CCECE 2014 1569877561

Simulation and dSPACE Hardware Implementation of

the MPPT Techniques Using Buck Boost Converter
Abdullah M. Noman 1, Khaled E. Addoweesh1, and Hussein M. Mashaly2
1 Electrical Engineering Department
2 Sustainable Energy Technologies Center
King Saud University
anoman@ksu.edu.sa, khaled@ksu.edu.sa, hmashaly@ksu.edu.sa

Abstract- Maximum power point trackers are so important in
photovoltaic systems to increase their efficiency. This paper
presents a photovoltaic system with maximum power point
tracking facility. The system consists of a photovoltaic solar
module connected to a DC-DC buck boost converter and load. The
system is modeled using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Maximum power
point tracking is achieved using perturbation and observation
method and incremental conductance method. The MPPT system
is simulated and experimentally implemented. The implementation
of the MPPT hardware setup is done using dSPACE real time
control. Data acquisition and the control system is implemented
using dSPACE 1104. The simulation and the practical results show
that the proposed system tracked the maximum power accurately
and successfully under different conditions tested.
I. INTRODUCTION
The energy is important for the human life and economy.
Consequent due to increasing in the industrial revolution, the
world energy demand has also increased. In the later years,
irritation about the energy crisis has been increased. Fossil fuels
have been started to be gradually depleted. On the other hand
people are more concerned about the fossil fuel exhaustion and
other environment problems which are a result of conventional
power generation. It is a global challenge to generate a secure,
available and reliable energy and at the same time reduce the
greenhouse gas emission [1]. Energy saving was suggested by
the researchers to meet the worldwide energy demand. But this
method is a cost effective solution. One of the most effective
and suitable solution is the renewable energy supplies.
Renewable energy can solve these problems simultaneously
since they are green and clean, environment friendly and they
are sustainable sources of energy [1, 2].
Renewable energy sources are considered as a technological
option for generating clean and sustainable energy. There are
many sources of renewable energy such as solar energy, wind
energy, etc. photovoltaic (PV) system has taken a great attention
since it appears to be one of the most promising renewable
energy sources. The photovoltaic solar (PV) generation is
preferred over the other renewable energy sources due to
advantages such as the absence of fuel cost, clean, pollution
free, little maintenance and no noise due to absence of moving
parts. However, two important factors limit the implementation
of photovoltaic systems. These are high installation cost and
low efficiency of energy conversion [1]. In order to reduce
photovoltaic power system costs and to increases the utilization
efficiency of solar energy, the maximum power point tracking
system of photovoltaic modules is one of the effective methods
[3]. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a system used to
extract the maximum power of the PV module to deliver it to
the load [4]. Thus the efficiency is increased [4].
Since the power generated from the photovoltaic module
depends on the temperature and the solar radiation, these factors
must be taken into account while designing the maximum
power point tracker. The main goal of the MPPT is to move the
module operating voltage close to the voltage at which the PV
produces the maximum power under all atmospheric conditions.
MPPT is very important in PV systems. Different techniques
have been developed to maximize the output power of the
photovoltaic module. They have advantages and limitations
over the others. These techniques vary in complexity, in the
number of sensors required, in their convergence speed and in
the cost. In this literature survey some of MPPT methods are
introduced such as open circuit voltage method, incremental
conductance method, perturbation and observation method, etc
[1, 4-8]. The open circuit voltage method is based on the fact
that the voltage of the PV module at maximum power point is
linearly proportional to the open circuit voltage [9]. The
proportional factor is K. The voltage at maximum power can be
obtained by measuring the PV voltage and multiplying it by the
factor K. Then the operating voltage of the PV module is
adjusted to the calculated voltage in order to obtain the
maximum power. This process must be repeated periodically.
Although this method is simple to implement, it has a drawback
which is high power losses due to periodically interrupting the
system operation. Another drawback is that it is difficult to
choose an optimal value of the constant K [8].
P&O method is an alternative method to obtain the maximum
power point of the PV module. It measures the voltage, current
and power of the PV module and then perturbs the voltage to
encounter the change direction [9]. Fig. 1 shows the P-V curve
of the PV module. As shown in the left hand side MPP the

