaeologists can tell, people here were
loosely connected culturally to Scandinavia and lived with their extended
families on individual farmsteads, with a population density of fewer than five
people per square kilometer. The closest known large settlement around this
time is more than 350 kilometers to the southeast, in Watenstedt. It was a
landscape not unlike agrarian parts of Europe today, except without roads,
telephones, or radio.

Ancient DNA could potentially reveal much more: When compared to other
Bronze Age samples from around Europe at this time, it could point to the
homelands of the warriors as well as such traits as eye and hair color. Genetic
analysis is just beginning, but so far it supports the notion of far-flung origins.
DNA from teeth suggests some warriors are related to modern southern
Europeans and others to people living in modern-day Poland and Scandinavia.
“This is not a bunch of local idiots,” says University of Mainz geneticist Joachim
Burger. “It’s a highly diverse population.”

But why did so much military force converge on a narrow river valley in
northern Germany? Kristiansen says this period seems to have been an era of
significant upheaval from the Mediterranean to the Baltic. In Greece, the
sophisticated Mycenaean civilization collapsed around the time of the Tollense
battle; in Egypt, pharaohs boasted of besting the “Sea People,” marauders
from far-off lands who toppled the neighboring Hittites. And not long after
Tollense, the scattered farmsteads of northern Europe gave way to
concentrated, heavily fortified settlements, once seen only to the south.
“Around 1200 B.C.E. there’s a radical change in the direction societies and
cultures are heading,” Vandkilde says. “Tollense fits into a period when we
have increased warfare everywhere.”

http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/03/slaughter-bridge-uncovering-
colossal-bronze-age-battle

INFO ON TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) ORIGINS

Linguists postulate that an early proto-Germanic language existed and was

distinguishable from the other Indo-European languages as far back as 500 B.C.E.

The Proto-Germanic language developed in southern Scandinavia (Denmark, south

Sweden and southern Norway), the Urheimat (original home) of the Germanic tribes.
Archaeological and linguistic evidence from a period known as the Nordic Bronze
Age indicates that a common material culture existed between the Germanic tribes
that inherited the southern regions of Scandinavia, along with the Schleswig-Holstein
area and the area of what is now Hamburg, Germany. Exactly how these cultures
interacted remains a mystery but the migrations of early proto-Germanic peoples are
discernible from the remaining evidence of prehistoric cultures in Hügelgräber,
Urnfield, and La Tene. Climatic change between 850 BCE to 760 BCE in
Scandinavia and a later and more rapid one around 650 BCE might have triggered
migrations to the coast of Eastern Germany and further toward the Vistula. The
earliest sites at which Germanic peoples per se have been documented are in
Northern Europe, in what now constitutes the plains of Denmark and southern
Sweden.

INFO ON CELTIC ORIGINS

During the 1st millennium BC, Celtic languages were spoken across much
of Europe, in the Iberian Peninsula, from the Atlantic and North Sea
coastlines, up to the Rhine valley and down the Danube valley to the
Black Sea, the northern Balkan Peninsula and in central Asia Minor.

DATE c. 1,400 BCE: The beginning of Celtic culture in the upper Danube
region of central Europe.
DATE c. 900 BCE: Migration begins in Europe with many Celts landing in
Scotland.
www.knowth.com/the-celts.htm