GUINITARAN, CHRISTINE ANN P.

BSN 4
ABRUPTIO PLACENTA NURSING CARE PLAN

Nursing Diagnosis: Fluid Volume Deficit r/t massive vaginal hemorrhage due to secondary to complete placental separation

Cues Planning Nursing Intervention Rationale Evaluation

Subjective: STO: Continuous evaluate maternal and Alteration in vital signs can call for
fetal physiologic status, particularly: prompt actions.
The patient may report: After 30-60 minutes of  Vital Signs
Thirst administering oxygen  Bleeding
Weakness supplement and  Electronic fetal and maternal
Dizziness performing blood monitoring tracings
transfusion, the  Signs of shock – rapid pulse, cold
patient’s blood and moist skin, decrease in blood
components that were pressure
lost will be replaced and  Decreasing urine output
the patient’s circulation  Never perform a vaginal or rectal
of blood and oxygen examination or take any action
delivery/transport to the that would stimulate uterine
tissues will be activity.
stabilized.
Objective:
Asses the need for immediate If the client is in active labor and
Decreased urine output; LTO: delivery.. bleeding cannot be stopped with bed
increased urine rest, emergency cesarean delivery
concentration After 1-2 hrs of may be indicated
Decreased venous continuing oxygen
filling; decreased pulse supplementation,
volume/pressure administering blood On admission, place the woman on To prevent pressure on the vena cava.
Sudden weight loss transfusion, and bed rest in a lateral position
(except in third spacing) providing a calm and
Decreased BP; stimulant free Insert a large gauge intravenous for fluid replacement.
increased pulse environment such as catheter into a large vein for fluid
rate/body temperature limiting the visitation replacement.
Decreased skin/tongue hours, the patient will
turgor; dry skin/mucous be able show
membranes improvements such as Obtain a blood sample for fibrinogen
Change in mental state moist skin, moist mucus level. To find out the extent of hemorrhage
Elevated hematocrit membrane, normal skin for prompt intervention.
Decreased blood turgor (<1-2 sec),
pressure (<120/80) pinkish skin, and normal Monitor the FHR externally and Allows prompt intervention if fetal
Dry skin blood pressure within measure maternal vital signs every 5 distress is detected.
Dry mucous membrane the range of to 15 minutes.
Decreased skin turgor 100/80mmHG-
(>1-2 seconds) 130/90mmHg. Prepare for cesarean section the method of choice for the birth
Increased pulse rate
Increased blood clotting Allows them to understand the
factors Provide client and family teaching. situation
increased body
temperature (>36.7- Address emotional and psychosocial Calms client and helps her to take in
37.5*C) needs. the stress.
confusion
Pallor Maintain accurate I/O and weigh To evaluate effectiveness of
daily. Measure urine specific gravity. resuscitation measures.
Monitor blood
pressure and invasive hemodynamic
parameters as indicated (e.g., CVP,
PAP/PCWP)

Change position frequently. Bathe

infrequently, using mild to maintain skin integrity and prevent
cleanser/soap, and provide excessive dryness
optimal skin care with emollients caused by dehydration.

Assess and monitor vital signs;

BP,PR,RR, temp
Alterations in the vital signs may
indicate that there is something wrong
in the body systems.
Provide fluid replacement needs and
routes to be used. Prevents peaks in fluid level.

Administer IV fluids. Administer blood

products/ plasma expanders as To replace the fluid lost in the body.
indicated.

Control humidity and ambient air

 temperature and perform TSB when
there is fever.
Provide and perform oral care and
eye care, and skin care.
Humidity and air temperature affects
any changes in the body temperature
of the client.
To prevent tissue injury from dryness.

Provide safety measures such as Protects the patient from any physical
raising the side rails and keeping injuries.
sharp things away from the patient,
that is, when the client is confused.

Provide and maintain a clean and well

ventilated room, and provide and These promote comfort to the patient.
maintain a calm and quiet
environment.

Administer antipyretics to reduce Fever further causes dryness and

fever as ordered by the physician. dehydration.

Administer oxygen supplement via

mask. Decrease in blood due to hemorrhage
means the decrease in oxygen supply
in the body. Administering oxygen via
mask provides more oxygen faster.

