Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Copy 3
FM 55-30
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY FIELD MANUAL
II. Organization for motor transport service in a theater ---------------- 2-3-2-6 2-1-2-7
_-------------------------------------
IV. Task units ---------------- 2-10--2-16 2-9--1-15
* This manual supersedes FM 55-35, 23 June 1965, and FM 55-35-1 (Test), 26 April 1967.
AGO 20002A
FM 55-30
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
(STANAG 2151)
c. Motor movements may be further classified 5-36 may be used as a guide for route reconnais-
by the degree of control exercised over them as sance.
follows:
d. Tactical Conditions.
(1) Casual military movements consist of in-
dividual elements proceeding more or less at will (1) In theaters of operations, particularly in
in performing routine unit functions. the combat zone, tactical conditions must be given
(2) Organized military movements consist of the highest consideration in planning and exe-
units or supply convoys in which elements are cuting motor movements. Tactical conditions in-
grouped together for control. lude all conditions imposed by the enemy, such as
(3) Indigenous traffic consists of refugee and air, artillery, or chemical, biological, and radiolog-
local civilian traffic and casual non-U.S. military ical attack, raids, guerrilla action; and sabotage,
movements. The presence of such unorganized as well as conditions imposed by the operational
traffic may require control measures to maintain plans of our own forces. Plans and orders for
or restore efficient use of the road net. movements under tactical conditions must include
march or convoy organization, command struc-
1-3. Conditions Affecting Motor Movements ture, and assignment or designation of adequate
security detachments.
Military motor movements are affected by a wide (2) Standing operating procedures for de-
variety of conditions over which planning and op- fense of a column against ambush, normally based
erating personnel have no direct control. These on the principle of strong and immediate retali-
conditions can be anticipated to varying degrees, ation against the ambushing force, must be devel-
and provisions can be made for operations with oped and understood by all personnel (FM 31-22).
these factors taken into consideration. All plans Particular emphasis must be placed on defense of
and operations must be sufficiently flexible to meet unescorted convoys. The introduction of chemical,
unpredicted weather, terrain, or tactical condi- biologicrl, and nuclear weapons systems to the
tions. General provisions for operation under such battlefield and the threat impcsed by hostile air-
conditions follow: craft demand thorough training in defense
a. Civilian Controls. Generally, motor move- against such forms of attack. The techniques and
ments made in the territory of a friendly nation procedures for employing unit non-air defense
are subject to civilian traffic regulations. Coordi- weapons against low-altitude enemy aircraft are
nation with civil authorities is therefore neces- discussed in appendix B.
sary for proper clearances before motor move-
ments are executed. Coordination channels are 1-4. Effect of Counterinsurgency Operations
normally prescribed in field standing operating on Motor Transport Unit Capabilities
procedures (SOP) or local regulations. Several factors in counterinsurgency operations
b. Terrain and Climate. Mobility of motor vehi- in underdeveloped areas have a detrimental effect
cles may be seriously restricted by terrain and on the capability of motor transport units to
climate (FM 5-36). Often, special training is re- transport cargo and personnel as indicated by
quired and special equipment must be issued. Ade- TOE capabilities (para 2-11 through 2-16).
quate training and proper planning minimize ad- a. Operations are largely confined to daylight
verse effects of terrain and climate. hours, with convoys departing the point of origin
c. Availabiity of Road Network. Normally, the after the beginning of daylight and arriving at
defense plans cf NATO nations designate a basic destination before darkness. This reduces the
military road network which includes routes se- number of trips made by vehicles in an opera-
lected to meet anticipated allied and national mili- tional day (20-hour day) and reduces the unit
tary movements and transport requirements capabilities accordingly. However, vehicles may
(STANAG No. 2151, app G). However, in some be spotted in secure areas at night for loading or
areas a road net with highways and bridges unloading. These activities must be geared for op-
suitable for all classes of military traffic may not erations to meet a specific vehicle release time so
have been established. Under these circumstances, that convoys can meet operating schedules.
a route reconnaissance must be conducted to des- b. Close liaison must be maintained between
ignate such a net and to dletermine engineer work motor transport organizations and shipping and
required. This reconnaissance must be as thor- receiving activities to effect timely and efficient
ough as time and the tactical situation permit. FM use of motor transport resources.
1-2 AGO 20002A
FM 55-30
c. Since motor transport units have only a lim- port is not provided, motor transport capabilities
ited capability to provide convoy security meas- are degraded through both the use of operating
ures, they must rely upon support commands and personnel in a security role and the diversion of
tactical units to secure the road net and to provide task vehicles from their primary mission of trans-
convoy protection from hostile action. If such sup- port to fire support vehicles (gun trucks).
CHAPTER 2
MOTOR TRASPORNS AND UNITS
Section 1. GENERAL
2-1. Basic Organization the basis of many factors of varying importance.
Selection is made to some extent at all levels of
Motor transport organization is functional. Each command-from assignment of units to a field
organization consists of a headquarters element
organization consists of a headquarters element
in force to selection of a single vehicle to do a specific
which includes personnel who control or assist in task. Factors to be considered include, but are not
controlling operations and who provide adminis-following:
trative, supply, and service support; a mainte-
nance element to supervise or provide organiza- a. Environmental factors of climate, weather,
tional maintenance support; and appropriate task and terrain (para 1-3).
units which provide vehicles to meet operational b. Operational factors such as the road net and
requirements. highway surface or trafficability (para 1-3).
2-2. Characteristics of Vehicular c. Tactical considerations, including possible
Equipment hostile interference, both by type and intensity
Vehicles authorized for motor transport task (para 1-3).
units vary in type, design, and capabilities ac- d. Tonnage requirements, type of cargo, and
cording to unit employment and anticipated oper- length of haul.
ational environment. Although tracked vehicles
may be authorized under certain conditions, e. Vehicle availability by type.
transportation truck units are normally equipped f. Comparative manpower requirements.
with wheeled vehicles (para 2-10). Task equip-
ment and mix of vehicles by type are selected on g. Economical operation.
2-3. Motor Transport Service, Theater Army personnel and equipment by motor transport from
Support Command (TASCOM) points of entry into the theater to the field army
or to intermediate destinations. It provides
a. The transportation command is the major or to intermediate destinations. It provides
backup support for truck elements of the area
Army transportation headquarters in a theater. It
support groups, communications zone, which fur-
nish motor transport support to meet local, rou-
functionalized to the extent that it includes all ele- nish motor transport support to meet local, rou-
ments necessary to move personnel and materiel tine, and recurring transport requirements within
from points of arrival in the theater to the field each group's area of responsibility It establishes
army or to intermediate destinations. It performs the interzonal motor transport service.
this service for the Army and, as required, for c. The interzonal motor transport service is or-
other U.S. forces in support of host nation or ganized to serve the theater as a whole and pro-
allied forces. Whenever possible, the transporta- vides the necessary flexibility, diversity, concen-
tion service features throughput of supplies. tration, and allocation of motor transport for
b. The motor transport service for TASCOM rapid reaction to changes in strategic and tactical
(8- and 12-division forces, fig 2-1 and 2-2) under situations. The transportation command contrib-
command and supervision of the transportation utes to economical operation through centralized
command, TASCOM, provides for movement of control, retaining operational control of its oper-
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2-1
FM 55-30
TASCOM
Trans comd
27-7/20 4-2/2
Note: [11 Number and type of truck companies attached to each battalion depend on battalion mission.
(2)Figures following each unit box indicate total number of units assigned to force model, and TOE
strength level of units; for example,
7-0/7 means 7 units assigned, 0 units at strength level 1,7 units at strength level, Type B.
ating motor transport units to their most forward and reconsignment or other in-transit services for
point of delivery. The interzonal motor transport cargo en route is relayed to the motor transport
operation is normally a line haul movement oper- service by any transportation movements office
ated for an extended distance over main supply authorized by the MCC to initiate such action.
routes (chap 7). Planning for and carrying out (2) The motcr transport groups plan the re-
the interzonal operation is the responsibility of quirements for and the disposition of their motor
the transportation command and its subordinate transport battalions to execute the movement
elements, in coordination with the movements plan, and they assign specific missions to subordi-
control center (MCC). nate battalions.
(1) The MCC develops the movement plan,
which outlines tonnage, class, and areas of origin (3) The motor transport battalions plan for
and destination of cargo to be moved by motor accomplishment of their assigned missions
transport. The capability of the motor transport through determining employment, responsibil-
service is committed by the appropriate transpor- ities, and location of their subordinate truck com-
tation movements office in accordance with this panies. In accordance with their mission, they
movement plan. Only one requirement for each direct companies to operate trailer transfer
shipment is placed on the motor transport service. points, truck terminals, local and shuttle move-
That requirement is placed by the transportation ments into and out of the relay operation, and
movements office at origin and applies until de- relay operations over the main supply route.
livery of the shipment at destination, regardless (4) The truck companies plan the allocation
of distance involved. Information on diversion of personnel and equipment to do their assigned
TASCOM
I
Trans comd
39-10/29 5-3/2
Note: (11Number and type of truck companies attached to each battalion depend on battalion mission.
(2)Figures following each unit box indicate total number of units assigned to force model, and TOE strength level of units; for example,
10-0/10 means 10 units assigned, 0 units at strength level 1,10 units at strength level, Type B.
Figure 2-2. Type motor transport service, TASCOM, 12-division force.
tasks and establish control and supervision con- volve short hauls or evolve into or be conducted in
sistent with established procedures. conjunction with an interzonal operation include
(5) In planning processes, all levels of the the following:
motor transport service consider operational plan- (1) Terminal and beach clearance operations.
ning factors such as- Clearance is a major factor in successful terminal
(a) Current personnel and vehicular and beach operations and is particularly impor-
strength of unit. tant during peak periods. Clearance may include
(b) Materiel readiness posture of vehicles. throughput of cargo to destinations in the for-
(c) Origin and destination of movement. ward communications zone and field army areas,
as well as movement to field depots in the com-
(d) Types and amounts of cargo or per- municationszonereararea.
sonnel to be transported.
(e) Geography and capabilities of routes to (2) Depot-to-depot or depot-to-unit opera-
be used, feasible operating speeds over routes or tions. These operations involve movement from
segments of routes. field depots in the communications zone rear area
(f) Requirements for supporting services to depots in the communications zone forward
such as petroleum, oil, and lubricants (POL); area and to general support and support activities
maintenance; and commiurications. in the field army rear, corps support brigade, and
divisions areas. Substantial economy of trans-
d. Typical transport operations conducted by port and time is achieved by throughput of sup-
the motor transport service which may either in- plies directly from communications zone rear
.'Go 200o2A 2-S
FM 55-30
depots to support brigade general support and battalions and truck companies perform the motor
direct support uhits and, where feasible, directly transport operations. The brigade motor trans-
to army supply points and users. port units provide a connecting link between the
TASCOM transportation command and the direct
e. Normally, the transportation motor transport and general support units of the corps.
brigade (TOE ,55-11) will not be employed in the
motor transport organization for an 8- or a 12-di- c. The motor transport service in the FASCOM
vision force. Operation of the transportation transportation brigade is provided by two trans-
motor transport groups-the senior motor trans- portation motor transport battalions. These bat-
port units under these concepts--is supervised talions command and control light (2 1/2-ton),
and coordinated by the transportation command. light-medium, medium, and heavy truck compa-
If requirements dictate and if more than two nies (fig 2-3). The battalions normally retain con-
motor transport groups are employed in trol over the light, medium, and heavy companies;
TASCOM, the transportation motor transport bri- the FASCOM commander may direct attachment
gade will be interposed in the organizational of light-medium truck companies to support
structure as a supervisory and command head- groups in the army support brigade to provide
quarters between the groups and the transporta- direct transport support to supply and mainte-
tion command. , nance activities when required.
f. Upon direcction of the TASCOM commander, d. Battalions report the capabilities of subordi-
the light-medium truck companies may be de- nate truck units to the appropriate transportation
tached from the motor transport service and at- movements office. The trasnportation movements
tached for operations to communications zone office commits the truck capability in accordance
depots to provide transport support in intradepot with the FASCOM movements program or com-
operation. mitment authority established by local procedure.
For example, the medium truck companies are
g. The medium truck companies (petroleunm) normally employed in line haul operations in ac-
are attached to the POL service for daily opera- cordance with the FASCOM movements program
tions to provide transport capability for moving prepared by the FASCOM MCC; they may be em-
bulk POL products. ployed in extending the line hauls of the transpor-
tation service, TASCOM. The light truck compa-
nies are allocated for local transport and are com-
2-4. Motor Transport Service, Field Army mitted, within established limits, by the local
Support Command (FASCOM) transportation movements offices.
a. The motor transport service for FASCOM e. The vehicles of the heavy truck companies
(8- and 12-division force, fig 2-3), under com- are normally used to distribute heavy vehicles and
mand and supervision of the transportation bri- cargo from railheads in the amy rear to consign-
gade (TOE 55-62), provides line haul motor ees in the local area. When no rail facilities are
transport support and, as required, local move- available, they may be used to transport heavy
ment of cargo and personnel to all users of the items from the army rear to the forward area.
motor transport service in the field army area.
For movements originating in a corps support bri- f. The transportation car company normally re-
gade area, this service is backup in nature and is mains under operational control of the transpor-
provided only when movement requirements tation brigade. It is provided an augmentation of
exceed the capability of the motor transport bat- one additional platoon by modified tables of or-
talion organic to the support brigade. By direction ganization and equipment (MTOE), and provides
of the army commander, motor transport units of local delivery of personnel and light cargo for the
the transportation brigade may be placed in direct field army rear and FASCOM headquarters. This
support of tactical units in the corps and division company may be equipped with sedans, 1/4 -ton
areas. trucks, 3/4-ton trucks, or a combination of these
vehicles.
b. The headquarters, transportation brigade, is
a planning and control organization; it coordi- g. The medium truck companies (petroleum)
nates the operations of its attached motor trans- are attached to the POL service for daily opera-
port battalions. The subordinate motor transport tions; they provide the motor transport capability
2-4 ArnI
FM 55-30
Trans Car co
bde (aug)
Mtr trans
bn
Lt-mdm Hv trk co
trk co
for moving bulk POL supplies in the field army b. The corps support brigade motor transport
service area. capability is normally employed within the corps
and division areas to carry out the movement re-
2-5. Motor Transport Service, quirements of the brigade. Companies of the
Corps Support Brigade motor transport battalion are dispersed
throughout the brigade area; they are located and
a. The motor transport service for corps (fig employed where they can best meet the require-
2-4) is under command and supervision of the ments of the brigade.
corps support brigade. It provides an area-wide
service in support of the brigade's supply and re- c. The motor transport battalion normally oper-
placement distribution mission and in support of ates on an area basis, providing motor transport
tactical operations when required. It also provides service as determined by the support brigade
both line haul motor transport and local delivery MCC in response to transport requirements. The
of personnel and cargo. support brigade MCC commits the transport capa-
' GO 200i 2-5
FM 5530
Corps
spt bde
Mtr trans
bn
Lt trk co
(5-T) Hv trk co
Lt-mdm Car co
trk co (aug)
bility of the motor transport battalion and, when support brigade commander. Companies not at-
movement requirements exceed the capabilities of tached to other units are retained under opera-
the battalion, requests motor transport support tional control of the battalion. Their transport ca-
from FASCOM through the FASCOM MCC. pability is committed by the movement control de-
d. The motor transport battalion exercises tachment for use by units having recurring, but
normal command over its subordinate units. It not constant, requirements for motor transport.
works closely with the MCC and the highway e. The car company attached to the motor trans-
traffic headquarters of the support brigade in port battalion provides taxi and light delivery
committing and routing battalion task vehicles. service for corps and brigade headquarters. It is
Companies of the battalion may be attached to provided an augmentation of two additional pla-
using organizations as determined by the corps toons by MTOE; one platoon is equipped with ten
2-6
FM 55-30
1/4-ton trucks and trailers and the other is b. The COSCOM motor transport service, under
equipped with ten 8/4 -ton trucks. command and supervision of the transportation
brigade, has generally the same mission with re-
f.are
attahe medium
to truckhe
POL service for daily opera spect to the corps that it supports that the motor
are attached to the POL service for daily opera: transport service, FASCOM, has with respect to
tions. They provide the transport capability for the army that it supports, with the following ex-
movement of bulk POL requirements in support ceptions:
of the corps.
(1) In a COSCOM, the transportation bri-
2-6. Motor Transport Service, gade provides a single transportation system
Corps Support Command (COSCOM), which includes elements of the three area trans-
Independent Corps portation systems (TASCOM, FASCOM, and sup-
a. When a COSCOM is formed to support an port brigade) normally found in a land mass
independent corps operation, a transportation bri- theater.
gade headquarters is required to provide trans- (2) In a COSCOM, the motor tranport serv-
portation support. Depending upon the particular ice includes provision for port clearance.
theater in which the COSCOM is employed, the
transportation brigade will command a variety of c. Operationally, the methods and proce-
transportation units. A type motor transport dures for providing motor transport support by
service, consisting of a motor transport group dures for providing mototr transport support by
with four attached motor transport battalions and the COSCOM motor transport service parallel
subordinate task units, is shown in figure 2-5. those of the FASCOM motor transport service.
Trans bde
25 4 1
Note: (1)Number and type of truck companies attached to each battalion depend on battalion mission.
121 Figures following each truck unit indicate total number of units assigned to force model; all units at TOE strength level 1.
