Read the sub-statement always in conjugation with the main statement!

With regard to bacterial motility:

1. This is largely due to cilia F
2. it confers no substential advtange to the bacterium F
3. fimbriated organisms are always highly motile F
4. Vibrio spp are motile T

Haemophilus influenzae:
1. is a gram negative rod T
2. is more virulent when capsualted T
3. is a nutritionally fastidious bacterium T (heated blood agar)
4. is one of several agents that may cause meningitis T

Staphylococcus aureus (staph mean cluster)

1. is a gram negative bacterium F
2. is arranged in chains when seen under the microscope in a gram stained preparation F
3. almost always produces penicillinase T
4. may be multi-drug resistant T - MRSA

Streptococcus pyrogenes
1. is an alpha hemolytic organism F - it is a Beta hemolytic
2. grows under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions T (aerobic facultative anaerobes)
3. may cause scarlet fever T
4. is very often multi-drug resistant F - no known resistance

WIth regard to the inorganic adjuvants:

1. these are aluminium hydroxide and aluminium phosphate T
2. When incorporated in vaccines they act as stabilizers F
3. They may reduce the incidence and severity of both local and systemic reactions. T
4. They are incorporated in live attenuated viral vaccines for optimal immunogenicity F

With regard to a freshly isolated E coli from a patient with lover urinary tract infection:
1. The bacterium is not usually fimbriated F
2. The pH of the urine is strongly alkaline F
3. The bacterium often (c 50% of untreated cases) ascends the ureters to cause acute
pyelonephritis F (can do that but not so commonly)
4. Copious drinking is usually sufficient to treat the infection without the use of antibiotics F

Transposons:
1. Are unstable DNA elements that can jump from one replicon to another T
2. can be involved in antibiotic resistance T
3. are synonymous to plasmids F
4. are sometimes composed of RNA F
With regard to bacterial spores
1. they are weakly acid-fast T - can be stained by using ZN stain
2. there are multiple spores within a bacterial cell F - one rod one spore
3. They are produced by members of the genera Clostridium and Bacillus T
4. They stain red in a Gram stained preparation F

With regards to viruses:

1. they contain both DNA or RNA F - either one or the other
2. They often have a polysaccharide envelope F - not a polysaccharide capsule
3. The viral genome is enclosed within a protein capsule F
4. They do not process ribosomes T

DNA viruses include:

1. Chlamydia F
2. the smallpox virus T
3. adenovirus T
4. viruses that can replicate outside a host cell F

With regards to enterococcus:

1. they are commensals of the large bowel T
2. They can cause endocarditis T
3. They are always sensitive to vancomycin F
4. They are often involved in urinary tract infections in the eldery who have an underlying
chronic obstructive uropathy. T

Note : myocarditis is usually caused by a toxin (eg. diphtheria toxin) or a virus, it is rarely
caused by a virus. Endocarditis is more commonly caused by bacteria.

With regard to the agent belonging to the retroviridae:

1. This is a family of enveloped single stranded RNA viruses T
2. The viral core contains reverse transcriptase T
3. it includes the rubella virus F
4. It includes the human immunodeficiency virus T

With regard to viruses:

1. the largest animal viruses are in the parvoviridae and picornaviridae families F
2. The smallest animal viruses are in the poxviridae F
3. The adenoviruses have icosahedral symmetry NOT COVERED IN LECTURES
4. Yellow fever which is transmitted by mosquito vectors, can be prevented by a live attenuated
vaccine T

With regards to vaccines:

1. The modern pertussis vaccines are subunit preparations T
2. The hepatitis A vaccine is live attenuated F - it is inactivated
3. THe Haemophilus influenzae capsular type b vaccine is a polysaccharide vaccine F
4. Prevenar and Synflorix penumococcal vaccines are conjugated polysaccharide vaccines T