To prevent further complications to the

Stop blood loss: administer mother and to prevent fetal demise/
anticoagulant drugs as ordered, and death.
prepare for surgical intervention or
immediate delivery as needed.
NURSING DIAGNOSIS MANUAL, 2ND EDITION: PLANNING, INDIVIDUALIZING AND DOCUMENTING CLIENT CARE, BY MARILYNN
DOENGES, MARY FRANCES MOORHOUSE, ALICE C. MURR, PAGE 316- 319
 ABRUPTIO PLACENTA NURSING CARE PLAN
Nursing Diagnosis: Impaired gas exchange: fetal r/t insufficient maternal-fetal oxygen transfer and supply secondary to premature separation of the placenta
Cues Planning
Subjective: STO:
Within 15-30 minutes of
providing oxygen
supplement to the
mother, thee fetus will be
able to receive adequate
oxygen from the
impairment of gas
exchange and allow
transfer of nutrients.
Objective:
LTO:
Decrease fetal heart
tone After 30-60 minutes of
Decrease fetal heart maintaining oxygen
rate(70-120bpm) supplementation and
Decrease fetal allowing the mother to
movements have bed rest, the fetus
will be able to show
Decrease maternal improvements such as
oxygen saturation having a fetal heart rate
(93%) within the range of 120-
160 bpm and will show
active fetal movements.
Nursing Intervention Rationale Evaluation
Auscultate mother’s abdomen to hear To determine of there are any signs of
the fetal heart tone. life of the fetus inside the womb.
Assess and monitor fetal heart tone,
beat and movement.
To determine what appropriate
Assess level of consciousness of the interventions should be given
mother.
To assess respiratory efficiency
Evaluate pulse oxymetry to determine
oxygenation.
To promote airway.
Elevate head of bed or position the
mother appropriately
Oxygen may transfer to the fetus, thus
Provide supplemental oxygenation at it provides oxygen and nutrients to the
lowest concentration as indicated by fetus.
laboratory results.
Encourage or educate the mother to Helps limit oxygen needs or
have adequate rest and limit activities consumption of the mother
to within client tolerance
Promote/provide calm, restful, and
free stimulant environment. Promotes comfort to the mother
Provide psychologic support such as
listening to questions or concerns. To establish rapport and trust
Administer medications as ordered by
the physician. To treat underlying conditions
Assist with procedures as individually
indicated like blood transfusion. Improves respiratory function or
oxygen carrying capacity.
 Position mother in left lateral position
Begin electronic fetal monitoring
Have equipment for emergency
cesarean delivery readily available
Prepare the patient and family
members for the possibility of an
emergency CS delivery, the delivery
of a premature neonate and the
changes to expect in the postpartum
period
offer emotional support and an honest
assessment of the situation
tactfully discuss the possibility of
neonatal death
encourage the patient and her family
to verbalize their feelings
Help them to develop effective coping
strategies, referring them for
counseling if necessary
NURSING DIAGNOSIS MANUAL, 2ND EDITION: PLANNING, INDIVIDUALIZING AND DOCUMENTING CLIENT CARE, BY MARILYNN
DOENGES, MARY FRANCES MOORHOUSE, ALICE C. MURR, PAGE 322 - 327
ABRUPTIO PLACENTA NURSING CARE PLAN
To help in the circulation, and avoid
compressing the vena cava
to continuously assess FHR
The delivery method of choice is CS
To help the SOs understand the critical
condition of the mother and have
reassurances of the mother’s current
condition
To help the SOs and mother to prepare
physically and emotionally to the
situation
-tell the mother that the neonate’s
survival depends primarily on
gestational age, the amount of blood
lost, and associated hypertensive
disorders-assure her that frequent
monitoring and prompt management
greatly reduce the risk of death.
Allowing them to understand clearly
the situation
Helps the SOs and mother cope with
the situation properly