FigureZ-5. Type motor transportservice, COSOM, independent corps.
traffic plan. These procedures from the basis for transport battalion, is to provide command and
orders issued to operating units. supervision to units engaged in all types of motor
(b) In fitting capabilities of assigned units transport such as direct support of tactical units,
to operational requirements, the group headquar- port or beach clearance, depot and terminal opera-
ters maintains close coordination with higher tions, and line hauls.
headquarters.Coordination is also necessary with b. Capabilities.The headquarters and headquar-
the following: ters detachment, motor transport battalion, is ca-
1. The supporting direct support group pable of commanding, supervising, and providing
in obtaining required supply and maintenance of administrative support for three to seven trans-
equipment. portation truck and/or tracked vehicle companies
2. The U.S. Army Strategic Communica- and attached or supporting services.
tions Command (Theater) in establishing commu- c. Functions.
nications. (1) 'The battalion headquarters is the com-
3. The military police support unit in mand group and includes the commander, his ex-
traffic control matters. ecutive and staff, and the :sergeant major. The
4. The engineer command for route in- headquarters detachment is the operations group
formation, construction, and maintenance. and includes the detachment headquarters and the
5. All supporting services in regard to administration and personnel, operations, supply,
location of depots, supply points, pipeline termi- maintenance, and communications sections. The
nals, access roads, to installations, and leading and headquarters detachment may be further aug-
unloading facilities and capabilities at supply in- mented for personnel administration purposes.
stallations. (2) The headquarters and headquarters de-
6. Civil affairs support units for required tachment, motor transport battalion, plans and
civilian personnel, facilities, and materiel. schedules tasks to conform with the overall move-
(c) The group headquarters has two rle- ment program and with operational requirements.
sponsibilities for training: assigned personnell are It supervises, coordinates, and assists subordinate
trained to perform their individual tasks, and the units in administration, supply, maintenance,
group supervises training of attached units. training, and communications.
d. Employment. The headquarters and head- (3) A principal type of operation performed
quarters detachment, motor transport group, is a by headquarters and headquarters detachment,
command unit for motor transport operations. motor transport battalion, is operation of a truck
When three or more groups are required, they terminal or trailer transfer point, or both; aug-
normally operate under a motor transport brigade mentation as required is provided by appropriate
or transportation brigade. A group headquarters teams from TOE 55-540 (para 2-18).
may be assigned responsibility for an entire line d. Employment. The headquarters and head-
haul or a segment thereof. quarters detachment, motor transport battalion, is
employed to provide centralized command, coordi-
2-9. Headquarters and Headquarters nation, and supervision to a number of operating
Detachment, Transportation Motor units in support of a single command, insta'lation,
Transport Battalion (TOE 55-16) or area. The type and number of companies at-
a. Mission. The mission of headquarters and tached to the battalion are varied to suit the oper-
headquarters detachment, transportation motor ation.
2-10. Task Vehicle Equipment is normally employed in local hauls for support of
The type of vehicles authorized by TOE 'to the interrelated activities and for distribution of sup-
task units (truck companies) of the motor trans- plies to using units, but it is also suitable for long
or
or line
line hauls
hauls when highways are
when highways poor or
are poor or when
when
port service for employment in logistical support
as follows: are
operations off-road operation may be required. It is more
rugged than commercial type vehicles of com-
a. Cargo Truck, 21/2 Ton. The 21 /2 -ton cargo parable capacity and has additional off-road capa-
truck is a standard military transport v.:hicle de- bility provided by all-wheel drive. Its on-road
signed to carry cargo, p'ersonnel, or equipment. It rated capacity is 5 tons; for off-road operation, the
AGO 20002A
hM 55-30
load should not exceed 21/2 tons. Troop seats are e. Gasoline Tank Semitrailer, 5,000-Gallon. The
provided in the cargo bed, giving the vehicle a 5,000-gallon gasoline tank semitrailer is designed
troop carrying capability of 20 combat-equipped for transportation of bulk fuel. Like the cargo
soldiers for a short haul. The truck is designed to semitrailer, it is towed by the 5-ton tractor and
tow the 11/2-ton cargo trailer, which may be can be towed over improved roads at speeds up to
loaded to a maximum of 21/4 tons. However, the 50 miles (80 kinm) per hour while carrying its full
loaded trailer should not be towed when off-road rated load. It can be towed at reduced speeds-up
operation is anticipated. When employed in troop to 25 miles (40 km) per hour-over unimproved
movement, the 11/2-ton cargo trailer is normally roads and trails of good trafficability while car-
used to carry baggage and equipment of the trans- rying 3,000 gallons of bulk fuel. Bulk handling of
ported troops. In local cargo hauls, the trailer is fuel saves time and manpower, and this method of
seldom used. transporting and dispensing fuels is used when-
ever the situation permits. Fuel transported in
b. Cargo Truck, 5-Ton. In size, design, and pur- transportation motor transport gasoline tank sem-
pose, the 5-ton cargo truck is similar to the 21/2- itrailers may be delivered to units on a trailer-ex-
ton truck, but the 5-ton truck is built with stur- change basis, transferred directly to user tank ve-
dier components throughout to carry heavier hicles, or transferred to supply point tanks. The
cargo loads and high-density cargo. It is organic 5,000-gallon tank semitrailers may be used as
to artillery and armored units to transport ammu- mobile stcrage facilities to augment supply point
nition and is assigned to transportation light stocks in emergencies. In addition, some models
truck companies primarily to meet ammunition may be used as mobile filling stations.
transportation requirements.
f. Semitrailer, Refrigerator Van, 71/2-Ton.
c. Semitrailer, Stake, 12-Ton. The 12-ton four- The refrigerator van is designed for moving per-
wheel, cargo semitrailer is designed to be towed ishable cargo or cargo requiring controlled tem-
by the 5-ton truck tractor or a similar vehicle peratures. It is towed by the 5-ton tractor and can
equipped with a fifth wheel. Highway speeds and be towed over improved roads at speeds up to 50
off-road capabilities are therefore almost ccm- miles (80 km) per hour while carrying its full
pletely dependent on the power and traction of the rated load. It can be towed at reduced speeds-up
tractor. The semitrailer is designed to be towed to 25 miles (40 km) per hour-over unimproved
over good hard-surfaced roads at speeds as high roads and trails of good trafficability while car-
as 50 miles (80 kilometers (km)) per hour, with rying a cargo load of up to 412 tons.
loads up to 18 tons; it can be towed over unim-
proved roads and trails or over opening rolling 2-11. Transportation Light Truck Company
terrain at speeds as high as 30 miles (48 km) per (22/2-ton, 5-ton) (TOE 55-17)
hour, with Icads up to 12 tons. In planning for
employment of this equipment, the truck tractor a. Organization. The transportation light truck
and semitrailer must be considered as a combina- company consists of a company headquarters, a
tion vehicle. This vehicle provides the most eco- maintenance section, and three truck platoons.
nomical means of motor transport for long hauls, Each truck platoon is organized with a platoon
particularly for trailer relay operations. headquarters and two truck squads (fig 2-6).
b. Equipment. Task equipment for the transpor-
d. Semitrailer, Tank Transporter, 5(-Ton, tation light truck company consists of 60 trucks
Eight-Wheel. The 50-ton tank transporter semi- (either 2½/2-ton or 5-ton), six of which are
trailer is designed primarily for on-road transpor- eqiped with winches, and sixty (60) 11/2-ton
tation of the main battle tank and other heavy, trailers. Eazh truck squad has 10 trucks. The com-
oversize, or tracked combat vehicles. It may also
be used to transport heavy engineer equipment adequate for perforganizational maint
and bulky, overweight, or outsize cargo. The 10- nance, communications equipment for command
ton truck tractor M123 is used as the towing ve-
and control, weapons for defense and security,
hicle. Towed speeds are limited to 26 miles (42
and mess equipment and other standard items of
) pr houron
opra- roads;
improvd issue for administration and operation of the unit
off-road
tion is not recommended. Because of the large size
and weight of this vehicle, careful coordination
through appropriate traffic headquarters is re- c. Capabilities.For planning purposes, and with
quired for highway movement. the unit at full strength, the capabilities of the
2-10
FM 55-30
Trans trk co
1'igure 2-6. Organizational chart, transportation light truck company (TOE 55-17), transportation
medium truck company (TOE 55-18), transportationheavy truck company (TOE 55-28).
transportation light truck company are figured on tions zone. In addition, they provide a general
the basis of 75-percent vehicle availability, four hauling service, as required, for terminal clear-
round trips daily for local hauls or two round ance, depot operations, and installation support.
trips daily for line hauls, and 4 short tons Light truck companies provide flexibility in the
(STON) of cargo per 21/2-ton truck or 6 STON choice of vehicles for specific tasks. Employment
per 5-ton truck. Passenger capacities are figured of 5-ton trucks is normally restricted to trans-
at 20 per truck for both 21/2 ton and 5-ton vehi- porting high-density cargo such as ammunition,
cles for short hauls or, for line hauls, 16 per 21/2- though personnel may be carried when necessary.
ton truck and 18 per 5-ton truck. Actual vehicle The 21/2-ton trucks are used in transporting ra-
availability varies with age and condition of as- tions and other low-density cargo and in carrying
signed task vehicles, state of training of the unit, personnel as required. The off-road mobility of
and effectiveness of the maintenance program. both light trucks may indicate their choice over
The number of trips daily varies with changes in the more economical, though less mobile, medium
the operational environment. Other factors in- trucks.
fluencing total daily lift capability of the company
are average cargo density, degree of cargo space 2-12. Transportation Medium Truck Company
utilization, availability of materials handling (Cargo) (Refrigerator) (TOE 55-18)
equipment at loading and unloading points, and
availability of vehicle fuels and lubricants. (cargo) is organized for the most economical
(cargo) is organized for the most economical
d. Employment. In a theater of operations, light highway movement of bulk dry cargo in theaters
truck companies are employed to fill commitments of operation. In an emergency, task equipment of
for movement of troops within the army area and the company can be employed for transporting
for local haul of supplies and ammunition; they personnel. Although the off-road operational mo-
also have the same missions in the communica- bility of the company is restricted by task vehicle
^% 11
FM 55-30
limitations, this advantage is offset by the corn- an economical on-road cargo carrier, its off-road
pany's one time lift capacity and its relay opera- capabilities may be greatly improved by substi-
tion capability. The transportation medium truck tuting desert tires. This additional traction for
company (cargo) is equipped with cargo semi- the prime mover and the increased flotation of
trailers when it is employed in its principal role of both tractor and semitrailer provide acceptable
transporting general cargo. This company may be off-road mobility for extended desert operations
equipped with refrigerator semitrailers to satisfy and for limited cross-country operations in other
specialized requirements for moving perishable areas.
subsistence and other cargo that require mainte- (2) The transportation medium truck com-
nance of prescribed temperature levels during pany (refrigerator) has the capability, based on 6
transport (FM 10-60). STON of cargo per refrigerator van, to transport
1,080 STON daily in local hauls or 540 STON
a. Organization. Both the cargo and the refrig-
daily in line hauls. This unit has no capability for
erator companies are organized with a company
headquarters, a maintenance section, and three
truck platoons. Each truck platoon consists of a d. Employment.
platoon headquarters and two truck squads (fig (1) The transportation medium truck com-
2-6). pany (cargo) is employed in a theater of opera-
tions for economical transportation of bulk dry
cargo in line haul operations from initial points of
(1) The transportation medium truck com-
pany (cargo) is authorized sixty 5-ton truck trac-
army area as possible. In the army area, medium
tors and sixty 12-ton cargo semitrailers. Units en-
truck companies operate from army rear to gen-
gaged in semitrailer relay operations may be au-
thorized an additional 60 semitrailers by the
eral support and direct support activities in the
theater commander. corps areas as a part of the system operated by
the transportation brigade. This system is coordi-
(2) The transportation medium truck com- nated with interzonal transportation elements of
pany (refrigerator) is authorized sixty 5-ton trac-
the communications zone and complements the
trailersand sixty 7/to refrigerator va semi motor transport capabilities of support brigades
trailers.
and units of other armywide services.
(3) Tool sets and maintenance equipment for
(2) The transportation medium truck com-
organizational maintenance, communications
pany (refrigerator) is employed wherever re-
equipment for command and control, weapons for
equipmet
d adfr c c l w s quired to transport perishable cargo. It may also
security and defense, mess equipment, and other be used to transport cargo requiring controlled
standard items necessary for administration and como
operation in the field are authorized by tables of
organization
or and
substi-
equipment.
Additional
nents, ADP equipment, and like items). Such em-
organization and equipment. Additional or substi- ployment may involve local and/or line hauls.
tute equipment indicated by operational condi-
tions
tions may
may be
be authorizned
authorized by
by the
the theater
theater conmd-
com- Off-road operations of this unit are generally lim-
ited to areas of good traffcability.
mander.
c. Capabilities. For planning purposes, the ca- 2-13. Transportation Medium Truck
pabilities of the companies are figured on the Company (Petroleum) (TOE 55-18)
basis of 75-percent vehicle availability, four round
trips daily for local hauls or two round trips daily a. Organizati The transportation medium
(one per 10-hour shift) for line hauls; the units truck company (petroleum) is organized with a
company headquarters, a maintenance section,
are considered tro be rat full strength. and three truck platoons, each with a platoon
(1) The transportation
medium truck com- headquarters and two truck squads (fig 2-6). In
pany (cargo) has the capability, based on 12
pany (fcargo) has the capabilrty, based on 12 personnel assignment and strength, it is identical
STON of cargo per semitrailer or 50 passengersthe transportation medium truck company
per semitrailer (emergency only), to transport (cargo).
2,160 STON daily in local hauls or 1,080 STON
daily in line hauls; personnel transport capabili- b. Equipment. The transportation medium
ties are 9,000 personnel daily in local hauls or truck company (petroleum) is authorized sixty
4,500 personnel daily in line hauls. Although the 5,000-gallon gasoline tank semitrailers with sixty
combination task vehicle is normally considered 5-ton truck tractors as prime movers. In addition,
2-12
FM 55-30
the company is authorized tool sets and mainte- tical in the field army, whether by truck, pipeline,
nance equipment for organizational maintenance, or other means. Tankage is erected in the army
communications equipment for command and con- area to receive and store this product. Transpor-
trol, mess equipment, weapons for security and tation medium truck companies (petroleum) make
defense, and standard items necessary for admin- bulk delivery from the tank storage areas to the
istration and operation in the field. supply points operated by general and direct sup-
c. Capabi.lities. Planning capabilities of the port units in the corps, areas, to direct support
transportation medium truck company (petro- units in the army service area, and to Division/
Separate Brigade.
leum), with the unit at full strength, are based on
the assumption of 75-percent vehicle availability,
four round trips daily for local hauls or two round 2-14. Transportation Light-Medium Truck
trips daily (one per 10-hour shift) for line hauls, Company (TOE 5567)
and 5,000 gallons of liquid cargo per semitrailer. The transportation light-medium truck company
On this basis, assuming the company to be at full is essentially a light truck company (21/ 2 -ton
strength, it is capable of moving 900,000 gallons trucks) augmented by one medium truck squad
of fuel per lay in local hauls and 450,000 gallons (5-ton tractors with 12-ton semitrailers). This
in line hauls. Extended off-road operations cannot augmentation provides the company with an or-
be considered for the company unless trafficability ganic capability to provide transportation for all
is unusually good. classes of supply, except bulk class III, within the
d. Employment. In normal operations, the army area in combat support and combat service
transportation medium truck company (petro- support operations.
leum) is employed in the line haul transport of a. Organization
dium truck companyThe transportation
is organized with a light-me-
company
bulk fuel from initial points of entry into a headqu rs, a maintenance section,
headquarters, a maintenance section, and and three
three
theater to points in the communications zone and truck platoons: two light truck platoons, of two
the army area, based on the overall POL distribu- light truck squads each, and one light-medium
tion plan for the theater. The supply and mainte- truck platoon, which is a three-squad platoon with
nance command, theater army support command, two light truck squads and one medium truck
forwards bulk POL to the farthest points prac- squad (fig 2-7).
Trans
It-mdi trk co
Lt-mdm
I
Co hq Lt trk plat I l Maint sec
trk plat
_
MdmIrk
Plat hq Lt trk sqd Plat hq Lt trk sqd T r
sqd
b. Equipment. The transportation light-medium ties of the company are also used in moving heavy
truck company is authorized sixty 21/2 ton trucks engineer equipment and overweight, bulky gen-
with sixty 11/2 -ton cargo trailers and ten 5-ton eralcargo.
truck tractors with twenty 12-ton semitrailers as
a. Organization.The company is organized with
task equipment. In addition to its task equipment,
a company headquarters, a maintenance section,
the company is authorized vehicles and equipment truck platoons, each having a platoon
to carry out the functions of command, control, headquarters and two truck squads (fig 2-6).
organizational maintenance, supply, mess, and ad-
ministration. b. Equipment. Major task equipment authorized
the transportation heavy truck company by TOE
c. Capabilities. The light-medium truck com-
55-28 consists of 24 tank transporter semitrailers
any has the total lift capability of the light truck 5528 consists of 24 tank transporter semitrailers
and 24 truck tractors. The 10-ton truck tractor
company (21/2-ton), plus that of one medium authorized is equipped with dual winches of
truck squad. The authorization of truck tractors
suitable capacity to load disabled combat vehicles
and semitrailers in the ratio of 1 to 2 gives thee it i
onto the semitrailer without the assistance of
unit a trailer relay capability or a limited capa-
bility of mobile storage. The assignment of two other equipment. The eight-wheel, 50-ton tank
transporter semitrailer is designed to facilitate
drivers for each task vehicle provides the unit the loading and transport of either operable or
with a capability for around-the-clock operations
inoperable main battle tanks. Axle loadings are
10-hour shifts).