978-1-4799-3010-9/14/$31.00 ©2014 IEEE CCECE 2014 Toronto, Canada

1
power of the PV is increased with increasing the voltage of the
PV module until the MPP is reached. In the right hand side of
the MPP with increasing the voltage the power is decreased.
That means if there is increase in the power the subsequent
perturbation should be kept in the same direction until MPP is
reached. If there is a decrease in the power the perturbation
should be reversed [4, 5, 8, 10, 11].
dP
The maximum power point is reached when dV = 0. The flow
chart of P&O method is shown in Fig. 2 (a). In order to
implement the P&O MPPT method the PV voltage and current
must be initially measured. The change in the voltage (∆V) and
the change in the power (∆P) must then be calculated. The PV
voltage must then be perturbed by a constant value. If the
perturbation in the voltage causes the power to increase the next
perturbation must be kept in the same direction otherwise the
next perturbation must be reversed.
The incremental conductance (IC) method is one of the
methods used to obtain the MPP of the PV modules. IC is based
on the fact that the slope of the PV array power curve of Fig. 1
is zero at the MPP, positive on the left of the MPP, and negative
dP
on the right. At the MPP, the dV can be expressed as:
𝐼 𝑑𝐼 (1)
− =
𝑉 𝑑𝑉
The left hand side of (1) represents the opposite of the
incremental conductance while the right side represents the
dI
𝑞(𝑉+𝐼𝑅𝑠 ) (2)
𝐼 = 𝐼𝑃𝑉 − 𝐼𝑜 (𝑒 𝑛𝑘𝑇𝑎 − 1)
Where: I is the output current of the solar module (A), V is the
output voltage of the solar cell (V), which can be obtained by
dividing the output voltage of the PV module by the number of
cells in series, IPV is the current source of the solar module by
solar irradiance (A), Io is the reverse saturation current of a
diode (A), NS is the series connection number of the solar
module, n is the ideality factor of the diode (n = 1~2), q is the
electric charge of an electron (1.6 × e−19 c), k is the
Boltzmann’s constant (1.38 × 10−23 j/K ), T is the absolute
temperature of the solar cell (oK).
To model the PV module using MATLAB, the current
generated by the incident light which is also called short circuit
current (Isc) at a given temperature (Ta) must be calculated [13-
15]:
𝐺 (3)
𝐼𝑃𝑉 = 𝐼𝑠𝑐𝑛 (1 + 𝑎(𝑇𝑎 − 𝑇𝑛 )) 𝐺
𝑛
Where: Iscn is the short circuit current at normal conditions
(25oC, 1000W/m2), Ta is the given temperature (oK) IPV is the
short circuit current at a given cell temperature (T a), a is the
temperature coefficient of Isc and Gn is the nominal value of
irradiance, which is normally 1000W/m2.
dI/dv=-I/v
120

incremental variation dV . The variation in the current dV and

the variation in the voltage dI can be approximated to
100

∆VPV and ∆IPV respectively. Analyzing the derivative one can 80

dI/dv>-I/v

dI/dv<-I/v
test whether the PV generator is operating at its MPP or far
Ppv [W]

60

from it [12]. The flow chart of the IC algorithm is shown in Fig.

2 (b). 40

In this paper, the P&O MPPT method and the IC MPPT 20

method are simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK and then

they are experimentally implemented. The implementation of 0
0 5 10
Vpv [V]
15 20 25

the MPPT hardware setup is done using dSPACE real time Fig. 1: Variation of dI/dV in the P-V characteristic of the PV
control. Data acquisition and the control system is implemented module.
by using dSPACE 1104 software and digital signal processor
card on PC.
TABLEI PV MODULE PARAMETERS
II. CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLAR MODULE
In order In order to model the PV module, a PV cell model Maximum Power (Pmax) 115W
must be initially established. An equivalent electrical circuit
makes it possible to model the characteristic of a PV cell. In a Voltage at Pmax (Vmp) 17.1V
practical PV cell, there are two resistances: series resistance and Current at Pmax (I mp) 6.7A
parallel resistance. Series resistance accounts for the losses in
the current path due to the metal grid, contacts, and current Open Circuit Voltage (Voc) 21.8V
collecting bus. Parallel resistance due to the loss associated with
a small leakage of current through a resistive path in parallel Short Circuit Current (Isc) 7.5A
with the intrinsic device. Parallel resistance is large and its
Temperature coefficient of Isc 0.065 ± 0.015 %/ oC
effect is negligible. The equivalent circuit of the PV cell is
shown in Fig. 3.
The output current delivered to the load can be expressed as
[4][13, 14]:

2
 On the other hand the reverse saturation current of diode (I o)
Start at the reference temperature (Tn) is given as [13, 14]:

𝐼𝑠𝑐𝑛 (4)
Measure V(n), I(n) 𝐼𝑜𝑛 = 𝑞𝑉𝑜𝑐𝑛
𝑒 𝑛𝑘𝑇𝑛 − 1
Calculate Power P(n)

Where: Vocn is the open circuit voltage at normal conditions.