 Nursing Diagnosis: Altered comfort: acute pain related to increase pressure in the abdomen and bleeding between the uterine walls due to
massive accumulation of blood clots behind the placenta secondary to premature separation of the placenta
Cues Planning
Subjective: STO:
patient reports a sharp After 45-60 minutes of
knife-like stabbing administering
pain in her abdomen anticoagulant agents and
monitoring vital signs, the
patient will be able to
report improvements
such as the decrease of
pain in the abdomen due
to the reduction of blood
clots formed behind the
placenta.
Objective:
LTO:
Protective behavior
Grimace face After 4-6hrs of monitoring
Crying patient’s vital signs,
Irritable assessing pain scale,
Restless and providing comfort
diaphoresis and safety measures
decrease BP together with the
(<110/70mmHG) administration of tocolytic
increase RR (25bpm) drugs (as ordered by the
increase PR (140bpm) doctor), the patient’s
improvements such as
the reduction of pain will
be maintained.
Nursing Intervention
Educate patient to have a bed rest.
Allow patient to be in the left side-lying
position or any position that is
comfortable for her.
Administer tocolytic medications as
ordered.
Administer anticoagulant agents as
ordered.
Measure abdominal girth.
Monitor patient’s vital signs.
Assess for referred pain, as
appropriate.
Encourage verbalizations of feelings
about the pain.
Provide/perform comfort measures
when necessary (back rub, change of
position). Provide quiet environment
and calm activities.
Monitor fetal heart tone, beat,
Rationale Evaluation
May relieve pain.
Tocolytic agents reduce uterine
contractility/activity.
To decrease/reduce blood clots.
Increase in size that is more than
normal may indicate that there is an
abnormal accumulation inside the
abdomen
Vital signs usually is altered acute pain
To help determine possibility of
underlying condition requiring
treatment.
May alleviate pain
To provide non-pharmocologic
treatment.
Vagueness/absence of fetal heart tone,
beat, and fetal movements may
movements. If vague and absent,
prepare for surgery/delivery.
Prepare blood products, IV fluids for
fluid replacement from bleeding and
blood clotting.
Position mother in left lateral position
Begin electronic fetal monitoring
Have equipment for emergency
cesarean delivery readily available
Prepare the patient and family
members for the possibility of an
emergency CS delivery, the delivery
of a premature neonate and the
changes to expect in the postpartum
period
offer emotional support and an honest
assessment of the situation
tactfully discuss the possibility of
neonatal death
encourage the patient and her family
to verbalize their feelings
indicate fetal hypoxia/death
To replace the blood being formed to
aclot and prevent replaced fluid loss
that would lead to tissue injury due to
dehydration.
To help in the circulation, and avoid
compressing the vena cava
to continuously assess FHR
The delivery method of choice is CS
To help the SOs understand the critical
condition of the mother and have
reassurances of the mother’s current
condition
To help the SOs and mother to prepare
physically and emotionally to the
situation
-tell the mother that the neonate’s
survival depends primarily on
gestational age, the amount of blood
lost, and associated hypertensive
disorders-assure her that frequent
monitoring and prompt management
greatly reduce the risk of death.
Allowing them to understand clearly
the situation
Helps the SOs and mother cope with
 the situation properly
Help them to develop effective coping
strategies, referring them for
counseling if necessary
To monitor extent and condition of the
Assess the patient’s extent of bleeding for prompt intervention
bleeding and monitor fundal height q
30 mins.
(if the level of the fundus increases,
suspect abruptio placentae)
Draw line at the level of the fundus
and check it every 30 mins to determine the amount of blood loss