10-hour
(twod(two shifts). For
planning purposes,
For planning purposes, distributed to permit movement over standard im-
based on the assumption of 75-percent vehicle p
availability with the unit at full strength (eight proved highways a towed speed for
llowable the
12-ton stake and platform semitrailers available),
this company can transport 276 STON of general loaded combination is 26 miles (42 km) per hour
on improved roads. The size and weight of the
cargo in one lift. For local hauls based on four . Ts s a
round trips daily transporting cargo, or six round loaded vehicle and ts speed lmtatons restrict it
normal use to the specific purposes for which it
trips daily transporting personnel, it can move
was designed. In addition to the task vehicles de-
1,104 STON of cargo or 7,800 personnel. In line
scribed, the company is authorized vehicles and
haul operations, based on two trips daily, it can equipment necessary to the functions of command
transport 552 STON of cargo or 2,600 personnel. equipment necessary to the functions of command,
control, maintenance, supply, mess, and adminis-
d. Employment. The transportation light-me- tration.
dium truck company provides a flexible responsive
motor transport unit used primarily to move dry
motor transport unit used primarily to move dry unit at full strength, the capabilities of the trans-
This requirement is met by the six light
cargo. portation heavy truck company are figured on the
truck (21/2-ton) squads in the company. The in- basis of 75-percent vehicle availability, four round
corporation of the medium squad with its tractor- trips daily for local hauls or two round trips daily
trailer combination vehicles meets the limited re-
trips daily for local hauls or two round trips daily
in line hauls, and 40 STON of cargo per vehicle.
quirements for line haul transport in the assigned This provides a capability of 2,880 STON of
areas of responsibility. This medium truck squad cargo, or tanks or similar vehicles, per day for
may also be employed in short hauls for econom-
cargo, or tanks or similar vehicles, per day for
short hauls, and 1,440 STON of like cargo per day
ical transport of larger bulk shipments. Light-me- in line hauls. Highway alinement (both in curva-
in line hauls. Highway alinement (both in curva-
dium truck companies in the transportation bri-
dium truck companies in the transportation bri- ture and grades) and usable road widths influence
gade are employed as utility motor transport in the performance of company task elements. The
the performance of company task elements. The
performing the brigade mission and eracapabilities
in rein- of the heavy truck squad are propor-
forcing the direct support and general support tionate to its authorization of personnel and
group transport capability as required.ment.
tionate to its authorization of personnel and
2-14
FM 55-30
employed when there is a requirement for on-road (2) The airborne corps car company is orga-
movement of heavy-lift or outsize equipment. nized with a company headquarters, a mainte-
nance section, and three operating platoons: a
2-16. Transportation Car Company, parachute platoon, an airborne composite platoon,
Support Command, or Airborne and an airborne 3/4-ton truck platoon. Each pla-
Corps (TOE 55-19) toon consists of a platoon headquarters and two
squads of the appropriate type task vehicles (fig.
anyis
any is provided
provided with
with aa highly
highly flexible
flexible organizea
organiza- 2-8. The task vehicles of the parachute platoon
bion to meet a variety of requirements. are 1/4-ton trucks, each with a 1/-ton trailer.
bion
to meet varidety of requirements.o
(1) The asupport command car company is or-
Those of the airborne composite platoon are 50
ganized with a company headquarters, a mainte- percent /4-ton trucks with /4ton trailers and
nance section, and three operating platoons: a 50 percent 3/t-ton cargo trucks, and those of the
airborne 3/4-ton truck platoon are 3/4-ton cargo
sedan platoon, a lA-ton truck platoon, and a 4 trucks. In support of airborne operations, the par-
ton truck platoon. Each platoon consists of a pla- achute platoon is normally employed with the
boon
boon headquarters
headquarters and two squads
squads of
and two of the
the ap-
ap- drop elements and landed by parachute; the other
propriate type task vehicles (fig 2-8). The com- two platoons are moved to the airhead with the
pany is equipped with three basic vehicle types:
follow-up elements and are air landed. All per-
the sedan platoon with light five-passenger sedans; sonnel in the parachute platoon are jump-quali-
the 1/4-ton truck platoon with 1/4 -ton trucks, 50 fled.
percent of which have 1/4 -ton trailers; and the
3/4 -ton truck platoon with 3/4,-ton cargo trucks. b. Equipment. The task vehicles authorized the
Each is capable of satisfying the requirements of transportation car company are commercial type
a different type of situation. When all three items sedans, 1/4-ton trucks and trailers, and 3/4-ton
of equipment are represented in the company, it is trucks. The vehicle mix, by either company or pla-
capable of performing three types of missions: toon, may vary to meet a specific operational envi-
cathpae
the sedanof gives
perforthe companyi
company the
the capability
capability of
of ronment; for example, tactical vehicles for a tac-
transporting military personnel over improved trfficab or
ilitysedans for a headquarters
trafficability or sedans for a headquarters in a
in a
roads in an extensive area; the /4-ton truck is a better developed and less vulnerable area. The
command and reconnaissance vehicle suitable for company is also authorized tool sets and equip-
cross-country work; the 3/4-ton truck has a cargo ment adequate for performing organizational
and personnel-carrying capability in addition to maintenance, communications equipment for com-
that of command and reconnaissance. When one mand and control, weapons for defense and secu-
bype of mission is likely to be predominant, the rity, and mess equipment and other standard
company may be organized and equipped accord- items of issue for administration and operation of
ingly. the unit in the field.
Trans car co
Co
q prcht plMaint sec abn om abn %-T trk
plat plat
Pla~t
Sedan or
hqprcht sqd
~-T
plat hq
tr or
abn comp Flat hq
-Ttrk or
3
abn -T trk
sqd sqd
2-15
FM 55-30
c. Capabilities.A sedan platoon of the transpor- vehicles carrying their rated capacity. When the
tation car company can transport 75 people in one transportation car company is organized for an
lift. A platoon equipped with l/4-ton trucks and airborne corps, the parachute platoon has the ca-
trailers can transport 45 personnel and 21/2 tons pability of being landed by parachute or aircraft.
of baggage or small-size supplies, or 61/4 tons of d. Employment. The transportation car com-
small-size supplies and cargo, mail, or light com-
modities, in one lift. A platoon equipped with 3/a,- cargo by motor vehicles. The unit is employed in
ton trucks can transport 111/4 tons of cargo or
120
120 people
people in
in one
one lift.
lift. A
A composite
composite platoon
platoon com-
com- both the communications zone and the field army
posed of ten 1/ 4-ton trucks and trailers and ten area. When employed in the communications zone,
8/4-ton trucks (designated the airborne platoon in in addition to being attached to the transportation
the airborne organization) can transport 82 per- command, one is also attached to each area sup-
sonnel and 71/2 tons of baggage or small-size sup- port command. When employed in the field army
plies, or 10 tons of small-size supplies and cargo, area, car companies are attached to the transpor-
mail, or light commodities, in one lift. With the tation brigades and the corps support brigades. In
unit at full strength, all capabilities are computed a corps support command, independent corps, the
on a 75-percent availability of vehicles with all the unit is attached to a motor transport battalion.
2-17. Headquarters and Headquarters are organized and equipped to provide transporta-
Company, Transportation Brigade tion for unit distribution of all classes of supply
(TOE 55-62) except class V, to transport division reserve sup-
a. Mission. The mission of headquarters and plies for which the unit is responsible, to furnish
headquarters company,
headquarters company, transportation
transportation brigade,
brigade, isis vehicles required for displacing division head-
to command and control air transport, motor quarters and the division administration com-
pany,
pany, and to supplement
transport, terminal transfer, and transportation andto supplement transport
transport means
means avail-
avail-
~~~~~movement units.
movement units. ~able to other elements of the division.
b. Capabilities.The headquarters and headquar- 2-19. Cellular Units
ters company, transportation brigade, is capable a. Transportation Motor Transport Teams
of- (TOE 55-540). Motor transport teams as listed
(1) Commanding, planning, and supervising are contained in TOE 55-540: GA, car squad; GB,
the activities of two to seven transport groups or bus squad; GC, heavy truck squad; GD, light truck
the equivalent in transport battalions and compa- squad; GE medium truck squad; GF, trailer
nies. transfer point operations; GG, highway regu-
(2) Providing highway regulation service lating point. These teams may be attached to
within the field army area. higher echelon units or may operate independ-
c. Reference. For a detailed discussion of the ently.
transportation brigade, see FM 55-6-1 (Test). b. Composite Service Organization (TOE
29-500). Composite service organization teams
2-18S. Transportation Motor with varying capabilities and personnel strengths
_1...._
Transport Dl Units are contained in TOE 29-500. Mess detachments
and automotive maintenance detachments are
Transportation motor transport companies are used to augment a motor transport unit, as re-
employed in supply and transport missions in di- quired, when the unit is engaged in round-the-
visional units. These motor transport companies clock operations.
2-16
FM 55-30
CHAPTER 3
3-1
FM 5530
(2) Escorts. Escorts may be provided to ac- c. Special Markings on Vehicles. In addition to
company a column or convoy to assist its movement the markings described in b above, standard
and to protect it from interference. Escorts may markings are prescribed for vehicles that require
consist of military police (FM 19-25), civilian easy identification.
police, or other personnel assigned to accompany (1) Vehicles carrying general officers may be
the column through congested areas or areas of marked with the appropriate conventional symbol
possible traffic conflict; of armed guards, ground on a plate attached to the right end of the front
troops, or armed aircraft to protect the movement bumper (AR 746-5). Flags indicating the rank of
from sabotage, guerrilla activity, or enemy general officers may also be flown.
action; or of any required combination of the (2) Armed Forces police vehicles and mili-
foregoing. tary police vehicles are marked prominently in ac-
(3) Patrols. Under organization control cordance with the provisions of AR 746-5.
(para 4-1), patrol duties are performed by per- (3) Ambulances and other vehicles provided
sonnel detailed from the unit making the move. exclusively for medical purposes are marked in
Under area control (para 4-1), patrol duties are conformity with AR 746-5.
usually performed by area military police. Patrols (4) Vehicles of bomb disposal units have all
facilitate movements in accordance with the mudguards (fenders) painted red.
traffic plan and the schedules prescribed by higher
(5) A plain red flag flown from any vehicle
authority or by the traffic headquarters having indicates danger.
indicates danger.
area jurisdiction.
(6) Any commander having area responsi-
bility may prescribe a marking to be displayed on
3-4. Control Identification of Vehicles the front and rear of a vehicle which shows that it
It is desirable to mark or otherwise designate has priority over other vehicles. This marking is
vehicles of the column for control purposes. Such valid only in the area of the commander author-
identification is subject to local conditions and is izing it. It is an equilateral triangle of red border
usually specified in standing operating proce- lines on a white background; a red symbol inside
dures. Marking should be kept to a minimum con- the triangle indicates the commander authorizing
sistent with its need in column control. Tempo- the priority.
rary markings should be easily removable.
3-5. Column Communication
a. Cloth Control Indicators. Command and con-
trol vehicles of each element of a column are indi- Adequate communications within a column is
cated by flags approximately 12 by 18 inches (30 essential to effective command and control. Unit
by 45.7 centimeters) in size. The leaCing vehicle standing operating procedure may designate the
carries a blue flag; the rear vehicle, a green flag; various means of communication and their use
and the vehicle of the commander, a white and under specific circumstances. The operation order
black flag (STANAG 2154, app H). Flags are (STANAG 2041, app E) specifies security limita-
mounted on the left side of the vehicle except tions. Methods of intracolumn communication in-
where vehicles are driven on the left side of the dude the following:
road, in which case flags are mounted on the right a. Visual Signals. Vis-al signals (FM 21-60)
side. are most commonly used for column control. These
may be arm-and-hand, flashlight, or flag signals.
b. Numbering of Vehicles. They may be given directly by the commander to
(1) The number assigned to a movement the entire march unit or may be relayed from ve-
serial (STANAG 2154, app H) is marked on the hicle to vehicle as in the case of standard driver's
front and on both sides of each vehicle in the signals.
serial. The marking must be clearly visible from
b. Audio Signals. Audio signaling is used
mainly in cnjunction with other
the ground and must not conceal other prescribed mainly in conjunction with other means
means of
of sig-
sig-
markings. naling for column control. Whistles or horns are
(2) When aircraft are used for column con- used to attract attention, to warn personnel of
trol, approximately every fourth vehicle in the further transmission of commands, and to spread
column should have the movement number alarms. Voice commands and verbal messages are
marked on the hood for visibility from the air. classed as audio signals and are used when the
3-4
FM 55-30
situation permits. Aircraft equipped with loud- messages between FM radios on the ground in ter-
speakers may be used in audio signaling. rain that restricts direct communication.
c. Radio communication. When communication d. Other Methods. Sign messages, written on a
security permits and when vehicles are adequately board and posted along the route or displayed by a
equipped, radio is the principal means of commu- guide in view of oncoming vehicles, are often used
nication during a march. Radio provides the most to pass instructions to the moving column.
rapid transmission of orders and messages be- Written messages may be delivered by guides
tween widely separated elements of a column. Its along the rcute or by messengers. The use of air-
use is generally specified in orders, in the unit craft is practical and effective for delivering mes-
standing operating procedures, and in signal oper- sages and for transporting control personnel to
ations instructions. Aircraft may be used to relay locations along a congested route.
CHAPTER 4
4-1. Types of Control the route by small units, although access to the
route may be regulated as necessitated by the
a. Organizational Control. Organizational con- traffic situation.
trol is always exercised during motor move- (3) A dispatch route is a route over which
ments. This control is the responsibility of the full control, both as to priorities of use and regu-
commander of the organization or unit using the lated movement of traffic in time and space, is
road. Organizational control insures observance of exercised. A movement credit is required for the
rules of the road, traffic laws and regulations, movement of any vehicle or group of vehicles.
speeds, spacing, routing, schedules, discipline en Normally, a high degree of area control is re-
route and at halts, and local security measures. quired in addition to organizational control.
b. Area Control. Area control is a responsibility (4) A reserved route is a controlled route set
of the commander having area jurisdiction. This aside for the exclusive use of a designated unit or
function 'is normally planned, implemented, and a specified type of traffic. When a route is reserved
supervised by the appropriate traffic headquarters for a designated unit, the commander of the unit
for highway regulation and by the area military decides the degree of regulation and control that
police for traffic control. Area control is superim- will be exercised. In addition to organizational
posed on organizational control. It is employed control, military police traffic control may be re-
only to the extent necessary to assure orderly and quired to deny the use of the route to unauthor-
effective movement of vehicles over the highway ized traffic.
system. (5) A prohibited route or a prohibited section
of route is one over which traffic is prohibited.
4-2. Control Classification of b. Classifications in addition to those outlined
Highway Routes above used in NATO operations are contained in
a. Highway routes are classified according to STANAG 2151 (app G).
the degree of control demanded. The following
classification of highway routes has been made for 4-3. Methods of Movement
military operations., A fundamental for column command and control
(1) An open route is one over which min- is the selection of a method of movement suitable
imum control is exercised. No movement credit to the situation and the degree of control neces-
(STANAG 2154, app H) is required for the use of sary. In many instances, the formation of columns
an open route. Supervision is normally limited to or convoys may be impractical owing to the need
military police traffic control at critical intersec- for dispersion or for avoiding interference with
tions, enforcement of standard traffic laws and other traffic over a specific route. In other cases,
regulations, and provision of necessary sign and individual dispatch may not provide the security,
highway markings. control, or unit integrity required to perform the
(2) A supervised route requires limited con- assigned military mission. The commander must
trol by a central traffic authority (highway traffic decide which method is best for the mission and
headquarters). Traffic control is provided by mili-
tary police traffic control posts and patrols. A tuaton. The three basic methods of movement
movement credit is required for any column of 10
or more vehicles or for any vehicle of exceptional a. Close Column.
size or weight. Usually, no prior correlation of (1) In close column operations, each vehicle
individual march schedules is necessary for use of in a march unit follows the vehicle ahead at a
AGO 20002A 4-1
FM 55-30
distance sufficient only to ensure against accident. between vehicles in the overall plan is determined
This distance is usually governed by a speedom- initially by the rate at which the vehicles are dis-
eter multiplier, but the casual "follow me" method patched. Thereafter, speeds and distances are reg-
is sometimes used. When this is done, drivers are ulated by individual drivers in conformity with
instruded to follow the vehicle ahead as closely as operating instructions. Deception for the purpose
safe driving practices allow (TM 21-305). The of preventing disclosure of a movement to enemy
minimum distance between vehicles (gap), is observers may be provided by intermingling var-
specified and a maximum speed is prescribed for ious types of vehicles and by permitting passing
vehicles regaining lost distances. The head of the within the column. When more than one movement
column maintains its position en route by means is taking place over the same route at the same
of a time schedule or a minimum gap from the time, it is desirable to coordinate the rate of dis-
rear of the preceding unit. The at-halt gap be- patch to achieve dispersion. Movements are super-
tween vehicles and elements is determined by the vised by regulation and control personnel sta-
tactical situation and traffic conditions and may be tioned along the route.
prescribed in the operation order. (1) Infiltration provides the best possible
(2) Close column formation facilitates passive defense against hostile observation and
column control and intra-column communication, attack. Under light traffic conditions, movement
and during daylight hours fewer guides, escorts, of individual vehicles is not materially affected by
and route markers are needed. Close column is other vehicles on the road. Individual vehicles
generally used in blackout operations and in oper- may travel at higher speeds. Cross traffic may
ations over poorly marked routes when visual con- move with less interference since traffic density is
tact between vehicles is essential. light. The use of this method permits movement of
a unit over a route on which traffic is too heavy
(3) Close column formations do not provide for the entire unit to move at one time.
dispersion for passive defense against enemy ob-
servation and attack. The strength and type of march is greater than that of any other type of
organization are readily apparent to hostile obser-
vation. Careful scheduling and rigid control of vement. Because of extended distances between
traffic are
traffic are necessary to
to assure
necessary
assure that
that vehicles
vehicles do
do not
not vehicles,
re movinginternal control is difficult.
simultaneously over theIfsame
other route,
units
arrive at destinations more rapidly than they can are moving simultaneously over the same route,
be handled without congestion and to avoid vehicles may become bunched, thus preventing
blocking of intersections. In close column opera- dispersion. Because of minimum control, tactical
tions, the use of the route by other traffic is se- employment of a unit moved by infiltration may
verely limited. be difficult or impossible until the movement is
completed.
b. Open Column. In open column operations,
distances between vehicles are increased to effect
dispersion. In areas vulnerable to enemy action or
under difficult operating conditions, adequate dis- a. The responsibility for good march discipline
persion may be ensured by prescribing traffic den- begins with the vehicle driver. Each driver is re-
sity in orders. An open column formation in- sponsible for observing the proper vehicle dis-
creases the degree of passive protection against tance and speed, for safety precautions, for per-
hostile observation and attack. It permits greater formance of prescribed at-halt maintenance, and
highway speeds with safety. The open column per- for strict compliance with standing operating
mits greater flexibility in highway use, both in procedures and specific orders governing the
planning movements and in making adjustments marche
to meet changes in the tactical situation. It per-
mits concurrent use of highways by traffic moving b. Serial and march unit commanders exercise
at various speeds. general supervision over their units. They are re-
sponsible for maintaining the proper position of
c. Infiltration. In infiltration operations, vehi- their elements within a larger column and for car-
cles are usually dispatched individually, in small rying out the orders of the column ander.
groups, or at irregular intervals, at a rate that
will keep the average traffic density down and pre- c. Commanders in a convoy or column are re-
vent undue massing of vehicles. Average distance sponsible for their units. This responsibility be-
i4-2
4-2 AGO 20002A
FM 55-30
comes broader and more general at each higher are normally made after each 2 hours of running
level of command. time. During extreme cold weather on marches of
more than 4 hours, halts should be made every
4-5. Start Point (SP) hour.