The reverse saturation current at a given cell temperature (T a)
Yes can be expressed as [14]:
P(n)-P(n-1)=0

qE g 1 1 (5)
No T (3) (  )
I o  I on ( a ) n e nK Ta T n

NO
P(n)-P(n-1)>0
Yes Tn

NO
V(n)-V(n-1)<0
Yes No
V(n)-V(n-1)>0
Yes The BP3115 PV module is used in this paper. The PV module
parameters under the reference conditions (1000W/m2, 25oC)
are listed in table 1. The PV module is simulated using
D=D + D D=D - D D=D + D D=D - D
MATLAB/SIMULINK.
Fig. 4 shows the simulated P-V curves of the PV module under
changing solar radiation from 200W/m2 to 1000W/m2 while
keeping the temperature constant at 25oC. On the other hand
Return
Fig. 5 shows the simulation results of the P-V curves of the PV
(a) Perturb and Observe (P&O) method. module under changing temperature from 10oC to 50oC while
keeping the solar radiation constant at 1000W/m2.

Start
III. DC-DC BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER
DC conversion has gained the great importance in many
Measure V PV , I PV applications, starting from low power applications to high
power applications. In this paper, buck boost converter is
chosen to be used in the MPPT system. Buck boost converter is
dV PV V PV (t 2 ) V PV (t 1 ) used to step down and step up the DC voltage by changing the
dI PV  I PV (t 2 )  I PV (t 1 )
duty ratio of the MOSFET. If the duty ratio is less than 0.5, the
output voltage is less than the input voltage while if the duty
ratio is greater than 0.5 the output voltage is greater than the
Yes
dV PV  0 input voltage. Duty ratio is the time at which the MOSFET is
on to the total switching time. The buck-boost converter is
No
shown in Fig. 6.
The relation between the input and the output voltages of the
Yes Yes
dI PV I
  PV
buck-boost converter is given as:
dI PV  0
D
dV PV V PV

V out  V in (6)
No No 1 D
Yes No
dI PV I dI PV  0
dV PV
  PV
V PV Where D is the duty cycle of the converter.
The buck boost converter is designed and simulated using
No Yes MATLAB/SIMULINK. The converter components used in the
simulation and in the hardware setup is shown in table 2.
D  D  D D  D  D D  D  D D  D  D

(b) Incremental Conductance (I.C) method.

Fig. (2): Conventional MPPT flowcharts.

3
 I The model used for simulation is shown in Fig. 7 which
includes the PV module, buck boost converter and the MPPT
+
algorithm. Buck boost converter components are chosen
according to the values presented table 2. In this system the PV
V module is connected to the input of the DC-DC buck boost
converter. The output of the converter is the load which is
represented by the 5𝛀 resistor. The PV module is modeled to
_ provide the PV current and voltage which are then used to feed
the DC-DC converter and the MPPT controller.

Fig. 3: Equivalent circuit of PV cell simulation.

[g]

g
Gate Drive Circuit S
D _
120 MOSFET Diode

+
2
1000W/m

+
L
100 RL Vout
2
Vin C2 5 ohm
800W/m
80

2 +
600W/m
P [W]

60

400W/m
2
Fig. 6: The buck boost converter circuit.
40

2
200W/m
20
TABLEII

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
V [V]
Buck Boost Converter Parameters
Fig. 4: P-V curves under changing the solar radiation.
L 1mH
140

C1 1000μF
120 10 oc

25 oc
C2 330μF
100 40 oc

55 oc fs 40KHZ
80
P [W]

Resistive Load RL 5𝛀
60

Controller Type: dSPACE 1104 DSP

40
MOSFET Type: IRF3710
20 Diode Type: BYV32-200
Components Used in the Measurement Circuit
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
V [V] Current Transducer LTS 25-NP
Fig. 5: P-V Curves under changing the temperature.