Count the number of pads that the

patient uses, weighing them as To determine any changes that can
necessary alter the mother’s condition, and for
prompt intervention
Monitor maternal blood pressure,
pulse rate, respirations, central
venous pressure, intake and output
and amount of vaginal bleeding q 10 –
15 mins

NURSING DIAGNOSIS MANUAL, 2ND EDITION: PLANNING, INDIVIDUALIZING AND DOCUMENTING CLIENT CARE, BY MARILYNN
DOENGES, MARY FRANCES MOORHOUSE, ALICE C. MURR, PAGE 494 - 499
 ABRUPTIO PLACENTA NURSING CARE PLAN

Nursing Diagnosis: risk for fetal injury r/t impaired maternal – fetal nutrition and oxygen transfer to the fetus secondary to premature
placental separation.

Cues Planning Nursing Intervention Rationale Evaluation

Subjective: STO: Educate mother to have a complete Bed rest helps prevent further
Patient reports Within 20-40 minutes of bed rest. complications and helps limit oxygen
abdominal discomfort administering IV fluids consumption.
(maternal). and oxygen supplement
to the mother, the fetus Assess and monitor continuously the Alterations of the vital signs of the
Objective: will be able to receive vital signs of the mother and the fetus. mother and fetus from the normal
Weak fetal heart rate adequate amount of values may indicate that there is
and tone oxygen and nutrients for something wrong in the body of the
life support. mother.
Decrease fetal Evaluate pulse oximetry of the mother
movement LTO: to determine oxygen saturation in her To assess respiratory insufficiency.
Within 1-4hrs of letting body.
Little/no vaginal the mother have
bleeding (maternal) complete bed rest, Provide/administer supplemental This provides adequate supply of
providing safety oxygen saturation at lowest oxygen to the blood of the mother
measures and promoting concentration or as indicated by the while circulating, thus nutrients and
a clean and quiet laboratory results. oxygen will be transported to the fetus.
environment, the fetus
will be able to receive Administer IV fluids, as indicated. For nutritional support to the mother
continuous amount of and fetus and for fluid replacement, if
oxygen necessary for the vaginal bleeding occurs.
transportation of
nutrients. Provide safety measures (e.g. raise To protect client from injuries and to
side rails and keeping off things that provide the patient comfort
are sharp and edgy), and promoting a
clean and quiet environment.

Position mother in left lateral position To help in the circulation, and avoid
compressing the vena cava

Begin electronic fetal monitoring to continuously assess FHR

 Have equipment for emergency
cesarean delivery readily available
Prepare the patient and family
members for the possibility of an
emergency CS delivery, the delivery
of a premature neonate and the
changes to expect in the postpartum
period
offer emotional support and an honest
assessment of the situation
tactfully discuss the possibility of
neonatal death
encourage the patient and her family
to verbalize their feelings
Help them to develop effective coping
strategies, referring them for
counseling if necessary
NURSING DIAGNOSIS MANUAL, 2ND EDITION: PLANNING, INDIVIDUALIZING AND DOCUMENTING CLIENT CARE, BY MARILYNN
DOENGES, MARY FRANCES MOORHOUSE, ALICE C. MURR, PAGE 400- 406
The delivery method of choice is CS
To help the SOs understand the critical
condition of the mother and have
reassurances of the mother’s current
condition
To help the SOs and mother to prepare
physically and emotionally to the
situation
Tell the mother that the neonate’s
survival depends primarily on
gestational age, the amount of blood
lost, and associated hypertensive
disorders-assure her that frequent
monitoring and prompt management
greatly reduce the risk of death.
Allowing them to understand clearly
the situation
Helps the SOs and mother cope with
the situation properly
.

Nursing Diagnosis: Anxiety r/t maternal-fetal outcome due to the lack of knowledge about the effects of early placental separation
secondary Abruptio Placenta
Cues Planning
Subjective: STO: After 10-15min of
Patient verbalized, assessing the patient’s
“mabuhi pa ang ako perception and giving
anak?” emotional support, client
Decreased self will be able to calm down
assurance and think that she is not
alone.
Objective:
Crying LTO: After 30-60min of
Pallor providing genuine
Fatigue information about the
Increase pulse rate situation and allowing
(120-160bpm) patient to raise some
confused questions and answer it
honestly, the client will be
able to accept slowly the
situation and the
outcome.
ABRUPTIO PLACENTA NURSING CARE PLAN
Nursing Intervention
Give support emotionally by being
available and actively listening
Ascertain client’s perception of what is
occurring and how this affects life.
Note degree of concentration, focus of
attention.
Measure vital signs/physiologic
responses to situation.
Stay with client or make some
arrangements to have someone else
be there.
Provide information truthfully in
verbal/written form. Speak in simple
sentences and concrete terms.
Provide opportunity to the patient to
ask some questions and nurses must
answer honestly.
Provide objective information when
available when available and allow
client to use it freely. Avoid arguing
about client’s perceptions of the
situation.
Encourage contact with a peer who
has successfully dealt with similar
fearful situations.
Rationale Evaluation
Conveys acceptance and confidence in
ability to cope with situation.
To measure the level of
perception/consciousness of the client.
To know if patient knows the real
situation.
To assess clients perception to the
situation.
Sense of abandonment can
exacerbate fear.
Facilitates understanding and retention
to information.
Enhances sense of trust and nurse-
client relationship.
Limits conflicts when fear response
may impair rational thinking.
Provides a role model, and client is
more likely to believe others who had