(2) Mess and refueling halts are generally
a. A start point is a well-defined point on a
route at which a movement of vehicles begins to :/i to I hour. When there is a requirement to
permit others to pass, a mess and refueling halt
be
control
underthe
of the commander of the should be scheduled to coincide with the passing,
movement. It is at this point that the column is
thus using necessary delay advantage.
formed by the successive passing, at the appointed thus using necessary delay to
to advantage.
(3) To maintain proper gaps between serials,
time, of each element composing the column. In it is desirable that all elements halt at the same
addition to the principal start point of a column, time. In implementation of this principle,
there may be a secondary start points for its dif- STANAG 2154 (app H) states that all columns
ferent elements (STANAG 2154, app H). STANAG 2154 (app H) states that all columns
following the same itinerary will stop at the same
b. Scheduling of the movement is based on the time, following orders given by the authority re-
start point. Necessary adjustments to compensate sponsible for regulating traffic in the area.
for unforeseen delays or changes are made at this b. Locations for scheduled halts should be se-
point. On dispatch routes, the start point is used lected in advance, specifically ordered, and plotted
as the position to check various convoys onto the on road movement graphs. These selections may
route. be prescribed by higher authority, made tenta-
tively by map reference, or made by the recon-
4-6. Release Point (RP) naissance party. On dispatch routes, rest halt
A release point is a clearly defined point on a route areas or highway regulation points (FM 55-10)
at which specified elements of a column or convoy may include facilities for messing, refueling, and
of vehicles revert to the control of their respective maintenance if warranted by the situation.
commanders. In addition to the principal release c. To maintain traffic flow that takes maximum
point of a column, there may be secondary release advantage of the road capacity of a route, provision
points for the various elements (STANAG 2154, is made for the safe passing of halted columns by
app H). Although release points are generally individual vehicles or other columns under certain
considered to be located at or near the end of a conditions as indicated in STANAG 2154 (app
route, they may be established at any point along H).
an established convoy route where vehicles will
leave the route. Release points should be so located res A
that vehicles leaving the established convoy route
have easy access to existing road nets and may a. If an
column doesaccident
not stopoccurs, the Immediate
main part assist-
of the
to assist.
clear the convoy route without delay or conges- column does not stop to assist. Immediate assrst-
ance required for injured personnel is rendered by
tion. Where applicable, reconnaissance and orga-
nization
nization of the area,ofallocation
area, the
allocation of
of areas
areas to
to specific
specific personnel of the next following vehicle. Other ve-
elements, selection and preparation of routes, and hides to the rear pull around the accident. If the
posting of guides or signing of roads must be accident blocks the route, every effort is made to
clear
clear the
the route
route and
and to
made before arrival of the column or convoy. to continue
continue the
the march.
march. The
The
madebefore
)arrivalof tecunrovyfirst officer or noncommissioned officer to arrive at
the scene takes charge, supervising emergency aid
Halts,4aec. 1.; ~ o"---/ and directing traffic until the trail officer, medical
a. Halts are made for rest, personnel comfort officer, or other competent assistance arrives. The
and relief, messing, refueling, maintenance and trail officer, aided by medical and maintenance
inspection of equipment, allowing other traffic to personnel, normally supervises and directs care of
pass, and adjustment of operational schedules. the injured, salvage or disposition of vehicles, and
The time and duration of halts are usually pre- clearance of the route.
scribed in orders from higher headquarters, espe- b. Normally, all accidents resulting in injury to
cially if there is radio silence of if intracolumn an individual or animal or in damage to property
kommunication is inadequate. are reported without delay to the column com-
(1) A halt of 15 minutes is made at the end mander or designated staff officer and to the mili-
of the first hour; thereafter, halts of 10 minutes tary police of the nearest military installation.
AGO 2000PA 4-
FM 55-30
c. Most civil governments require that police be procedure, or applicable agreements between mili-
summoned in cases of motor vehicle accidents. tary and civil authorities. For further informa-
The Army cooperates with civil authorities in the tion, see FM 19-25.
United States and friendly countries in such mat-
ters. e. If disabled vehicles are abandoned, destruct
d. Accident investigation agencies are sum- procedures (STANAG 2113, app F) as established
moned according to current instructions. Policies in local standing operating procedures or direc-
on investigation of accidents may be modified by tives, will be implemented to deny use of the aban-
the tactical situation, the area standing operating doned equipment to hostile forces.
CHAPTER 5
MOVEMENT OF PERSONNEL
5-1. General the troops being transported (troop commander)
retains full command of his troops and issues any
Since it is normally desirable that troop units beary to conform to and implement
kept together and that
kept together andthth their supplies and equip-
eir supplies and equip- . n
those issued by the convoy commander concerning
ment move with them, motor columns trans- schedules, march discipline, and operation of the
porting personnel are often larger than supply convoy. When combat troops are being trans-
convoys, which may more readily operate as small ported and a tactical emergency arises, the com-
march units or serials. However, for control, col-
umns of a troop movement are easily separated g g
rank, assumes command of the convoy and issues
into march units corresponding to the smaller rank, assumes
such orders as may be necessary to meetand
command of the convoy the issues
emer-
units making up the troop organization. For a
further discussion of movement of personnel, see gency. He controls actions of the convoy operating
~~~~TM 55-310.~~personnel through the convoy commander, who
acts as his technical adviser in such matters.
(4) Since tactical movements are, in general,
5-2. Command movements to contact and since the success of the
a. Personnel movements by motor vehicle in- operation may depend upon the rapid and
elude those made in vehicles organic to the unit efficient tactical deployment of troops, the com-
being transported, those made by truck units of mander of combat troops commands the tactical
the motor transport service which are attached to movement regardless of whether it is made in or-
the unit being transported, and those made by ganic vehicles or in direct support vehicles. If a
truck units operating as part of the general transportation unit is supporting the operation,
hauling service provided by the motor transport the commander of this unit acts as a subordinate
service in direct support of the unit being trans- commander and transportation adviser to the tac-
ported. tical commander.
b. It is essential that the functions and'restric- (5) The senior officer or noncommissioned of-
tions applicable to each unit involved in a troop ficer of the troops in each truck commands the
movement-the unit being transported and the personnel transported in that truck. He is respon-
truck unit furnishing the transportation-be sible for their discipline and for their compliance
clearly delineated and that command responsibil- with existing convoy regulations and other
ities for conduct of the movement be understood standing operating procedures.
and observed. (6) The driver of a vehicle, or the senior of-
(1) When a unit is being transported in its ficer or noncommissioned officer of the operating
organic vehicles, the troop commander has full personnel, is responsible for safe operation of that
command of both the personnel being transported vehicle and compliance with operating instruc-
and those operating the vehicles. tions.
(2) The commanding officer of a unit to (7) In individually dispatched vehicles, the
which a truck unit has been attached by proper senior passenger is responsible for insuring that
authority exercises command over the truck unit the driver obeys laws, regulations, and instruc-
through its commanding officer. tions.
(3) When a truck unit is not attached to the c. When casual troops are being transported
unit that it is transporting but is providing the and a tactical emergency arises, the senior officer
direct support required, command of the convoy present and eligible will, in the absence of any
and of each serial or march unit remains with the other instructions, assume command of the convoy
truck unit commander and his representatives at and the troops being transported and issue any
their respective levels. The commanding officer of orders necessary to meet the emergency.
AGO 2002DA -1
-1
FM 55-30
AGO OOQ2A
FM 55-30
CHAPTER 6
a. Direct Haul. A direct haul carries out a pled from their prime movers, and loaded aboard
single transport mission in one trip and involves ship. Upon arrival at an oversea area, these
no transfer of supplies or exchange of equipment. trailers are unloaded from the ship and moved to
It is normally limited to local hauls during the destination by highway.
initial stages of an operation before transfer or
exchange points have been set up and when it may
exchange points have been set up and when it may for both tactical and strategic mobility of troops
be desirable to expedite forward movements. Inof
line haul operations, direct hauls of extended du-by air
ration greatly tax drivers and equipment and
often result in loss of control by the unit. of motor vehicles loaded with high-priority cargo
has become possible. This allows immediate distri-
b. Shuttle. The simple shuttle is accomplished bution of these critical supplies on landing.
by repeated trips made by the same vehicles be-
tween two specified points. 6-5. Terminal (Beach, Port, and Air)
c. Relay. Relay hauling is the continuous move- Clearance
ment of supplies or troops over successive seg- Water terminals used by oversea command may be
ments of a route without transfer of load. It is existing commercial ports, or they may be unde-
accomplished by change of drivers, powered ve- velcped beaches. Terminal clearance is a major
hides (tractors), or both, for each segment. This factor in successful terminal operation. As it per-
method is most commonly employed in line hauls. tains to motor transport operations, terminal
The relay system, employing tractor-semitrailer clearance is the clearing of cargo from the
combinations, is the most efficient method of line immediate vicinity of a port or beach area to
haul motor transport operation in areas with a permit continuous unloading of ships otherwise
well-developed road network not subject to hostile hampered by backlogs of supplies within the area.
interference and when a one-way haul cannot be Moving cargo away from the terminal is most im-
completed in one day. Unitization of cargo in- portant during peak periods of operation. The op-
creases the effectiveness of this system and exploits erations section of the terminal battalion or ter-
the capacities and tonnage capabilities of the task minal group operating the terminal is responsible
equipment. In addition to rapid through movement for cargo clearance. A motor transportation of-
of loads, the system provides command supervi- ficer assists in planning and coordinating the use
sion and supporting services for segments of the of motor transportation in support of terminal
route. (For detailed discussion of relay operation, clearance (FM 55-55-1 (Test)). He assists in
see para 7-6). planning and setting up the circulation net and
regulates the flow of vehicles throughout the ter-
6-4. Combined Operations minal area.
Motor transport may be combined with other
modes-rail, water, and air-to reduce the han- a. Beach Clearance. Beach clearance operations
are characterized by the necessity to use poor
dling of cargo and thus reduce time
the en routeized by the necessity to use poor
dling of cargo and thus reduce the time en route roads and temporary facilities and by the need to
from origin to destination. move cargo frcm discharge points with minimum
a. Piggyback or Trailer on Flatcar. Semitrailers delay to prevent congestion on the beach. Effective
are loaded and sealed at the point of origin, placed control is essential to success in beach clearance
on rail cars, and moved forward as far as possible. operations. Effective control and smooth, rapid
At this point they are unloaded from the rail cars, clearance are promoted by establishing efficient
coupled to suitable towing vehicles, and delivered truck parks for rapid assignment and dispatch of
to their destinations over the highway. task vehicles, providing adequate communications,
and carefully planning traffic circulation to give
b. Roll-On, Roll-Off. Loaded semitrailers are
towed aboard specially constructed vessels at the maximum use of access and exit routes. Engineer
effort (construction command) may be required to
port of embarkation and transported to an ov- build and/or maintain roads and to provide
ersea port. There they are coupled to towing vehi-
cles while still aboard ship and are then moved by pierced planking in soft or sandy areas.
(1) A truck park is a central receiving and
highwayto their destinationdispatching point established to control and route
c. Lift-On, Lift-Off. In a lift-on, lift-off opera- motor vehicles. It may be set up in addition to the
tion, loaded trailers are moved to a port, uncou- regular company motor parks and dispatching
points but lacks the maintenance, storage, and re- use of motor vehicles engaged in terminal
fueling facilities normally found in a motor park. clearance. Capacity loads are disregarded in the
In beach operation, a truck park is provided at a effort to expeditiously unload cargo from the air-
centrally located point to receive and dispatch ve- craft and to clear the terminal area, with the
hides either individually or in small groups. This result that more vehicles than normal are required
reduces delays in loading, permits consolidation of to accomplish the clearance mission. This must be
supplies of the same class; and allows trucks to recognized and considered by planners and opera-
move cargo to destination, unload, and return to tors.
the beach without interruption.
(2) A traffic circulation plan for the area and 6-6. Truck Terminal Operations
adequate signs and markers are responsibilities of Truck terminal operations involve establishing
the appropriate transportation officer. and operating truck terminals in conjunction with
(3) The types of vehicles employed in a beach line haul or relay operations. This includes provi-
clearance operation may determine the success of sions for assembly and dispatch of motor trans-
the mission. Selection depends on trafficability of port equipment, maintenance and servicing of
the beach land immediate area and on availability equipment, and such other facilities as may be re-
of suitable vehicles. In general, those vehicles with quired. (For a detailed discussion of truck ter-
highest flotation have primary consideration. minal operations, see para 7-7.)
Light cargo trucks are normally most suitable for
beach clearance operations; under average condi-
tions, it is seldom advisable to use tractor-semi- 6-7. Installation Support Operations
trailer combinations. a. Administrative Operations. Transportation
b. Port Clearance. Motor transport clearance truck and car companies may be given the mission
operations in the vicinity of an established port of providing transportation for headquarters and
are normally facilitated by improved access routes installations that do not have sufficient transpor-
and permanent facilities for administration, com- tation to met their requirements. Tasks not in-
munication, andmunication,
control.
control. and
However,
However, these
these advan-
advan- luded in line or local hauls may be classed as
tages may be offset by the increased tonnages in- administrative or utility operations. These include
volved and the intricate traffic patterns common messenger service, ration deliveries, casual move-
to port areas. Control of highway operations is ment of personnel, support to local construction
maintained by using a truck park and traffic cir- activities, and other demands for motor transpor-
culation
described
plan asfor beach clearance. tation. Normally, motor pools are established for
such
such operations
operations and
and vehicles
vehicles are
are dispatched on aa
dispatched on
The use of control and information charts is rec-
ommended. ~~~~~~~~ommended. ~mission basis.
e'.Air Terminal Clearance. b. Intradepot Operations.
(1) The increasing use of air lines of com- (1) In a theater of operations, especially in
munication places emphasis on clearance of air the communications zone, there is a great demand
terminals. Basically, air terminal clearance par- for motor transportation in administration and
allels the general pattern of port and beach clear- operation of depots. Requirements are constantly
ance, with delivery of cargo into the terminal changing for local movement of cargo and for re-
being made by air transport, and movements of warehousing of supplies not needed for immediate
cargo from the terminal being primarily a motor use. In addition, major construction efforts at
transport mission. these installations often require truck support for
(2) Since the turnaround time of aircraft is units engaged in construction.
of critical importance and because of the vulnera- (2) The depot commander is responsible for
bility of aircraft to hostile action while on the employing vehicles in operations within the depot.
ground and while landing or taking off, particu- Use of roving patrols of the motor transport
larly in forward areas; speed in unloading the air- service to check the situation at various depots is
craft and in clearing the terminal to provide for a primary means of assuring effective control and
uninterrupted operations is a prime factor. This utilization of vehicles. Transportation movements
requirement not only demands that air terminal personnel may assist in planning vehicle utiliza-
operations be well-planned, coordinated, and su- tion. In operations requiring considerable trans-
pervised, but also usurps the practice of maximum portation, a representative of the parent transpor-
AGO 20002A
FM 55-30
tation unit may be detailed to supervise the use of b. Driveaway operations may range in scope
vehicles. from a one-time movement requiring driver sup-
(3) Intradepot operations normally require port of truck company strength or less to an ex-
frequent movement of small loads to a number of tended operation requiring support by one or
destinations. Utility vehicles and light trucks are more motor transport battalions; they may in-
most suitable; the selection of vehicles for specific volve either local or line hauls. The method of car-
missions is based on maximum use of cargo space rying out a driveaway movement involves the nor-
and carrying capacity. mal practices of convoy operations.
6-8. Transfer Operations c. When required, additional driver personnel
may be obtained through the use of teams estab-
¢ftransfer points which are established where lished in TOE 55-540. For driveaway operations,
cofdiionreui
transfer
pointsowhich
.such e etab d w re teams are activated without authorized task
conditions require transfer of cargo from one
transportation mode or conveyance to another.
