CONTENTS

Preface xi

Acknowledgments xiii

1. Overview of Aerodynamics 1
1.1. Introduction and Notation 1

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1.2. Fluid Statics and the Atmosphere 10
1.3. The Boundary Layer Concept 14
1.4. Inviscid Aerodynamics 16

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1.5. Review of Elementary Potential Flows 20
1.6. Incompressible Flow over Airfoils 26

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1.7. Trailing-Edge Flaps and Section Flap Effectiveness 39
1.8. Incompressible Flow over Finite Wings 46
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1.9. Flow over Multiple Lifting Surfaces 94
1.10. Wing Stall and Maximum Lift Coefficient 108
1.11. Wing Aerodynamic Center and Pitching Moment 120
1.12. Inviscid Compressible Aerodynamics 131
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1.13. Compressible Subsonic Flow 134

1.14. Supersonic Flow 139
1.15. Problems 146
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2. Overview of Propulsion 153

2.1. Introduction 153
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2.2. The Propeller 168

2.3. Propeller Blade Theory 173
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2.4. Propeller Momentum Theory 202

2.5. Off-Axis Forces and Moments Developed by a Propeller 216
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2.6. Turbojet Engines: The Thrust Equation 228

2.7. Turbojet Engines: Cycle Analysis 233
2.8. The Turbojet Engine with Afterburner 241
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2.9. Turbofan Engines 245

2.10. Concluding Remarks 253
2.11. Problems 254

3. Aircraft Performance 259

3.1. Introduction 259
3.2. Thrust Required 260
3.3. Power Required 270
3.4. Rate of Climb and Power Available 277
3.5. Fuel Consumption and Endurance 287
3.6. Fuel Consumption and Range 295

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3.7. Power Failure and Gliding Flight 306

3.8. Airspeed, Wing Loading, and Stall 317
3.9. The Steady Coordinated Turn 319
3.10. Takeoff and Landing Performance 337
3.11. Accelerating Climb and Balanced Field Length 353
3.12. Problems 365

4. Longitudinal Static Stability and Trim 377

4.1. Fundamentals of Static Equilibrium and Stability 377
4.2. Pitch Stability of a Cambered Wing 381
4.3. Simplified Pitch Stability Analysis for a Wing-Tail Combination 384
4.4. Stick-Fixed Neutral Point and Static Margin 400
4.5. Estimating the Downwash Angle on an Aft Tail 411
4.6. Simplified Pitch Stability Analysis for a Wing-Canard Combination 421
4.7. Effects of Drag and Vertical Offset 436
4.8. Effects of Nonlinearities on the Aerodynamic Center 458
4.9. Effects of the Fuselage, Nacelles, and External Stores 472
4.10. Contribution of Running Propellers 476
4.11. Contribution of Jet Engines 482
4.12. Problems 486

5. Lateral Static Stability and Trim 497

5.1. Introduction 497
5.2. Yaw Stability and Trim 500
5.3. Estimating the Sidewash Gradient on a Vertical Tail 518
5.4. Estimating the Lift Slope for a Vertical Tail 525
5.5. Effects of Tail Dihedral on Yaw Stability 529
5.6. Roll Stability and Dihedral Effect 548
5.7. Roll Control and Trim Requirements 567
5.8. The Generalized Small-Angle Lateral Trim Requirements 574
5.9. Steady-Heading Sideslip 577
5.10. Engine Failure and Minimum-Control Airspeed 582
5.11. Longitudinal-Lateral Coupling 596
5.12. Control Surface Sign Conventions 597
5.13. Problems 597

6. Aircraft Controls and Maneuverability 605

6.1. Longitudinal Control and Maneuverability 605
6.2. Effects of Structural Flexibility 623
6.3. Control Force and Trim Tabs 632
6.4. Stick-Free Neutral and Maneuver Points 644
6.5. Ground Effect, Elevator Sizing, and CG Limits 646
6.6. Stall Recovery 661
6.7. Lateral Control and Maneuverability 666
6.8. Aileron Reversal 679
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6.9. Other Control Surface Configurations 682
6.10. Airplane Spin 693
6.11. Problems 706

7. Aircraft Equations of Motion 715

7.1. Introduction 715
7.2. Newton’s Second Law for Rigid-Body Dynamics 725
7.3. Position and Orientation: The Euler Angle Formulation 735
7.4. Rigid-Body 6-DOF Equations of Motion 753
7.5. Linearized Equations of Motion 754
7.6. Force and Moment Derivatives 768
7.7. Nondimensional Linearized Equations of Motion 788
7.8. Transformation of Stability Axes 798
7.9. Inertial and Gyroscopic Coupling 805
7.10. Problems 807

8. Linearized Longitudinal Dynamics 813

8.1. Fundamentals of Dynamics: Eigenproblems 813
8.2. Longitudinal Motion: The Linearized Coupled Equations 836
8.3. Short-Period Approximation 847
8.4. Long-Period Approximation 854
8.5. Pure Pitching Motion 871
8.6. Summary 876
8.7. Problems 878

9. Linearized Lateral Dynamics 885

9.1. Introduction 885
9.2. Lateral Motion: The Linearized Coupled Equations 885
9.3. Roll Approximation 896
9.4. Spiral Approximation 897
9.5. Dutch Roll Approximation 906
9.6. Pure Rolling Motion 919
9.7. Pure Yawing Motion 922
9.8. Longitudinal-Lateral Coupling 924
9.9. Nonlinear Effects 939
9.10. Summary 943
9.11. Problems 945

10. Aircraft Handling Qualities and Control Response 953

10.1. Introduction 953
10.2. Pilot Opinion 953
10.3. Dynamic Handling Quality Prediction 958
10.4. Response to Control Inputs 968
10.5. Nonlinear Effects and Longitudinal-Lateral Coupling 986
10.6. Problems 987
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11. Aircraft Flight Simulation 989

11.1. Introduction 989
11.2. Euler Angle Formulations 990
11.3. Direction-Cosine Formulation 992
11.4. Euler Axis Formulation 993
11.5. The Euler-Rodrigues Quaternion Formulation 996
11.6. Quaternion Algebra 1000
11.7. Relations between the Quaternion and Other Attitude Descriptors 1004
11.8. Applying Rotational Constraints to the Quaternion Formulation 1013
11.9. Closed-Form Quaternion Solution for Constant Rotation 1015
11.10. Numerical Integration of the Quaternion Formulation 1021
11.11. Summary of the Flat-Earth Quaternion Formulation 1037
11.12. Aircraft Position in Geographic Coordinates 1044
11.13. Problems 1063

Bibliography 1069

Appendixes 1080
A Standard Atmosphere, SI Units 1080
B Standard Atmosphere, English Units 1081
C Aircraft Moments of Inertia 1082

Nomenclature 1086
Index 1113