Refer to supportive groups,
community agencies/organizations, as
indicated.
Administer anti-anxiety medications,
as ordered by physician
Provide quiet and calm environment.
Position mother in left lateral position
Begin electronic fetal monitoring
Have equipment for emergency
cesarean delivery readily available
Prepare the patient and family
members for the possibility of an
emergency CS delivery, the delivery
of a premature neonate and the
changes to expect in the postpartum
period
offer emotional support and an honest
assessment of the situation
tactfully discuss the possibility of
neonatal death
similar experience.
Provides ongoing assistance for
individual needs.
It helps calm the patient.
Gives comfort to patient.
to continuously assess FHR
The delivery method of choice is CS
To help the SOs understand the critical
condition of the mother and have
reassurances of the mother’s current
condition
To help the SOs and mother to prepare
physically and emotionally to the
situation
To help the SOs and mother to prepare
physically and emotionally to the
situation
Tell the mother that the neonate’s
survival depends primarily on
gestational age, the amount of blood
lost, and associated hypertensive
 encourage the patient and her family
to verbalize their feelings
Help them to develop effective coping
strategies, referring them for
counseling if necessary
NURSING DIAGNOSIS MANUAL, 2ND EDITION: PLANNING, INDIVIDUALIZING AND DOCUMENTING CLIENT CARE, BY MARILYNN
DOENGES, MARY FRANCES MOORHOUSE, ALICE C. MURR, PAGE 62 - 67
disorders-assure her that frequent
monitoring and prompt management
greatly reduce the risk of death.
Allowing them to understand clearly
the situation
Helps the SOs and mother cope with
the situation properly
 PLACENTA PREVIA NURSING CARE PLAN

Nursing Diagnosis: Fluid Volume Deficit r/t blood loss secondary to low Placental Implantation

Cues Planning Nursing Intervention Rationale Evaluation

Subjective:
Short Term: Assess Vital Signs (pulse, Provides baseline data on maternal Short Term:
“nag spotting ko” as respirations, and blood pressure blood loss.
verbalized by the After 4 hours of nursing every 15 minutes). The patient
patient intervention, the patient shall have
will verbalize Maintain bed rest or chair rest when Systemic rest is mandatory and verbalized
understanding of indicated. Provide frequents rest important throughout all phases of understanding
causative factors. periods and uninterrupted night time disease to reduce fatigue and improve of causative
sleep. strength. factors.

Objective: Long Term: Monitor color, odor, consistency, Provide objective evidence of bleeding.
amount and type of bleeding; weigh Long Term:
Slightly pale pads
After 4 days of nursing
Cold , Clammy skin
interventions, the The patient
Low Blood Pressure Position mother on her left side. To improve placental perfusion.
patient will maintain shall have
Increased Heart rate
fluid volume at a maintained
Body weakness Assess hourly intake and output. Provides information about maternal
functional level AEB fluid volume
Fetal Heart Rate less and fetal physiologic compensation to
individually adequate at a functional
than normal blood loss.
urinary output and level AEB
Bleeding episodes
stable vital signs. individually
Decreased urine output Restrict vaginal examination. Prevents tearing of placenta if placenta
adequate
Abdomen soft/hard previa is the cause of bleeding.
urinary output
when palpated
and stable
Assess fetal heart tone. Assess whatever labor is present and
vital signs.
fetal status and external system avoids
cervical trauma.

Assess abdomen for tenderness or Detecting increased in measurement of

rigidity- if present, measure abdomen abdominal girth suggests active
at umbilicus (specify time interval) abruption
Assess SaO2, skin color, temp,
moisture, turgor, capillary refill
(specify frequency)
Assess for changes in LOC: note for
complaints of thirst or apprehension
Provide supplemental O2 as ordered
via face mask or nasal cannula @ 10-
12 L/min.
Initiate IV fluids as ordered (specify
fluid type and rate).
Position Pt. in supine with hips
elevated if ordered or left lateral
position.
Monitor lab. Work as obtained: Hgb &
Hct, Rh and type, cross match for 2
units RBCs, urinalysis, etc.
Scheduled for ultrasound as ordered.
Assessment provides information
about blood vol., O2 saturation and
peripheral perfusion
To detect signs of cerebral perfusion
Intervention increases available O2 to
saturate decreased hemoglobin
For replacement of fluid volume loss
Position decreases pressure
on placenta and cervical os.
Left position improves placental
perfusion.
Lab Work provides information about
degree of blood loss; prepares for
possible transfusion. Ultrasound
provides info about the cause
of bleeding