Motor transport units, because of their mobility d. To reduce driver requirements, semitrailers
and flexibility, are most often employed to trans- moved in a driveaway operation may be double-
port cargo from the transfer point to destination stacked (sideboards removed and one semitrailer
which, in line with the concept of throughput of loaded onto another to permit one tractor to tow
supplies, should be as far forward as practicable. two units) and smaller vehicles may be loaded
These units may have the additional responsibility onto larger vehicles. Towbars will be used or semi-
of setting up and operating the transfer points. trailers will be operated in tandem only when au-
They may be assisted by assigned or attached thorized by the headquarters directing the move.
transportation terminal transfer companies or de-
tachments when trained personnel are required 6-10. Combat Support Operations
for unloading cargo from incoming carriers, oper-
Motor transport units may be employed in direct
ating temporary holding areas, and loading cargo support of tactical operations. Armies, corps, or
for forward movement. The transfer point com- divisions may use organic or attached motor
mander
mander and
and the
the senior officer or
senior.officer or noncommissioned
noncommissioned transport as a pooled service to be allocated where
officer of the terminal transfer unit select and
and when needed to meet the current situation.
plan the use of areas and facilities to expedite the
continuous forward movement of cargo. The ter- Motor transport missions in combat support in-
clude, but are not limited to, transporting supplies
minal transfer unit commander acts in the ca- and equipment to combat units, moving troops to
pacity of a special staff officer to the transfer attak or counterattack posits, and providing
point commander. Operations and required facili-
essential mobility for headquarters, for nonmobile
ties for motor transport service at a transfer equipment, and for supplies. Combat support
point are similar to those of a truck terminal motor transport units should be equipped with
(para 6-6 and 7-7). task vehicle having mobility comparable to
b. Transfer points may be established at rail- tactical vehicles of the supported unit.
heads, truckheads, pipeheads, air terminals, or
small inland waterway terminals. 6-1 1. Combat Service Support Operations
6-9. Driveaway Operations a. Most of the missions assigned to transporta-
a. Driveaway operations entail over-the-road tion motor transport units under current concepts
movement of vehicles other than the assigned task are in combat service support operations. The
vehicles of the motor transport service by oper- transportation interzonal service is organized to
ating personnel of the motor transport service. serve the theater as a whole, providing necessary
These operatiosn include such over-the-road move- flexibility, diversion, concentration, and allocation
ments as: driving pipeline and maintenance float of transportation to rapidly reflect changes in the
stock vehicles coming into a theater from points strategic and tactical situation. This organization
of entry to either general or direct support activi- contributes to economical operation through cen-
ties or directly to receiving units; driving such tralized control. The transportation interzonal
vehicles from one location to another during relo- service retains operational control of its oper-
cation of general and direct support activities ating motor transport units to their most forward
within the theater; or driving such vehicles to point of delivery. Combat service support opera-
point of exit from the theater for redeployment. tions include the following:
(an snnon
FM 55-30
(1) Depot to depot. Depot-to-depot transport (2) Depot to army supply point. Supplies are
involves movement between depots within a corn- normally moved to army supply points from
munications zone or from depots in the communi- depots in the communications zone. Substantial
cations zone to depots in the field army area. transportation economy is achieved by throughput
When the requirement is regular and sufficient of supplies direct from communications zone
tonnage is involved, a transportation motor trans- depots to army supply points and, where feasible,
port unit may be assigned the depot-to-depot direct to users.
transport mission. Otherwise, vehicles are dis-
patched daily by number and type to meet specific b. For a detailed discussion of the transporta-
requirements. tion interzonal service, see chapter 7.
CHAPTER 7
(5) Specific amounts and types of tonnages to points. However, in-transit storage is discouraged
be transported, locations of depots and supply as it reduces the capability and flexibility of motor
points for cargo pickup and delivery, and capabili- transport equipment. Since the ratio of over-the-
ties of equipment and units to perform the re- road vehicles to line haul semitrailer equipment is
quired tasks. carefully proportioned, mobile storage can disrupt
(6) Definite requirements for any supporting the operation. Continuation of storage without a
services, such as POL service, maintenance, and proportionate decrease in tonnage allocation
communications. necessitates additional transport equipment if al-
located
located tonnages
tonnages are
are to
'b. The operational planner must develop road to be
be delivered.
delivered.
movement graphs, convoy schedules, route maps,
andsupportplans f.or the operation. are relayed to subordinate command units by
motor transport headquarters. All units take
c. Programed movement requirements are allo- action to adjust operations to the changing situa-
cated to each transport mode through the com- tion.
mand movements program, which is distributed to
e. Large personnel movements are expedited. If
all interested agencies. This allocation is ex- motor transport units in addition to those as-
pressed as an average daily short ton requirement signed to the unit or organization being moved are
by class and service of supply. The mode planner
must translate these bulk allocations into antici-
used, motor transport headquarters is responsible
for integrating the move over the roadway. Prior-
pated equipment requirements and adjust his ca-
pabilities
pabilities to assure that theto.programed
assrethtt- ities are established for personnel convoys and are
require-at truck terminals and highway regu-
ments are met. However,, the program is not self- lation points
implementing. Shippers must initiate a request
for movement through the transportation move- f. For additional planning procedures, see
ments field organization in advance of the ship- chapter 8.
ping date as prescribed by command standing op-
erating procedures (SOP). If daily requirements 7-6. Route Selection and Reconnaissance
exceed available truck capacity, adjustments are a. Routes selected for motor transport line
made by the transportation movements organiza- hauls should, if possible, be primary-type, paved
tion according to established priorities. Informa- highways with good connecting and access roads.
tion on actual or anticipated shipments is relayed If a two way route is not available, parallel one-
to motor transport headquarters and to in- way routes with regular points of convergence
termediate and destination truck terminals. This should be selected. The points of convergence
permits prior planning by all agencies. should coincide with the desired locations of truck
d. The programed movements procedure may be terminals or trailer transfer points.
varied when shipping installations are overbur-ete and detailed analysis of the route
dened or priority is given to specific classes of must be made from available information or from
supplies or to personnel movements. maps and aerial photographs; if practicable, a
(1) If a shipper is unable to fulfill commit- ground reconnaissance should be conducted. The
mneents, he informs his own special staff section analysis should include location of critical points,
and the local transportation movements officers of bottlenecks, and hazards; a full evaluation of the
anticipated difficulties. Tonnages may be allocated
to other shippers, or additional loading capability
traffic potential, and estimates of average speeds
over every segment and of approximate time dis-
may be given the overburdened shipper. Motor tances (para 8-3) between trailer transfer points.
transport headquarters is informed of the action
When a ground reconnaissance is made, the fol-
and informs the origin truck terminal. Since this
terminal has integrated dispatch facilities, trucks
lowing information will be obtained: average
traveltime, desired speeds, ability of vehicles to
elngaged in shuttle operations can be quickly negotiate difficult grades, defiles, bridges, or ter-
shifted to new pickup points or adjustments made rain and initial repairs to roadway or structures
to meet n;ew loading caplabilities. The same system
is used at destination points. required before operation.
(2) In an emergency, in-transit storage may c. As a result of this analysis, the route can be
be required at origin or destination terminals, at segmented to provide approximately equal time
intermediate terminals, or at trailer transfer distances between trailer transfer points or termi-
7-2 AGO 20002A
FM 55-30
nals. Routings and regulations to be established dling and forward movement. To provide for the
for vehicular movements over various segments best customer service and for the most efficient
are determined. The location of depots, supply and economical service, return-load capability
points, and supporting facilities must be consid- should be exploited and every effort made to
ered. The method of operation and the schedule of obtain loads for retrograde movement semi-
movement have a definite bearing on all these fac- trailers.
tors. b. The relay system should be designed to pro-
vide the necessary. command, supervision, and
7-7. Methods of Operation support services required by the operation. This
The equipment available, the road conditions, and may necessitate establishment of facilities for
the logistical mission or military situation gov- messing, vehicle service and repair, quartering,
erning line hauls may vary in each situation. administrative support, and logistical services.
Since line haul operations may be adapted in c. The accountability, control, and maintenance
many ways to suit particular situations, suc- of semitrailer equipment employed in relay opera-
cessful operations depend in a large measure on tions are discussed in detail in paragraphs 7-12
the ingenuity and initiative of individual com- through 7-14.
manders and on the ability of planning staffs to
foresee needs and to provide the types of equip- 7-8. Truck Terminals
ment required. The semitrailer relay method is
normally used in line haul operations. a. General. Truck terminals (fig 7-1) are nor-
mally located in or near centers of concentrated
a. A single relay operation is established with a trucking activities at both extremities of a line
truck terminal at origin and destination and, doe haul, where they form the connecting link between
pending upon the distance involved, one or more lo2al hauls and the line haul service. They con-
trailer transfer points at intermediate sites along stit.te assembly points and dispatch centers for
the route. At the origin terminal, shuttle (ter- motor transport equipment employed in line haul
minal) tractors move empty semitrailers from the operations. Although they may be used for in-
terminal to surrounding depots and support agen- transit storage or freight sorting, this use should
cies for loading and return loaded semitrailers to be held to an absolute minimum. Truck terminals
the terminal where they are documented, assem- may, depending upon the situation, be located at
bled, and prepared for forward movement. Line, intermediate points along the route of a line haul
or line haul, tractors of the unit responsible for operation and function not only as terminals but
operating the first segment of the journey pick up also as trailer transfer points.
these loaded semitrailers and move them forward
to the first trailer transfer point. Here the for-
b.. Facilitiesat Terminals. The truck terminal is
Facilitiesat Terminals. The truck terminal is
a consolidated facility, normally commanded and
ward-moving loaded semitrailers are exchanged
for empty or return loaded semitrailers, which are operated by a motor transport battalion. It in-
e r returne
erminalr
o t or re cludes a marshaling area and such other activities
then returned to the origin terminal for rehan- and services as are required to support the opera-
dling and subsequent forward movement. Line
dling and subsequent f.orward movement. Line tion: normally a dispatch office, a consolidated
tractors of the unit assigned the mission of oper-
ating the second segment of the trip transport the maintenance and servicing facilities. Truck unit
forward-moving semitrailers to the next trailer
maintenance and servicing facilities. Truck unit
bivouacs or temporary quarters for drivers may
bivouacs or temporary quarters for drivers may
transfer point,transfer
where similar
similar exchanges
where point, exchanges are
are mace.
mae also be located within or near terminal areas.
The relay is continued until the forward-
moving semitrailers arrive at the destination ter- c. Operation of Terminals.
minal. Shuttle tractors then move the loaded semi- (1) For the purpose of assembling semi-
trailers to ultimate destinations for unloading and trailers for further movement, truck terminals
return empty or return-loaded semitrailers to the use tractor-semitrailer equipment to operate a
terminal, where they are documented, assembled, shuttle service to surrounding depots or support
and prepared for retrograde movement. Thus agencies, where the shuttle tractors exchange
there is a continuous flow of loaded semitrailers empty semitrailers for loaded ones. The loaded
moving from depots and support agencies to for- semitrailers are moved to the marshaling yard
ward areas and of empty or return-loaded semi- within the terminal, where they are spotted and
trailers moving rearward for subsequent rehan- prepared for further movement. Incoming line
AGO 20002A 73
FM 55-30
haul tractors drop their return-movement semi- 7-9. Trailer Transfer Points
trailers and, after required driver messing and
vehicles servicing, are coupled onto loaded semi- Trailer transfer points normally are Iccated at
trailers for line haul movement. At the destina- predetermined locations along the route of a line
tion terminal the process is reversed, incoming haul operation. They form the connecting links
loaded equipment being exchanged for return- between those segments of a route designated as
loaded equipment. Thus, by operating a shuttle the areas of responsibility for various operating
service for local hauls and by marshaling convoys units, and they tie the overall operation into a
in advance, delay to over-the-road tractors at continuous, efficient one.
either end of the line hauls is reduced. This opera- a. Minimum facilities required for operations
tion may also be carried out with straight trucks, are a dispatch point and a marshaling area to fa-
but it then involves changing drivers or loading, cilitate semitrailer exchange. Other facilities, such
unloading, or transferring cargo. as a troop mess, a mintenance and service area,
(2) Every unit operating a truck terminal and a bivouac area, are established as warranted
must keep a careful check on the location and use by the operational situation.
of its semitrailers, which are spotted at various
depots and support units awaiting loading or un- b. Basically, a trailer transfer point offers facil-
loading. A close accounting of these vehiHl3s is ities for exchanging semitrailers between line
absolutely necessary, and the terminal commander tractors operating over adjoining segments of a
must work out suitable receipting arrangements lines haul route and for controlling and reporting
with the supply facility (para 7-12 through upon equipment engaged in the operation. Line
7-13). tractors arriving from rear areas drop their
7-4 AGO 20002A
FM 55-30
loaded semitrailers at a transfer point and pick up and prepare semitrailers for subsequent move-
empty or return-loaded semitrailers for retro- ment. This action reduces layover time of line
grade movement. Line tractcrs coming in from tractors and expedites the overall operation.
forward areas drop their empty or return-loaded c. Figure 7-2 illustrates a type-express opera-
semitrailers and couple onto forward-moving tion (line haul) incorporating origin and destina-
loaded semitrailers for further movement toward tion terminals and one trailer transfer point lo-
ultimate destinations. Shuttle tractors may be em- cated at an intermediate point along the route of
ployed within the trailer transfer point to spot travel.
Destination terminal : _
ar
Truck terminal
Legend:
* Line haul tractor
U Loaded forwarded-movement trailer
11 Return-movement trailer
Figure 7-2. Type express operation (line haul).
7-10. Highway Regulation and Other En press hauls or other priority movements cleared
Route Services through the command having jurisdiction over the
entire route. Routes must be well marked so that
vised system of highway regulation and traffic
control. Route should be planned so that there will b. Highway regulation points should be pro-
be as little interference as possible from other vided at convenient locations along the routes. Re-
traffic. They should normally be reserved for ex- ports from highway regulation points enable the
7-5
FM 55.-30
motor transport staff to maintain constant control units and to maintain property books and control
of movements, to effect priorities, to make adjust- records at those levels.
ments in routing, and to coordinate travel over b. AR 735-31 authorizes the motor transport
the route in adapting operations to the ever- brigade, group, or battalion to assume informal
changing tactical situation. Highway regulation accountability for semitrailer equipment of as-
points may be established at communications zone signed companies when a relay operation is estab-
sectional boundaries, truck terminals, trailer lished. This provision may be implemented by di-
transfer points, and any other point as required. rection of the theater commander or on order of
See FM 55-10 for detailed information con- the commanding officer of the motor transport
cerning highway regulation. brigade, group, or battalion. At the discretion of
c. Military police traffic control personnel the appropriate supply agency, equipment modifi-
should be provided at busy intersections and other cation lists and other records may be used to sim-
congested areas to assist express traffic. In areas plify accountability and to fix direct responsi-
where local police are retained as a functional or- bility.
ganization, they may supplement military police, c. When the provisions of AR 735-31 are put
particularly in control of civilian vehicle and into effect, the truck company commander is re-
pedestrian traffic. lieved of informal accountability for semitrailer
d. Wrecker service and mobile maintenance equipment assigned to his unit. He is, however,
teams should be provided at strategic points for charged with direst responsibility for the semi-
repair and recovery of disabled vehicles. trailers with which he is operating and must
assure that adequate care is given all semitrailers
7-11. Assignment of Semitrailer Equipment in his custody.
The use of motor transportation permits employ- d. The appropriate motor transport headquar-
ment of company-size units in a wide variety of ters must establish informal accountability for
tasks under many different circumstances. Since semitrailers used in the relay operation and must
one or more units must often operate independ- provide for maintaining property records in its
ently, it is essential that each truck unit be as- supply section. The headquarters must also es-
signed semitrailers to meet specific requirements. tablish, through its operations section, reporting
a. The medium truck company may be assigned and control procedures that can pinpoint the loca-
stake and platform, refrigerator, fuel trans- tion of semitrailers wherever they are within the
porting, or other types of semitrailers to perform system and must specify and hold responsible that
its assigned mission. This variety of semitrailers unit or person having custody of the equipment at
enables the company to provide suitable transpor- a particular time.
tation without a change in basic organization or e. Upon entry into the operational phase of a
operating procedure. relay system, the appropriate headquarters estab-
b. The ratio of semitrailers to truck tractors lishes a trailer accounting office within the supply
depends on the ratio of traveltime to loading and section. Individual truck units are relieved of in-
unloading time. The number of semitrailers as- formal accountability for trailers and semi-
signed is based on maximum operating time for trailers, the information is recorded in a consoli-
the tractor. dated trailer property book maintained by the
headquarters. Upon completion of the operation,
7-12. Accountability for Semitrailer Equip- return of the units to routine operations, or
ment transfer of a unit to another command, the consol-
a. The commanding officer of the motor trans- idated property book is adjusted to reflect the cur-
port unit responsible for the operation may solve rent status of on-hand semitrailer equipment and
his semitrailer supply problem in a number of hand receipts are made, reassigning equipment to
ways. If relay operations are to be of short dura- the companies.
tion, he may leave the semitrailers assigned to
companies and impose stringent measures for
maintaining responsibility over semitrailers away In this centralized operation, accountability and
from parent units. However, it may be preferable control of semitrailer equipment are vested at the
to transfer informal accountability for semi- same level of command. The supply section of the
trailers to either his unit or subordinate command headquarters unit assumes property responsibility
for the equipment, and the operations section of required mechanic personnel, tools, and equip-
the headquarters unit assumes responsibility for ment. Consolidated maintenance may be provided
operational control. Control is effected through re- in three ways, depending on the conditions:
ports from units and the maintenance of records. (1) Grouping all company maintenance per-
Maximum use of high-speed communications, con- sonnel into one centralized area or pool.
firmed by written reports, is imperative to main- (2) Drawing only the mechanics required to
taining control. do those consolidated maintenance tasks under
battalion supervision.
a. The reports forwarded to the operations sec- (3) Detailing company mechanics to the bat-
tion place responsibility for equipment on the unit talion maintenance service and rotating them on a
having the equipment at a particular time. They day-to-day shift basis.
also provide the operations section with a daily
check on the location of all semitrailer equipment c. Maintenance Records. When semitrailers are
in the system and on the status and condition of employed in relay operations, they are away from
such equipment. For a detailed discussion of rec- the parent unit much of the time and individual
ords and reports, see TM 55-310. units cannot retain maintenance records and indi-
vidual vehicle files for semitrailers used
b. Information received from operating units on throughout
throughout the
the system.
system. These
These files
files may
may be
be main-
main-
their daily reports should be posted on a control
tained at the central accounting office, and all
board in the operations office. This control board, other necessary papers may accompany the semi-
in addition to indicating the status of semitrailer trailer; in such an operation, a watertight com-
equipment throughout the system, is an invaluable partment may be built in the semitrailer to hold
aid to the commander in controlling the operation, necessary papers. If no papers accompany the
assessing responsibility for semitrailers needing semitrailer, a maintenance schedule board may be
repair, locating lost or delayed semitrailers, and stenciled on the tarp box for recording scheduled
rerouting cargo loads en route. The simplest form maintenance services.
of control board is one on which semitrailers are
listed by registration numbers and terminals and 7-15. Relationship with Consignor and Con-
trailer transfer points are listed in sequence ac-
cording to route of travel. Locations of semi-
trailers may be indicated by tabs and loads and The productivity of motor transport equipment is,
destinations by various colors or notations on the lo a great extent, a function of its turnaround
tabs. Semitrailers loading or unloading at supply time. Of the major factors affecting turnaround
installations may be charged to the appropriate time-distance, rate of march, and delays-the
terminals, or separate columns may be provided delays incurred at loading and unloading sites
on the board to indicate these locations. offer the greatest potential for improvement
through management.