Voltage Divider Two 120K𝛀 and 39K𝛀 resistors

IV. SIMULATION RESULTS are connected in series. The

The P&O and IC MPPT methods are very popular methods voltage is taken across 39K𝛀
used to track MPP of the PV modules. Both methods are resistor.
simulated under changing ambient conditions. Simulation is
done using MATLAB/SIMULINK.

4
 150

Ppv max[W]
The MPPT controller in this case is the P&O and IC MPPT 100

methods. The output signal generated from the MPPT algorithm 50

is the switching signal which is used to drive the MOSFET. In 0

order to verify the tracking behavior of the P&O and IC MPPT 20

Vpv max[V]
methods, the system is tested under changing the ambient
10
condition shown in Fig. 8. The temperature is initially kept
constant at 25oC and the solar radiation level is starting at 0

300W/m2. The solar radiation is the raised up rapidly to 10

600W/m2 at 0.03 sec. At 0.06 sec the solar radiation is again

Ipv max[A]
raised up rapidly to 1000W/m2. Then the solar radiation is kept 5

constant while the temperature is changed from 25oC to 50oC at 0

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
0.08 sec. The P&O MPPT method tracked the maximum power Time [sec.]
successfully and accurately under this ambient condition as
shown in Fig. 9. The P&O MPPT tracking efficiency is 98.37%. Fig. 10: Maximum power tracked using IC MPPT method.
. As shown in this figure, with changing the solar radiation the
V. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
PV current is changed but with changing the temperature the PV
voltage is changed. The same ambient condition is applied when The implementation of the MPPT hardware setup is done by
the IC MPPT method is used. The tracking behavior of the IC using dSPACE real time control. Figure 11 shows the block
method is shown in Fig. 10. The tracking efficiency of the IC diagram of the hardware setup while Fig. 12 shows the
MPPT method is 98.38% which is very close to the efficiency hardware setup of the MPPT system. In the hardware setup, the
of the P&O MPPT method. The time response of the P&O DC-DC buck boost converter is built according to the values
MPPT method is 6.5 msec which is a little faster than the time listed in table 2. One BP 3115J PV module is connected to the
response of the IC MPPT method which is 7 msec. input of the DC-DC converter while the output is the load. Data
acquisition and the MPPT control system is implemented by
using dSPACE 1104 software and digital signal processor card
[ipv] [g]
[IL]

[T]
g
S +
i on PC. The PV voltage and the PV current must be initially
-
7
+
i
-
D

Mosfet
measured. In this system the voltage is measured by using the
ipv
Temperature T + voltage divider while the PV current is measured by using the
[G]
+
[vpv]
C1 L C2 R +
-
v [VB] LTS 25-NP current sensor. The analog measured quantities of
4 -
v

vpv
vpv1
the PV voltage and PV current are fed to the A/D converter of
Irradiation
the dSPACE in order to be used in the SIMULINK MPPT
G -

control block. The MPPT control is constructed in the

PV Module
SIMULINK is shown in Fig. 13. The input signals to a dSPACE
[vpv] vpv A/D channel must be in the range of -10V to +10V. A signal of
[ipv] ipv
[Pmax] In1
+10V gives an internal value of 1.00 within SIMULINK. Every
[G] G
Out1 [g]
signal comes from A/D converter must be multiplied by 10. The
[vpv] In2 Goto5

[T] T
filters are used for removing any high frequency noise or any
measurements
MPPT Method switching noise that appears in the signals. As shown in Fig. 13
Fig. 7: MPPT System used for simulation. the instantaneous measured voltage and current is then
multiplied by each other to obtain the PV instantaneous power.
1000 The PV voltage and the PV power are then applied to the MPPT
algorithm to generate the required duty cycle. The output signal
G [W/m2]

500 of the MPPT algorithm is then applied to the

DS1104SL_DSP_PWM block which is used to generate the
0
required switching signal to drive the MOSFET. The generated
PWM signals shouldn’t be connected directly to the MOSFET
60 since the maximum current drown from dSPACE board must
not exceed 13mA. For this reason and for the isolation purposes
T [oc]

40
a 6N137 optocoupler is used as an interconnection between the
20 dSPACE system and the hardware setup. The PWM generated
signal from the dSPACE is connected to the 6N137 optocoupler
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 and the output of the optocoupler is then connected to the

Fig. 8: Changing the solar radiation with changing the temperature.