Nursing Diagnosis: Decreased cardiac output r/t altered contractility
Cues Planning
Dysrhythmias Short Term:
prolonged capillary refill After 4 hours of nursing
interventions, the
cold clammy skin patient will participate in
activities that reduce
Dyspnea the workload of the
heart.
Restlessness
variations in BP Long Term:
readings
After 4 days of nursing
interventions, the
patient will manifest
hemodynamic stability.
PLACENTA PREVIA NURSING CARE PLAN
Nursing Intervention Rationale Evaluation
Short Term:
Establish Rapport To gain patient’s trust
The patient
Monitor Vital Signs To obtain baseline data shall have
participated in
History taking To determine contributing factors activities that
reduce the
Assess patient condition To assess contributing factors workload of
the heart.
Review lab data For comparison with current normal
values
Long Term:
Monitor BP & Pulse frequently To note response to activity
The patient
Provide information on test To gain patient’s participation
shall have
Procedures
manifested
hemodynamic
Provide adequate rest & Reposition To promote venous return
stability
client
Encourage relaxation techniques To alleviate stress & anxiety
Elevate HOB To promote circulation
Encourage use of relaxation To decrease tension level
techniques
 PLACENTA PREVIA NURSING CARE PLAN

Nursing Diagnosis: Ineffective tissue perfusion r/t decreased HgB concentration in blood & hypovolemia secondary to placenta
previa

Cues Planning Nursing Intervention Rationale Evaluation

Short Term:
Short Term: Establish Rapport To gain patient’s trust
Restlessness The patient
After 4 hours of nursing Monitor Vital Signs To obtain baseline data shall have
interventions, the demonstrated
Confusion patient will demonstrate Assess patient condition To assess contributing factors behaviors to
behaviors to improve improve
circulation. Note customary baseline data (usual For comparison with current findings circulation.
Irritability
BP, weight, lab values)
Long Term: Determine presence of dysrhythmias To identify alterations from normal Long Term:
Manifest Body
Weakness
Perform blanch test To identify / determine adequate
After 4 days of nursing The patient
perfusion
interventions, the shall have an
patient will demonstrate increased
Check for Homan’s Sign To determine presence of thrombus
increased perfusion as perfusion as
formation
individually appropriate individually
appropriate.
Encourage quiet & restful To lessen O2 demand
environment

Elevate HOB To promote circulation

Encourage use of relaxation To decrease tension level

techniques
 PLACENTA PREVIA NURSING CARE PLAN

Nursing Diagnosis: Acute Pain at the back related to increasing weight of gravid uterus.

Cues Planning Nursing Intervention Rationale Evaluation

Subjective:
At the end of 30 INDEPENDENT
“sakit akong likod” as minutes nursing
verbalized by the interventions, the Advice the client, partner or Early intervention may decrease the
patient patient will verbalize significant others to anticipate the total amount of analgesic required.
adequate relief of pain. need for pain relief.

Provide rest periods to facilitate The patient’s experiences of pain may

comfort, sleep and relaxation become exaggerated as the result of
Objective: fatigue.

Uneasy Instruct the client to verbalize pain in To be able to determine the type or
scale 1-10. level of care to be given.

Provide comfort measures such as To relieve or reduce pain into tolerable

massage at the site of pain. scale.

DEPENDENT

Give analgesic as ordered, evaluating Pain medications are absorbed and

effectiveness and observing for any metabolized differently by patients so
signs and symptoms for untoward their effectiveness must be evaluated
effect. from patient to patient.
 PLACENTA PREVIA NURSING CARE PLAN

Nursing Diagnosis: Impaired urinary elimination related to changes in usual voiding pattern.

Cues Planning Nursing Intervention Rationale Evaluation

Subjective:
At the end of 8 hours of Monitor urinary elimination including These parameters help determine
“sige lang ko ug ihi-ihi” nursing interventions, consistency, color, odor and volume. adequacy of urinary tract function.
as verbalized by the the patient’s voiding
patient pattern will be
normalized. Instruct her to drink a minimum of Increased fluids during the day will
1,500 ml (six to eight ounce glasses) increase urinary output and discourage
fluid per day. bacterial growth.

Objective: Alcohol, coffee, chocolate, Sodas and

Limit ingestion of bladder irritants tea have a natural diuretic effect and
Urinated 10 times a day (coffee, colas, tea and chocolate). are bladder irritants.