7-14. Maintenance a. To the extent that the motor transport unit
a. General. Maintenafice and repair services for commander is required to maintain or improve
vehicles used in relay operations are the same as turnaround time to accomplish a mission or to
for all military vehicles. However, modifications achieve a desired or established level of unit per-
in. usual procedure may be required. Normally, formance, he depends on users of motor transport
military vehicles may operate 4 to 6 hours a day, -the shippers and receivers-over whom he has
but in relay operations equipment may operate 20 no direct control, for the expeditious handling and
hours a day, thereby increasing maintenance re- release of motor transport equipment. This
quirements. In addition to the normal mechanic problem is often further complicated in that con-
augmentation provided to truck units in round- signees are in the forward areas under tactical
the-clock operations, it is often necessary to commanders.
assign nondriver personnel as mechanic's helpers.
b, To reduce or eliminate undue delays in
b. Consolidated Maintenance. Consolidated loading, unloading, and/or releasing motor trans-
maintenance permits maximum use of mainte- port equipment, the normal contacts at the oper-
nance skills and facilities. To provide a service ating level (between truck unit personnel and
section at a truck terminal, the battalion head- shipping and receiving agency personnel) must be
quarters draws from its assigned companies the backed up by close liaison between commanders
AGO 20002A
7-7
FM 55-30
and staffs of the motor transport organization and standing operating procedures, which establish
the using agencies. coordination policies and provide criteria by
which to control delay of motor transport equip-
c. Publication of command directives and ment by using agencies, may be required.
CHAPTER 8
Length _________________ Time length Road space --_, ____-- _-- Time space
Gap ___________________ Time gap (time interval) Road distance --__-----. Time distance
Lead ------
_-----.-__._-- Time lead (headway) Road clearance distance __ Road clearance time
LEAD … VEHICLE
V LENGTH GAP
---
r-1-i-MN ~ -- rh F h,
TIME LENGTH
ROAD SPACE
L..
IL__TIME
TIME LEAD
TIME LENGTH (PASS TIME]
GAP
ROAD DISTANCE
2
_i·~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~SP RP
TIME DISTANCE - 4
TIME SPACE
successive columns as measured from the rear of c. Rate of Movement. Rate of movement is the
one element to the front of the following element. ratio of distance to time. Although no exact dis-
Vehicle gap is the space between consecutive vehi- tinction is made between terms expressing rate of
cles in a column, and column gap is the space be- movement, the following distinctions are helpful
tween the elements of a column (STANAG 2154, to march planners:
app H). .(1) Speed is the actual rate at which a ve-
(3) Lead is the linear spacing between the hide is moving at a given time as registered on
heads of elements in a column or between heads of the speedometer. It is usually expressed in miles
successive vehicles, serials, march units, or col- or kilometers per hour (mph or kmph).
umns. (2) Pace is the regulated speed of a column
(4) Road space is the total length of roadway or element as set by the pace setter. It undergoes
occupied by a column or an element thereof. It constant adjustment, owing to terrain and road
may include any additional space that may be re- conditions along the route of march.
quired as a safety factor or to maintain flexibility. (3) Rate of march is the average distance
When no safety factor is applied, road space is traveled in any given, time, including periodic
synonymous with column length. halts and other short delays. It is expressed in
(5) Road distance is the distance from one miles or kilometers in the hour (mih or kih).
given point to another on a road, expressed in
miles or kilometers. 8-4. March Formulas
(6) Road clearance distance is the total dis- March formulas are the basic arithmetic of march
tance that the head of the column must travel for planning. By means of these simple formulas, the
the entire column to clear a given section of road. planner may solve for the unknown factor neces-
Road clearance distance equals road distance plus sary for completing his movement plan. When two
column length. of the basic march factors of distance (D), time
(T), and rate (R) are known, the third may be
b. Time Factors. Time factors are used to clock found by simple arithmetic equation:
the relative positions and passage of elements of a
march and are expressed in seconds, minutes, or D R X T (distance equas rate multiplied
hours. Each of the following time factors is re- by time)
lated to a corresponding distance factor as indi- T= D (time equals distance divided by
cated in a above: -R rate)
(1) Time length, or pass time (STANAG R=D (rate equals distance divided by
2154, app H), is the time required for a column or
element thereof to pass a given point.
(2) Time gap (time interval) is the time be- Any of the distance factors may be substituted in
tween the tail of one element or vehicle and the the equation if the corresponding time factors are
head of the next as they move past any given also substituted. For example-
point. a. DeterminingDistance Factors.
(3) Time lead (headway) is the time between (1) Gap (yards or meters) equals rate (yards
the head of one element or vehicle and the head of or meters per minute) multiplied by time gap
the next. (For individual vehicles, there is little (minutes).
difference between time gap and time lead.) (2) Lead (yards or meters) equals rate
(4) Time space is the time consumed while a (yards or meters per minute) multiplied by the
column or element thereof proceeds past any point time lead (minutes).
en route. It includes time gaps between subordi- (3) Distance (miles or kilometers) equals
nate elements and may include any additional rate (miles or kilometers in the hour) multiplied
time added for safety and flexibility. by time distance.
(5) Time distance is the time required to b. Determining Time Factors.
move from one point to another at a given rate of (1) Time length, or pass time (minutes),
speed. equals the length (yards or kilometers) divided by
(6) Road clearance time is the time a column rate (yards or meters per minute).
or element thereof requires to travel over and (2) Time lead (minutes) equals lead (yards
clear a section of road. Road clearance time equals or meters) divided by rate (yards or meters per
time distance plus the time length of the column. minute).
AGO 20002A
8-3
FM 55-30
(3) Time space (hours) equals road space long. Road movement tables consist of two parts:
(miles or kilometers) divided by rate (miles or the first being data paragraphs reflecting general
kilometers in the hour). information or information common to two or
(4) Time distance (hours) equals road dis- more serials; the second, a list of serials, along
tance (miles or kilometers) divided by rate (miles with all other necessary information, arranged in
or kilometers in the hour). tabular form. The security classification given
road movement tables is in accordance with their
c. DeterminingRate Factors. Rate (miles or kil- contents
ometers per hour) equals road distance (miles or contents and
and is not necessarily
is not necessarily the
the same
same as
as that
that
kilometersp))
kilometers) divided
divided by
by time
time distance
distance (hours).
(hours). o given the operation order. (An example of a road
movement table is contained in STANAG 2041,
d. Converting Factors into Others of the Same app E.)
Class.
(1) Length plus gap equals lead. 8-7. Unit Standing Operating Procedures
(2) Time length (pass time) plus time gap (SOP)
equals time lead. Standing operating procedures are prepared by
(3) Distance in miles multiplied by 1,760 units, usually down to and including those of com-
equals distance in yards. pany size, to simplify the preparation and trans-
(4) Distance in kilometers multiplied by mission of orders; to simplify and perfect the
1,000 equals distance in meters. training of troops, to promote understanding and
(5) Distance in kilometers multiplied by .621 teamwork between commander, staff troops, and
equals distance in miles (approximately). installations; to facilitate operations; and to mini-
(6) Distance in miles multiplied by 1.6093 mizeconfusionanderrors.
equals distance in kilometers (approximately). a. Requirements. The requirements for, and the
(7) Time in hours multiplied by 60 equals scope of, unit SOP vary with the size of the unit,
time in minutes. its organization, and its normal missions. Certain
prerequisites, however, are common to all units.
8-5. Road Movement Graphs These include conformity with the SOP of the
next higher unit, sufficient flexibility to allow ad-
Road movement graphs are time-space diagrams dition or deletion without demanding major revi-
for visually presenting movements so that con- sion, sufficient detail to avoid ambiguity, and
flicts and discrepancies can be prevented in the avoidance of repetition of material contained in
planning stage before congestion occurs on the field manuals available to the unit.
route. In addition to their use by planning staffs,
road movement graphs are used, when applicable, b. Items Covered in Motor Movement SOP. The
in supervising or regulating complicated move- following items may be included in a unit move-
ments. They are also used in preparing and ment SOP:
checking road movement tables, and they provide (1) Standard organization of columns for
a convenient means of recording actual moves of movement, including grouping of vehicles and
units over a period of time. The unit of measure specification of group commanders as applicable.
used (miles or kilometers) depends on the re- (2) Composition and duties of the advance
quirements of the authorities concerned. (An ex- party or reconnaissance echelon.
ample of a road movement graph is contained in (3) Priorities of movement of columns or ele-
STANAG 2041, app E. Detailed instructions on ments.
preparing a road movement graph are contained (4) Responsibility for manning start point
in FM 55-10 and TM 55-310.) and release point.
(5) Discipline en route, use of lights, and
8-6. Road Movement Tables procedures at halts.
(6) Traffic densities and speeds.
Road movement tables are a convenient means of (7) Posting of guides and markers and traffic
transmitting to subordinates their schedules and control measures.
other essential details pertaining to a road move. (8) Normal vehicle loads, including per-
This is particularly true in cases where inclusion sonnel.
of such details in the body of the operation order (9) Action in the event of enemy attack and
would tend to complicate it or to make it unduly passive defense methods.
(10) Supply, maintenance, and evacuation c. Form of Publication.A unit SOP may be pre-
procedures. pared in the form most convenient for the purpose
(11) Communications, required reports and of the unit. Small units normally prepare an SOP
()liaison
methodsmmunications, requiredrecovering all functions of the unit in either pam-
liaison methods.
phlet or looseleaf form. Large units may prepare
(12) Location of medical facilities along separate pamphlets for diverse functions, issuing
route of march. only those applicable to specific subordinate units.
8-12. General Planning Factors relay; 2.5 hours loading and unloading
time per round trip.
a. Motor transport planning, particularly in its Truck tractors in relay operations-i hour
earliest stages, must often be based on broad plan- per relay.
ning factors and assumptions. However, because (8) The number of hours per day in which
of the varied services performed, the type of loads vehicles with drivers are normally employed:
carried, and the varied terrain features over One shift (peacetime)-10 hours.
which motor transport operations are conducted, Round-the-clock (wartime)-20 hours.
planning factors should be used with caution and (9) Unit lift and daily lift-unit lift is the
applied only in the absence of specific data on the amount of cargo a truck company can move at one
local situation. time; daily lift is that which it can move in a day,
b. In the absence of specific data, the following making a number of trips.
factors are used in motor transport planning to (10) Ton-miles and passenger-miles-the
compute truck and truck company requirements: product of the number of tons or passengers times
the number of miles moved.
(1) The average number of assigned task ve-
hicles not in maintenance and therefore available
for daily operations: 8-13. Unit and Vehicle Capability Estimates
Operational short range-83 percent (max- a. For planning purposes and in the absence of
imum sustained effort; used only for all-out other specific operational data, motor transport
effort, and then only for periods of less unit capability estimates, based on tables of or-
than 30 days). ganization and equipment (TOE) capabilities, are
Long-range planning-75 percent. shown in tables 8-1 through 8-4.
(2) The anticipated payload per vehicle:
Offroad-rated capacity of vehicle.
Table 8-1. Unit Tonnage Capability Estimates-Local Hauls
Highway-rated capacity plus 50 percent for
trailers or semitrailers and 100 percent for (Vehicle availability Xaverage tons per vehicle Xtrips per day
tactical wheeled vehicles. short ton capability per day.)
(3) The daily round trips that a vehicle aver- Lt trk co (25-ton trk)-45X4X4=720
Lt trk co (5-ton trk)- ............
45X6X4=1,080
ages (these vary with running time and time for Mdm trk co (cgo) (12-ton stake
delays): and platform) -. ------- 45X12X4 =2,160
Line haul-one per operating shift (10 hr). Mdm trk co (petrl) (5,000-gal
Local haul-four per day. tanker) --------------------- 45 X5,000 galX4
=900,000 gal
(4) The one-way distance cargo is to be Mdm trk co (reefer) (7½2-ton
hauled, from which round trip mileage may be reefer van)-------- 45X6X4=1,080
computed: Hvy trk co (50-ton strlr) -------- 18X40X4=2,880
Line haul-100 miles one way. Lt-mdm trk co:
Local haul-15 miles one way. (2~-ton
(22-ton trk). .
trk)-45X4X4=720 ...........
45X4X4 =720
(12-ton stake and platform).._ 8X12X4 =384
(,5) The average number of miles covered in
an hour, including short halts during the period of Total .-----------
----- --- 1,104
movement.
Poor roads-10 miles in the hour.
Good roads-20 miles in the hour. Table 8-2. Unit Passenger Capability Estimates-LocalHauls
(6) Turnaround time--time consumed in (Vehicle availabilityXpassengers per vehicleXtrips per day=-
round-trip movement, including delays. passenger capability per day.)
(7) Delay-time consumed in loading and un- Lt trk co (2½4-ton trk) -------- 45X20X4=3,600
loading and relay time in line haul relay opera- Lt trk co (5-ton trk)------ -- 45X20X4=3,600
tions. (Time for halts and delays en route, such as Mdm trk co (cgo)- 45X50X4=9,000
Lt-mdm trk co:
mess halts, ferrying operations, etc., which can be (L-ton trk) 45X20X6b=5,400
anticipated but are not included in the rate of (12-ton stake and platform)_-- 8X50X6b= 2,400
march, must be included in delay time.)
Straight trucks-2.5 hours loading and un- Total-7,800
loading time per round trip. 2 Recommended for emergency use only; no troop seats provided.
Number of trips based on employment of unit in tactical situation
(short
Semitrailers in relay operation-1 hour per
Sem8itraie6rsbased turnaround times); for general troop movements, planner may recompute
on four trips per day.
Table 8-3. Unit Tonnage Capability Estimctes-Line Hauls Table 8-4. Unit Passenger Capability Estimates-Line Hauls
(Vehicle availability Xaverage tons per vehicle Xtrips per day = (Vehicle availability Xpassengers per vehicle Xtrips per day =
short ton capability per day.) passenger capability per day.)
Lt trk co (2 2-ton trk) ---------- 45X4X2 =360 Lt trk co (234-ton trk) ---------- 45X16X2 =1,440
Lt trk co (5-ton trk) ------------ 45X6X2 =540 Lt trk co (5-ton trk) ------ 45X18X2 =1,620
Mdm trk co (cgo) (12-ton stake Mdm trk co (cgo), --------..... 45X50X2 =4,500
and platform) ---------------- 45X12X2 =1,080 Lt-mdm trk co:
Mdm trk co (petrl) (5,000 gal (2/ 2 -ton trk)--------------- 45X20X2 =1,800
tanker) ---------------------- 45X5,000 galX<2 (12-ton stake and platform)"- 8X50X2=800
=450,000 gal
Mdm trk co (reefer) (7y 2-ton Total ----------------------- -
____- 2,600
reefer vna) --------------- - 45 X6 X2 =540 a Recommended for emergency use only; no troop seats provided.
Hvy trk co (50-ton strlr) ------- 18X40X2 =1,440
Lt-mdm trk co: b. Vehicle Capabilities. As indicated in tables
(2Y2-ton trk) --------------- 45X4X2=360
(12-ton stake and platform) -- 8X12X2 =192 8-5 and 8-6, vehicle capabilities may be used in
_- conjunction with other planning factors. Addi-
Total----------------------- 552 tional vehicle and unit capability data are con-
tained in FM 55-15.
Vehicle
Load 2 M-ton cargo truck · 10-ton stake and platform semitrailer
Sides in place, Sides removed Sides in place, Sides removed,
crane-loaded forklift-loaded crane-loaded forklift-loaded
Some 214-ton, 6 x 6 cargo trucks have fender wells which project into the cargo space. In sucn cases, a level pladorm for the storage of a unitized cargo can be
obtained by fitting a frame of 2 x 4 or 4 x 4 timbers fiat in the cargo bed between the fender wells.
b May be loaded by crane.
For 12-ton stake and platform semitrailer, increase by one in each row.
(2) The weather factor is considered when in mind that maintenance vehicles and personnel
such conditions are expected to exist for a sus- on a road may also interfere with the flow of
tained period. However, this "sustained period" traffic and thereby limit capability.) For more de-
must be considered in relationship to the road sur- tailed information on highway capability estima-
face. For instance, a several-day rainfall may tion, see FM 55-15.
have no effect on operations over a concrete-sur-
faced road; however, this same rainfall could seri- 8-15. Formulas for Determining Unit and
ously disrupt operations over a gravel or earth Vehicle Requirements
road. a. The following formulas are applied in com-
e. Planned tonnage movement should not exceed puting unit or vehicle requirements on the basis of
the capability of any portion of the road net to be planning data discussed in paragraphs 8-12
usedthedcapability
or of any ofidg any ron the
bridge of road net
on the road ts beo-
net unless recon- through 8-14, actual operational data, or a combi-
struction or heavy maintenance is provided to in- nation of both. The number of units or vehicles
required for workloads expressed in gallons, per-
crease the capability of that section of highway or sons, or other unit of measure can be determined
of the bridge to meet the demands. Otherwise, al- by substituting that unit of measure for tons in
ternate routes must be selected to distribute the the formulas.
load. If no alternate routes are available and the (1) One-time lifts. To determine the number
indicated tonnage is not reduced, the highway or of truck companies or vehicles required to move a
bridge can be expected to deteriorate rapidly and given number of tons in one lift, substitute ap-
operations cannot be sustained. (It should be kept propriate figures in the following formula:
tons to be lifted
Companies required =
tons per vehicle X vehicles available per company
tons to be lifted
Vehicles required =
tons per vehicle
(2) Turnaround time. To determine turna- factor is accurate. Turnaround time should be
round time, use the following formula. (Caution rounded off to the nearest tenth for use in further
must be exercised to make sure that the delay computations.)