5
MOSFET gate on the buck boost converter and manage the on-
Buck boost Converter
off time of the switch.

1. Implementation the P&O MPPT Method dSPACE Hardware

In order to start real time tracking the MPP of the PV module,

the SIMULINK MPPT control block must be downloaded to the
dSPACE board to generate C code of the MPPT control block.
The performance of the P&O MPPT varies according the
perturbation step size. A large step size may increase the
tracking speed but at the same time the oscillation around MPP
is increased. Therefore it is important to compromise between
the tracking speed and the oscillation. In the hardware Connection to the PV
implementation of P&O of this paper the step size of the duty Module
cycle is chosen to be 0.001. This step size value gives a better
tracking performance. The P&O MPPT method is tested under
the ambient conditions shown in Fig. 14. This condition was
taken from 10:04 AM to 03:04 PM. As shown the upper figure
is the changing in the solar radiation while the lower is the
temperature of the PV module. P&O MPPT method tracked the Fig. 12: The hardware setup of the system.
maximum power under this condition successfully and
accurately. The maximum power tracked and the related voltage
and current is shown in Fig. 15. With changing the solar
radiation, the maximum power is changed accordingly. butter
ADC
10 In1 Out1
Channel

1. Implementation the IC MPPT Method DS1104ADC_C6 Gain3

Analog
Filter Design5 Current Sensor
Calibration 1
IC MPPT method is also practically implemented using IPVa
[P]

2
dSPACE 1104 system. The IC MPPT control block is VPVa
Product 9

3
butter
downloaded to the dSPACE board to generate C code. In the IC ADC 10 In1 Out2 PPV
Channel
algorithm, the step size of the duty cycle is chosen to be 0.001 DS1104ADC_C5 Gain2
Analog
since this step size gives a better tracking performance. The IC Filter Design1 Voltage Sensor
Calibration
[vpv]

MPPT method is tested under changing the ambient condition 3

as shown in Fig. 16. It seems that this day was a cloudy day. IC
MPPT tracked the MPP successfully and accurately as shown in 1

Fig. 17. [P] P

D
DS1104SL_DSP_PWM
Current Sensor g [vpv] V
S
Temperature in oK D 0
BYV32-200 MPPT
25+273 IRF3710 16A algorithm
+

120K
100V, 57A
+
+

0
L
Solar radiation W/m2 C1 C2 RL
5 ohm
Fig. 13: MPPT SIMULINK model implemented in dSPACE 1104.
+

1000 120W
39K

PV Module
BP 3115J
VI. CONCLUSION
Vcc

1UF 82 Photovoltaic model using MATLAB/SIMULINK and

ohm
550 ohm design of appropriate DC-DC buck boost converter with a
Vo maximum power point tracking facility are presented in this
paper. Two algorithms are used in this paper for maximum
Computer
dSPACE 1104 System Optocoupler power point tracking. These are perturbation and observation
MPPT Algorithm 6N137 method and incremental conductance method. The models are
tested under disturbance in both solar radiation and photovoltaic
Fig. 11: Block diagram of the hardware setup.

6
temperature. Simulation results show that both algorithms 800
effectively track the maximum power point under different
600
ambient conditions. The simulation results show that the

G [W/m2]
tracking efficiency of both methods is very close to each other. 400

The two MPPT algorithms are then experimentally 200

implemented. The practical results show how these methods 0
track the MPP effectively and accurately. The results indicating
that the designed MPP tracker with both methods is capable of
75
tracking the PV module maximum power and hence improving
60
the efficiency of the PV system.

Tpv [oC]
40

20
800
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000
600
G [W/m2]

11:10 12:10 04:10

400 AM PM PM
Time [sec.]
200
Fig. 16: Changing the ambient conditions. IC Method.
0

90

Ppv max[W]
60
50

40 0
Tpv [oC]

20
Vpv max[V]

20 10

0
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 8
Ipv max[A]

10:04 12:00 03:04 5

AM PM PM
Time [sec.]
0
Fig. 14: Changing the ambient conditions. P&O Method. 1
Duty Ratio

0.5

90 0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000
Ppv max[W]

11:10 12:10
50 AM
04:10
PM PM
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 Time [sec.]
Fig. 17: Experimentally tracking behavior of the IC MPPT.
20
Vpv max[V]

10

0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000
ACKNOLEDGMENT

10
This work was financially supported by the National Plan
Ipv max[A)

for Science and Technology (NPST) program of the King Saud

5
University; Project Number: 09 ENE 741-02.
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000

1
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