2 X distance
Turnaround time = rate of march (mih) + - delays
rate of march (mih)
(3) Distance between truck terminals or formula is used to determine the appropriate dis-
trailer transfer points. When locating truck ter- tance between these installations in order to
minals or trailer transfer points, the following obtain a specific turnaround time:
Port Alpha
"1
"% 233 mi
mi 10
10 mi
Depot
Depot
15 mi/ 301
Red Beach
Port Alpha
3,60
ST0 0 5,100 STON
1,500 STON
5,100 STON
Depot
101
Depot
2,400 STON 301
Red Beach
(b) The tonnage information and known from local hauls and to identify specific workloads
or assumed information regarding routes and lo- and tasks. The origin truck terminal should be
cation of facilities are graphically portrayed in centrally located near the road intersection be-
figure 8-3. tween Port Alpha and depot 101, provided a
(3) Types of units required. Based on the suitable site is available. The destination truck
preceding information, specific tasks, workloads, terminal should be located near the intersection
and types of units required can now be deter- north of depot 301 to be near the cargo's destina-
mined. Since the operation involves a line haul, it tion and to be on the main route to allow for ex-
is necessary to determine the approximate loca- pansion forward without relocation (fig 8-4).
tions of the origin and destination truck terminals Types of units required to do the work are as
for the line haul task in order to separate line follows:
Port Alpha
Truck Terminals
80 mi -- -- 80 i i--I- 73 miL
(Depot
Red Beach
(a) Line haul from origin truck terminal truck terminal to depot 301: 5,100 short tons,
to depot 301: 5,100 short tons, medium truck comn- medium truck companies.
panies. (4) Location of trailer transfer points.
(b) Port clearance from Port Alpha to Before computing the number of units required
origin truck terminal: 3,600 short tons, medium for each task for the line haul, the location of
truck companies. trailer transfer points to divide the line haul into
legs must be determined so that the total delays
depot(c)
Beach clearance from Reightd
Beach to and the total turnaround time for the entire line
depot 101: 2,400 short tons, light truck compa- haul can be computed. The distance to allow be-
tween trailer transfer points to obtain a turna-
(d) Delivery of cargo from depot 101 to round time of 10 hours (one shift in the opera-
origin truck terminal: 1,500 short tons, medium tional day) is obtained as follows (the 2-hour
truck companies. delay in the formula results from 1-hour relay
(e) Delivery of cargo from destination time at each trailer transfer point):
(10 - 2) X 20
-=2
Trailer transfer points are then located as shown placed forward. This is to avoid relocating any
in figure 8-4. In addition to the consideration of but the most forward trailer transfer point in the
distance to allow for the most desirable turna- event of expansion of the operation.
round time, the planner must consider suitable
sites for locating these facilities (paras 8-9 to (5) Medium truck companies requiredfor the
8-11). Note that the short leg (73 miles) has been line haul task.
Thus:
3,600 STON X 2.25 hours
Companies
2 STON
requiredX 45 vehicles X 20 hours
= .75 or .8 medium truck company required
(c) Movement of 1,500 short tons from depot 101 to the origin truck terminal:
Daily tonnage = 1,500 STON
2 X 5 miles + 1.25 hours delay (1.25 hours per
Turnaround time - round trip required for loading
Tunmteh
n20 =semitrailers)
= 1.75 hours
Tons per vehicle (12-ton semitrailer) = 12 STON
Vehicles available per company = 45
Operational day = 20 hours
Thus:
1,500 STON X 1.75 hours
Companies
12 STON
requiredX 45 vehicles X 20 hours
= .24 or .3 medium truck company required
(7) Total medium truck companies required. truck companies have been selected. In this opera-
(a) The total medium truck companies re- tion, the workload is shared among 16 medium
quired for local and line haul tasks are as follows: truck companies, since all are connected with the
semitrailer relay operation. Therefore, the frac-
13.8 ldestinatie
haul
1.1 destination truck ermina todeot301 tional part of the unit requirement for each task
truck terminal to depot 301
.81.1 destinlhatiooin trucktruck
Port Alpha to origin terminal
to d t 31
terminal is retained and included in the total, and the total
.3 depot p101 to origin truck terminal is then rounded off to the next higher number of
units. However, where the workload cannot be
16.0 shared among units doing varied tasks, the unit
requirement for each task must be rounded off to
(b) Thus 16 medium truck companies are the next higher whole number. (Each of the
required to accomplish all tasks for which medium medium truck companies requires two semi-
trailers per tractor since all units will be involved tation of the number of light truck companies re-
in semitrailer relay operations.) quired for moving 2,400 short tons daily from Red
(8) Light truck companies required. Compu- Beach to depot 101 is as follows:
Daily tonnage = 2,400 STON
2 X 15 miles + 2.5 hours delay (2.5 hours per
Turnaround time - round trip for loading and unload-
l20 mii ing straight trucks)
= 4 hours
Tons per vehicle (21/2-ton truck) = 4 STON
Vehicles available per company c 45
Operational day = 20 hours
Thus:
2,400 STON X 4
Companies required = 4 STON X 45 vehicles X 20 hours
= 2.7 or 3 light truck companies required
(9) Control units required. Based on the relay, transfer, and servicing, and time required
preceding computations, 16 medium truck com- for administrative and logistical support.
panies and 3 light truck companies are required (3) Average rate of march attainable (by
for the operation. In addition, four teams (team
type of vehicle) on specific routes and sections of
GF, TOE 55-540) are required to man the two type of vehicle) on specific routes and sections of
trailer transfer points and the transfer operations
in the truck terminals. For command and contrcl (4) Maintenance data, to include vehicle
of these units, four motor transport battalions and downtime, vehicle availability, component life,
one motor transport group are required. (See FM fuel and lubricant consumption, and problems pe-
101-10-2, for basis of allocation.) The group com- culiar to the area.
mander has overall responsibility for the opera- (5)
tion and assigns a specific geographic area to each (5) Percentags
Percentags of
of utilization
utilization for
for units
units and
and
battalion. The responsibility for operating each
truck terminal is assigned to a specific battalion. (6) The incidence and causative factors of
accidents and losses sustained from accidents.
8-16. Collection of Operational Data b. Highway and terrain data to be collected in-
In planning for an operation, reliance must be
clude the following information:
placed on limited facts, broad planning factors, (1) General route characteristics. (Much of
and assumptions. Planning can be refined by ap- this information may be provided by engineer
plying data gathered once the operation has route reconnaissance reports. However, motor
begun. Therefore, operating units must immedi- transport operating units can collect and develop
ately begin to collect such data. A uniform system other supplemental data that directly affect opera-
for collecting and reporting data should be estab- tions, such as distances between points, feasible
lished for motor transport operating units and any loads per vehicle, types of vehicles suitable, and
other units that may have arrived in the area ear- width of the roadway as it permits or prohibits
lier. Data to be collected can be divided into two two-way traffic.)
areas: unit operating data and highway and ter- (2) Effect of weather and enemy action on
rain data. the road net.
a. Unit operating data to be collected include, (3) Information regarding the impact of ci-
but are not limited to, the following information: vilian traffic and other military traffic on the road
(1) A verage load per vehicle by type and the net.
tonnage moved by units in specific periods.
(4) General characteristics of terrain, in-
(2) Time required to move between specific cluding trafficability, gradients, natural obstacles,
points, delay time, including loading, unloading, and the effect of weather on trafficability.
AGO 20002A 8-15
8--15
FM 5530
APPENDIX A
REFERENCES
APPENDIX B
call for careful estimation of aircraft speed and operators, and to engage all other hostile aircraft
required lead. on orders through unit change of command, sub-
ject to the rule for engagement and rules for wlith-
c. Use of Tracer Ammunition. Automatic holding fire.
weapons should utilize the highest practical pro-
portion of tracer ammunition to enhance the de- e. Rule for Engagement. Normally self-defense
terrent or disruptive effect of the fire. only against all attacking aircraft and those posi-
d. Massed Fire. Units should employ a massed tively identified aircraft which pose a threat to
fie technique when using small arms and auto- the unit.
matic weapons in an air defense role. f. Rules for Withholding Fire. When ordered;
when not positive that aircraft are actually at-
B-5. Preparation of Standing Operating Pro- tacking or otherwise hostile; when friendly air-
cedures (SOP) craft or troops are endangered.
Command and supervisory headquarters will pre-
pare detailed SOP for the identification of air- g. Position Selection. See FM 44-1. Applicable
craft and engagement of aircraft, to include how only to weapons specifically assigned an air de-
identification is accomplished, weapons to be em- fense role, for example, designated single barrel,
ployed, techniques of fire to be used, rule for en- caliber.50 machineguns.
gagement, and controls to be used. Company level .F
SOP will include, but is not limited to, the fol- massed fire; maximum rate of fire; maximum use
massed fire; maximum rate of fire; maximum use
lowing:
of tracer ammunition
a. Applicability. Operators of designated
EAPONS. i. Unit Training Requirements. Motivation and
discipline; gunnery; aircraft recognition.
b. Relation to Primary Mission. Primary mis-
sion is never prejudiced. B6 Training
B6. Training
c. Relation to Passive Air Defense. The neces- Individual training will stress aircraft recogni-
sity for agreessively engaging hostile aircraft is
tion, techniques of firing at aerial targets, and re-
sponse to control methods. Application of employ-
proper perspective the tactic of withholding fire ment of non-air defense weapons against hostile
to preclude disclosure of position.
aircraft will be incorporated into unit training
d. Authority to Engage. Authority to engage phase, field problems, maneuvers, and other
attacking aircraft delegated to individual weapon training media.
APPENDIX C
The table below may serve as a guide in plan- to move a specified distance at specific speeds and
ning motor transport movements. A tabular list- rates of march. Planners can modify the table
ing is given of the time required for vehicle(s) to suit their specific needs.
APPENDIX D
METRIC CONVERSION TABLE
1= .62 1= 1.60
2= 1.24 2= 3.21
3=- 1.86 3= 4.82
4= 2.48 4= 6.43
6= 3.10 56 8.04
6= 3.72 6 9.65
7= 4.34 7=11.26
8= 4.96 8 =12.87
9= 5.58 9=14.48
10= 6.21 10 =16.09
20 =12.42 20 =32.18
30 =18.63 30 =48.27
43=24.84 40 =64.36
5) 31.05 EO=80.45
APPENDIX E
STANAG 2041
(Edition No. 2)
AGREEMENT
1. The NATO Armed Forces agree to use the standard layouts for opera-
tional road movement orders, road movement tables and graphs as given
in Annexes A to C (DofA). The instructions given in subsequent para-
graphs are in amplification of these layouts.
ORDERS
2. Warning orders and operational road movement orders are of primary
concern to those responsible for movement by motor transport. However,
standing operating procedure/standing orders may also contain informa-
tion vital to the conduct of movements by motor transport.
a. Warning Orders.
(1) A warning order is a preliminary notice of an order or action
which is to follow. It is designed to give subordinates time to make neces-
sary plans and preparations.
(2) A warning order is of value in alerting troops and preparing
them for movement, before receipt of the detailed operation order for the
movement. A warning order may be issued orally or in message form. The
fact that it is only a warning order will always be indicated.
(3) A warning order should be as brief as possible but should in-
clude the following items when applicable:
(a) Probable tasks or movements.
(b) Earliest time of movement or degree of notice.
(c) Rendezvous and time of order group, if any.
(d) Orders for movement of reconnaissance or advance parties.
(e) Administrative instructions affecting the resting or feeding of
troops, regrouping of transport and preliminary movements.
(4) Timeliness is the essence of warning orders.
b. Operational Road Movement Orders (See Annex A (DofA)).
(1) An operation order for road movement is an order issued cover-
ing the details for the movement of a formation/unit by road.
AGO 20002A 5-l
FM 55-30
GAPS
6. Between columns having different serial numbers, no standard gaps
are prescribed, these gaps are allotted by the staff ordering the movement.
IMPLEMENTATION
7. This STANAG will be considered to have been implemented when the
necessary orders/instructions putting the procedures detailed in this Agree-
ment into effect have been issued to the forces concerned.
FM 55-30
STANAG 2041
(Edition No. 2)
(SECURITY CLASSIFICATION)
Copy No. 4
21st Inf. Div.
YREVA, BLOKSKY,
011030Z January 1965
OPS 27
Operation Order 14:
Map: BLOKSKY, 1/250,000 NOTKLOTS-DRAKCIR
Task Organization/Grouping: Annex A-
Task Organization/Grouping (NOT attached to this example).
Time Zone Z.
1. SITUATION
a. Enemy Forces: BLOKSKY 42nd Infantry Division (reinforced) is
delaying advance of V Corps.
b. Friendly Forces: V Corps attacks early 2nd January.
c. Attachments and Detachments: None.
2. MISSION
21st Infantry Division to move from YREVA at 012030Z January into
NAEJ.
3. EXECUTION
a. 121 Brigade is to move RED route to DRAKCIR and WHITE route
to vicinity of NAEJ.
b. 221 Brigade is to move BLUE route to NOTKLOTS and GREEN
route to vicinity of NAEJ.
c. 321 Brigade follows 121 Brigade.
d. Division Artillery follows 221 Brigade.
e. Division Troops follow 321 Brigade.
f. Miscellaneous.
g. Coordinating instructions.
(1) Annex B-Movement Table.
(2) First short halt 012150Z January 1965.
(3) No weapon will be fired at aircraft unless attacked.
(SECURITY CLASSIFICATION)
(SECURITY CLASSIFICATION)
AVERS
Major-General
ACKNOWLEDGE
Annex A-Task Organization/Grouping (NOT attached to this
example)
Annex B-Movement Table
Distribution:
Authentication:
(SECURITY CLASSIFICATION)
FM 55-30
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c<. 65f4vd6 , pF :FM 55-30
6/7
APPENDIX F
AGREEMENT
1. The NATO Army Forces agree:
a. That it is essential to destroy to the maximum degree possible mili-
tary technical equipment, abandoned in wartime operations, to prevent its
eventual repair and use by the enemy.
b. To follow the principles and priorities, set forth in this Agreement,
in the destruction of their own equipment, when required.
4. Degree of Damage.
a. General. Methods of destruction should achieve such damage to equip-
ment and essential spare parts that it will not be possible to restore the
equipment to a usable condition in the combat zone either by repair or
cannibalization.
b. Classified Equipment. Classified equipment must be destroyed in such
degree as to prevent duplication by, or revealing means of operation or
function, whenever possible, to the enemy.
c. Associated Classified Documents. Any classified documents, notes, in-
structions, or other written material pertaining to function, operation,
maintenance, or employment, including drawings or part lists, must be
destroyed in a manner to render them useless to the enemy.
AGO
~2 20002o
FM 55-30
ANNEX A (DofA) TO
STANAG 2113
PRIORITIES FOR DESTRUCTION OF PARTS OF MILITARY
TECHNICAL EQUIPMENT
AGO 20002A F3
FM 55-30
AGO 20002A
FM 55-30
APPENDIX G
STANAG 2151, ROAD NETWORK-DEFINITIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS
DETAILS OF AGREEMENT
ROAD NETWORK-DEFINITIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS
GENERAL
1. The NATO Armed Forces agree to adopt the following definitions in
connection with the use of the road network and to evaluate the potential
of this network in accordance with the characteristics indicated below.
DEFINITIONS
2. a. The basic military road network includes all routes designated in
peacetime by the host nations to meet the anticipated military movements
and transport requirements, both allied and national.
b. The basic network should already, in peacetime, have sufficient
capacity and be equipped with the necessary facilities. NOTE (for informa-
tion): There is a basic CENTRAL EUROPE military road network formed
from national networks.
12. Route where guides are provided ("itinkraire jalonnV"). This term de-
notes a route included in one of the above categories on which a unit has
placed, under its own initiative and for its exclusive use and under the
conditions prescribed by the Command or the manoeuvre regulations,
guides responsible for showing the vehicles of that unit the direction they
are to follow: these guides direct the personnel and vehicles of their own
formation but do not give any indication to personnel and vehicles of
other units who must respect the common signing and regulations.
CHARACTERISTICS
14. The characteristics of a route are in particular.
a. the width of the travelled way (UK: "carriage way").
b. the clearance of obstacles (e.g., tunnels, bridges, etc.),
c. the class of loads which can be accepted in accordance with STANAG
2021 (Edition No. 2).
WIDTHS
15. a. The various widths of a road are illustrated in the drawing on
next page:
b. The number of lanes is determined by the width of the travelled
way; i.e., the subdivision of the travelled way to allow the movement of
a single line of vehicles. Taking into account the width of a normal vehicle
and the space required on either side of that vehicle, the width of the lane
required for the movement of one column is normally estimated at l11/2feet
(3.50m) and 13 feet (4m), for a tracked combat vehicle. A single lane
road can only be used in one direction at any one time.
c. The traffic flow is determined by the number of lanes.
(1) A route or road is single flow ("simple courant") when it allows a
column of vehicles to proceed and, in addition, isolated vehicles to overtake
or to pass in the opposite direction, at predetermined points. It is desirable
that the width of a single flow road be equal to at least 11/2 lanes.
(2) A route or road is double flow ("double courant") when it allows
two columns of vehicles to proceed simultaneously. It is essential that the
width of a double flow road be equal at least to 2 lanes.
d. In the light of the above definition, the traffic possibilities can be
shown in the following table:
*pc~~~~onr~~~~b es~~G
FM 55-30
4 A-4'
LEGEND
a. Width of vehicle
b. " " lane
c. " " travelled way (UK: "carriage way")
d. " " hard shoulder
e. " " grading
FigureG-1. Various widths of a road.
Traffic flow possibilities Road widths for normal vehicles only Road widths for
tracked combat vehicles
HEIGHT:
16. The height allowed for clearing overhead obstacles is that which sep-
arates the travelled way from a line drawn horizontally under the summit
of the overhead obstacle. It is a definite limit prohibiting the use of a
route to all vehicles which exceed that height, with or without a load.
4AGO 20002A
FM 55-30
CLASS
17. a. Route. The class of a route is fixed in relation to the heaviest
gross weight vehicle the route will accept. In such a case the choice of the
route is limited (see STANAG 2021 (Edition No. 2) ).
b. Network. The class of a network is fixed in relation to the minimum
route classification in that network.
'GO 20002' G
G -5
FM 55-30
APPENDIX H
STANAG 2154
(Edition No. 2)
AGREEMENT
1. It is agreed that the NATO Armed Forces are to use the definitions and
regulations applying to military motor movements by road, defined in the
following paragraphs.
ORGANIZATION OF COLUMNS
2. A column of vehicles is a group of at least ten vehicles moving under
a single commander, over the same route, in the same direction.
4. Each column and each organized element of the column must include:
a. A commander whose place may vary.
b. In the first vehicle: a subordinate commander known as the 'pace
setter' (in French: guide).
c. In the last vehicle: a subordinate commander known as the 'trail
officer' (in French: serra-file).
5. The pace setter of the first element of a column leads it and regulates
its speed. The trail officer of the last element deals with such problems as
ocurr at the trail of the column.
17. Pass Time. 'Pass time' (in French: duree d'ecoulement) of a column is
the actual time between the moment when the first vehicle passes a given
point and the moment when the last vehicle passes the same point.
18.' Road Clearance Time. 'Road clearance time' (in French: duree d'en-
combrement) is the total time a column requires to travel over and clear a
section of road.
19. Start Point. 'Start point' (in French: point initial) is a well defined
point on a route at which a movement of vehicles begins to be under the
control of the Commander of this movement. It is at this point that the
column is formed by the successive passing, at an appointed time, of
each of the elements composing the column. In addition to the principal
start point of a column there may be secondary start points for its differ-
ent elements.
21. Average Speed. 'Average speed' (in French: vitesse de croisiere) is the
number of miles or kilometres travelled in an hour excluding all ordered
halts. It is expressed in miles or kilometres per hour.
22. Speed. 'Speed' (in French: vitesse instantan6e) indicates the actual
rate of speed of a vehicle at a given moment, as shown on the speedometer
(in kilometres/hour or miles/hour).
23. 'Pace' (in French: vitesse de marche) is the regulated speed of a
column or element as set by the pace setter in order to maintain the
average speed prescribed.
24. Rate of March. 'Rate of march' (in French: vitesse moyenne) is the
average number of miles or kilometres to be travelled in a given period
of time including all ordered halts. It is expressed in miles or kilometres
in the hour. The rate of march is a general planning factor used by staffs.
25. STANAG 2151 gives the definition of a 'signed route' and of a 'route
where guides are provided.'
26. Signing and guide teams are normally provided by the moving unit
(see paragraph 29 below). Members of these teams must not, under any
circumstances, wear the armbands and cuffs specified in STANAGs 2025
and 2159. They may wear coloured armbands.
27. Direction arrows used should preferably be black on white background
and bear the identification symbol of the unit in question (distinctive sign
or identification number). They may be of a similar type to those shown
in Annex A (DofA). Before crossroads leading to several directions, a
warning arrow can be used (type similar tothat shown in Annex C to the
Details of Agreement of STANAG 2012).
H-4
FM 55-30
33. Through this post, he can so arrange for the transmission of his own
instructions, or information, to the various elements of his column as they
pass the post, where however they must not stop unless ordered to do so.
HALTS
35. Long Halts. No standard rules for the observance of long halts are
laid down. They must always be specifically plotted on movement graphs in
order to avoid possible conflict.
OVERTAKING OF COLUMNS
37. By Isolated Vehicles.
a. An isolated vehicle is only authorized to overtake a moving column
when:
AGO 20002A H-5
FM 55-30
39. By night, road movements are carried out according to traffic regula-
tions as follows:
a. With normal lighting
OR
b. Reduced lighting
. OR. From a certain line or on certain
c. Blackout lighting
. Blackout lighting routes specified by orders.
OR
d. Without lights
OR
e. Possible with 'balisage' 1
40. When columns are moving under blackout conditions, traffic normally
will be one-way.
41. This STANAG will be considered to have been implemented when the
necessary orders/instructions to use the definitions and regulations con-
tained in this Agreement have been issued to the forces concerned.
1 'Balisage' is a method by which a route is outlined by a system of dim beacon lights enabling vehicles
to be driven at near daytime speed, under blackout conditions.
DIRECTION ARROW
FLECHE DE DIRECTION
/ 15 cm
- o/
15 cm
, -. / ...4
30 cm (or/ou 12 inches) _ 1or/ou... 6 in5 or/ou 6 inche :1
60 cm (or/ou 24 inches)
H-7
FM 55-30
APPENDIX I
ROAD MOVEMENTS
INTRODUCTION
1. The expression "Road Movement of Special Vehicles" means movement
of vehicles with or without load which because of their class and/or dimen-
sions require special routing arrangement.
NOTE. To simplify the execution of road movements of special vehicles, Nations are
recommended to prepare a documentation (in map or any other form) showing the
route and any special characteristics of the itineraries suitable for such movements.
/ i-3
FM 55-30
BELGIUM -------------- 2m50 12m 14m 18m 11m (1) 12m 4m -------- L50
CANADA ------ - 2m438 10m058 15m240 15m240 --------- 10m058 3m81 -----------------
(8') (33') (50') (50') (33') (12'6')
DENMARK ------------ 2m50 10m or 14m 18m 1lm 12m 3m60 -------- L35
12m (2
FRANCE -------------- 2m50 11m 14m 18m 11m (1) 12m --------- -------- L50
Fed. Rep. of GERMANY. 2m5O 11m or 15m 16m50 --------- 12m 4m -------- L50 (10)
12m(9)
GREECE ------------- 2m50 10m or 14m 18m --------- 11m 3m80 -----------------
11m(3)
ITALY --------------- -- 2m50 1llm(3) 14m 18m (11) 11m (5) 11m 4m 10m (12) L50(7)(8)
LUXEMBOURG----- - 2m50 Note (6) 15m 20m 11m (3) 12m 4m ------- L40
NETHERLANDS ----- -- 2m50 11m (3) 15m 18m -------- 12m 3m80 ----- L50 (4)
NORWAY -------------- 2m50 -------- -------- 16m --------- -------- 3m -------- L16
PORTUGAL------------- 2m50 10m35 14m 18m288 10m668 12m192 3m81 ------ L50
TURKEY -------------- 2m50 11m 14m 18m -------- 11m 3m80 -----------------
UNITED KINGDOM..-_ 2m50 11m 13m 18m 9m144 11m No Limit -------- L50
(8'2 2 ') (36'1lA') (42' (59' (30') (36' (13)
7Y8' ) 0 ) 1¼9)
UNITED STATES------- 2m438 10m668 15m240 18m288 10m668 12m192 3m81 L60
(8') (35') (50') (60') (35')(1) (40') (12'6')
NOTES
(1) Exclusive of coupling device on trailer.
(2) Lorry with 2 axles: 10m.; other vehicle: 12m.
(3) Motor vehicle with 3 or more axles: 11m.
Motor vehicles with only 2 axles: 10m (ITALY-motor coaches ex-
cluded).
(4) Maximum tyre-load: 5000kg.
(5) This figure concerns the tractor only: the length of the trailer cannot
exceed 6m for 1 axle trailer, 7m50 for 2 axle trailer, 8m for 3 or more
axle trailer.
(6) Vehicle with one axle: 7m.
Vehicle with 2 axles: 10m.
Vehicle with 3 axles or more: 12m.
(7) Maximum load:
(a) Motor vehicles and trailers-with ground pressure 8kg/cm 2 : 14,000
kg (2 axles); 18,000 kg (3 axles*); 22,000 kg (4 or more axles*).
*With a distance of Im between 2 axles.
(b) Busses: 15,000 kg (2 axles); 19,000 kg (3 axles).
(c) Tractors and semi-trailers: 14,500 kg. Under the conditions indicated
in (a) above: 18,000 kg (3 axles); 28,000 kg (4 axles); 32,000 kg
(5 or more axles).
(d) In any case, maximum load on each single axle 10,000 kg; on 2
axles (at a distance of 2m) 14,500 kg.
AGO 20002A lul
FM 55-30
(8) Highways only can be considered very heavy traffic routes (Class 120)
but they cannot be used in peacetime by tracked vehicles.
(9) Motor vehicles with two axles: 11m.
Motor vehicles with more than two axles: 12m.
(10) Maximum load per single axle: 8 tonnes.
Load on driving axle of vehicle: 10 tonnes.
Load per double axle: 14.5, and providing there is a minimum wheel-
base of 1.3m, 16.0 tonnes.
(11) The total length should be less, if conditions of columns n.9 cannot be
satisfied.
(12) Each vehicle (single, articulated or train) should be included in a
4 m. 50 wide circular crown of turning way. The internal radius of
this circular crown cannot be longer than 10m.
(13) No limit is imposed on height in the UK but on some secondary
roads bridges may give only 3m 962 (13') headroom, on main roads
4m 572 (15') is general.
/1-4
FM 55-30
INDEX
Paragraph Page
Abandonment of disabled vehicles -______________________________________________ 4-8e 4-4
Accident procedures _…______________________________________________________ 4-8 4-3
Administrative movements --_____________________________________--_--------- --- 1-2a(2),b 1-1
Advance guard ______________-------------------------- 5-7b 5-3
Air terminal clearance _________________________________________________________ 6-5c 6-3
Availability of road network ________________________________________-___________ 1-3c 1-2
Beach clearance ____…---------------------
__________________________________
---- 2-3d(1), 6-5a 2-3,
6-2
Casual movements ______________________________________________________________ 1-2c(1) 1-2
Cellular units -___--____________________________________________________________ 2-19 2-16
Composite service organization _____________________________________________ 2-19b 2-16
Transportation motor transport teams _______________________________--------- 2-19a 2-16
Characteristics of vehicular equipment __________________________________________ 2-2 2-1
C,'.1l-an control of military motor movements _---___--- _________________------------ 1-3a 1-2
Clearance:
Air terminal _…_________________…------ -- __ ---- -- ---- 6-5c 6-3
Beach _________________________----------------------------_______________ 6-5a 6-2
Port --
_---__----______________________ _-------____________________________ 2-3d(1), 6-5b 2-3,
6-3
Collection of operational data ----- _------__--- __----- ___-_---
------------------- 8-16 8-15
Column commander ________________________________________-____________________ 3-3a 3-1
Column communication ________________________________________-_________________ 3-5 3-2
Column control personnel -------
_______________________________________ 3-3 3-1
Combat service support operations -______---- -
_________________________________
-- 6-11 6-4
Combat support operations ------ _________________---_--------------------------- 6-10 6-4
Communication security ___________________----f__-_------------ 5-7f 5-3
Control classification of highway routes ---_------------ ___---___--___--_---------- 4-2 4-1
Control of motor movements:
Area _________________________________________…____________________________ 4-1b 4-1
Organizational ________________________________________-____________________ 4-1a 4-1
Control identification of vehicles --__----_---------------------------------------- 3-4 3-2
Corps support brigade motor transport service ____________________________-_------ 2-5 2-5
Corps support command, independent corps, motor transport service _________---___- 2-6 2-7
Counterinsurgency operations, effects of _____________________________- ____-----_ 1-4 1-2
Covering force ___---___________________________________________________________ 5-7a 5-2
Defense against air attack ____________________________________…__-----_-------- 5-7e 5-3
Detrucking procedure _____________-- ---------------------------------------- 5-5 5-2
Disabled vehicles _________-____---_------------------------------------------- -- 4-8e 4-4
Distance time, and rate factors --________________-------------------------------- 8-3 8-1
Driveway operations _____-___------------------------------------ - .--------- 6-9 6-4
Entrucking procedure _________-___.---- ----------------------------------------- 5-4 5-2
FASCOM motor transport service -- _--_____--__---------------------------------- 2-4 2-4
Flank guards -_____-___________________________________________________________ 5-7c 5-3
Formulas for determining unit and vehicle requirements _-____---___------------ ------ 8-15 8-9
Halts --
_____________________---------------------- 4-7 4-3
Highway regulation -______________________________________-- ------------------- 7-10 7-5
Highway tonnage capability _____________________________-___-------------------- 8-14 8-8
Indigenous traffic _______________________________-------------------------------- 1-2c(3) 1-2
Installation support operations __________________________________…__---_--------- 6-7 6-3
Interzonal motor transport service _____________-_____-------------------------- 7-1--7-15 7-1--7-7
Maintenance on vehicles in relay operations __-_____--
______--_---------------------- 7-14 7-7
March discipline ----
__--------------------------------------------------------- 4-4 4-2
AGO 20002A Index 1
FM 55-30
Paragraph Page
March organization --________________________________--____________________- 3-2 3-1
March unit ----____________
-------- _ -------------- 3-2b 3-1
Serial -------_-----___ ________________________--__.. _ . . ... .... 3-2a 3-1
Methods of motor movements ________________-__---____--__----------------_ 4-3 4-1
Close column __---__-- __________-___________ ________----_ ---- _ - -------- 4-3a 4-1
Infiltration --_--_______________________________-----…__ _._ ---_______
-- - 4-3c 4-2
Open column ------
___________-- ____---_____________________---------------- 4-3b 4-2
Methods of personnel movements:
Full lift ----------------------_----_-------------------------------------- 5-3a 5-2
Leapfrog shuttle ________________________________________-__________________ 5-3c 5-2
Part-ride, part-walk shuttle -- ___--_---------------- ------------------------- 5-2d 6-2
Point-to-point shuttle --__------__--_________--___---__________ _-- --------- _ 5-3b 5-2
Methods of service support movements:
Direct haul ---------__-_------__ ------- _________________________ 6-3a 6-2
Relay ___----_--- ________--________________________________-______________ 6-3c 6-2
Shuttle _-------------_-__________-----------_---_----_-__- -- ______________ 6-3b 6-2
Movements control center --------------------------------- ___- --------- 2-3c, 2-5c 2-1,2-5
Organized movements __-----_-------------------._--------------------------__ _. 1-2c(2) 1-2
Personnel movements --__--___--- ___--_________--_______________________________ 5-1-5-7 5-1, 5-2
Planning motor movements ___------_-- _______-----_____________________--___-- 8-1-8-16 8-1-8-15
Port clearance ----------------------------------------------------------------- 6-5b 6-3
Rear guard __----___________________________________________________ 5-7d 5-3
Reconnaissance and security _-------------___-------_---------________ ---------- 5-7 5-2
Relays ------------------------------------ _---------------- 6-3c 6-2
Release point _----------------------------------------------------------------- 4-6 4-3
Road movement graphs -----------------.-------- _------------ _-_--_ ----------- 8-5 8-4
Road movement tables -__---_---------------- __---_--___----
-------------------- 8-6 8-4
Route selection and reconnaissance __--_________--____________---_---____--______ 7-6 7-2
Semitrailer equipment:
Accountability for -__-_____-_____________________________----------------- 7-12 7-6
Assignment of _____________________________--_________________ ____--_____--- 7-11 7-6
Control of ---------- …__--__-___________------------------------- 7-13 7-6
Service support movements -___----- _____________--…_____________________________ 6-1-6-11 6-1-6-4
Standing operation procedures _----_--__________________________________________ 8-7 8-4
Start point __------- _____________________________--------4-5 4-3
TASCOM motor transport service ------____---------- ___----------
----------------- 1-2a(1),b 1-1
Task vehicles ----
______________________________________________________________ 5-6 5-2
Tactical movements -___________________________________________________________ 2-3 2-1
Tactical loading ____-___________________________________________________________ 2-10 2-9
Terrain and climate ---________--- ______________--___---_______________________- 1-3b 1-2
Trailer transfer points -___-___________________________________________---------- 7-9 7-4
Transfer operations ---------..._______________ -------------------------------- 6-8 6-4
Transportation brigade, HQ and HQ company _-----__--- ___ __----------------
-------- 2-17 2-16
Transportation car company, army, logistical command, or airborne corps ________---- 2-16 2-15
Transportation heavy truck company ____._.. _ _______________________________ 2-15 2-14
Transportation light-medium truck company -________________
_.__________________ 2-14 2-13
Transportation light truck company _____________________________-__________---- 2-11 2-10
Transportation medium company:
Cargo -__---_________________________________ 2-12 2-11
Petroleum _-______________________________________ 2-13 2-12
Refrigerator ----- '_-_-_…_______----------__________________________________ 2-12 2-11
Transportation motor transport battalion, HQ and HQ detachment _______________ 2-9 2-9
Transportation motor transport brigade, HQ and HQ company _-__________.-_______ 2-7 2-7
Transportation motor transport divisional unit -- _--______________________________ 2-18 2-16
Transportation motor transport group, HQ and HQ detachment ____-_______________ 2-8 2-8
Truck terminal operations ________________________________________-____________ 6-6, 7-8 6-3, 7-3
Vehicle control identification __________________________________---__---__-------- 3-4 3-2
Vehicle markings --
____________________________________________________________ 3-4c 3-2
Vehicle numbering -----
________-- ______________________________________________ 3-4b 3-2
W. C. WESTMORELAND,
General, United States Army,
Official: Chief of Staff.
KENNETH G. WICKHAM,
Major General, United States Army,
The Adjutant General.
DISTRIBUTION:
To be distributed in accordance with DA Form 12-11 requirements for Motor Transport Oper-
ation and Units.
AGO 2002A
*U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1969 355-630/20002