MS Dos Internal & External Commands

- The internal commands reside in COMMAND.COM, which loads into memory when the
computer system is started; these commands do not reside on disk.
- The external commands are files that do reside on disk and have an extension of .COM,
.EXE, or .BAT.
- Both command types are executed from the MS-DOS prompt.

DOS - Internal Commands

BREAK CALL CHCP CHDIR (CD) CLS

COPY CTTY DATE DEL (ERASE) DIR
ECHO EXIT FOR GOTO IF
MKDIR (MD) PATH PAUSE PROMPT
REM RENAME (REN) RMDIR (RD) SET
SHIFT TIME TYPE VER VERIFY VOL

DOS - External Commands

APPEND.EXE ASSIGN.COM ATTRIB.EXE BACKUP.EXE

CHKDSK.EXE COMMAND.COM COMP.EXE DEBUG.EXE
DISKCOMP.COM DISKCOPY.COM DOSKEY.COM DOSSHELL.COM
EDIT.COM EDLIN.EXE EMM386.EXE EXE2BIN.EXE
EXPAND.EXE FASTOPEN.EXE FC.EXE FDISK.EXE
FORMAT.COM GRAFTABLE.COM GRAPHICS.COM HELP.EXE
JOIN.EXE KEYB.COM LABEL.EXE MEM.EXE
MIRROR.COM MODE.COM MORE.COM NLSFUNC.EXE
PRINT.EXE QBASIC.EXE RECOVER.EXE REPLACE.EXE
RESTORE.EXE SETVER.EXE SHARE.EXE SORT.EXE
SUBST.EXE SYS.COM TREE.COM UNDELETE.EXE
UNFORMAT.COM XCOPY.EXE
What is CUI/Character User Interface?

- CUI means you have to take help of a keyboard to type commands to interact with the
computer.
- You can only type text to give commands to the computer as in MS DOS or command
prompt.
- There are no images or graphics on the screen and it is a primitive type of interface.
- In the beginning, computers had to be operated through this interface and users who
have seen it say that they had to contend with a black screen with white text only.
- In those days, there was no need of a mouse as CUI did not support the use of pointer
devices. CUI’s have gradually become outdated with the more advanced GUI taking their
place.
- However, even the most modern computers have a modified version of CUI called CLI
(Command Line Interface).

What is GUI/Graphical User Interface?

- GUI is what most modern computers make use of.

- This is an interface that makes use of graphics, images and other visual clues such as
icons.
- This interface made it possible for a mouse to be used with a computer and interaction
really became very easy as the user could interact with just a click of the mouse rather
than having to type every time to give commands to the computer.

Difference between CUI and GUI

- CUI and GUI are user interface used in connection with computers
- CUI is the precursor of GUI and stands for character user interface where user has to
type on keyboard to proceed. On the other hand GUI stands for Graphical User
Interface which makes it possible to use a mouse instead of keyboard
- GUI is much easier to navigate than CUI
- There is only text in case of CUI whereas there are graphics and other visual clues in
case of GUI
- Most modern computers use GUI and not CUI
- DOS is an example of CUI whereas Windows is an example of GUI.
What is GNU/Linux?

- Linux is an operating system: a series of programs that let you interact with your
computer and run other programs.

- An operating system consists of various fundamental programs which are needed by

your computer so that it can communicate and receive instructions from users; read and
write data to hard disks, tapes, and printers; control the use of memory; and run other
software.

- The most important part of an operating system is the kernel. In a GNU/Linux system,
Linux is the kernel component. The rest of the system consists of other programs, many
of which were written by or for the GNU Project. Because the Linux kernel alone does
not form a working operating system, we prefer to use the term “GNU/Linux” to refer to
systems that many people casually refer to as “Linux”.

- Linux is modelled on the UNIX operating system. From the start, Linux was designed to
be a multi-tasking, multi-user system. These facts are enough to make Linux different
from other well-known operating systems. However, Linux is even more different than
you might imagine. In contrast to other operating systems, nobody owns Linux. Much
of its development is done by unpaid volunteers.

- Linux users have immense freedom of choice in their software. For example, Linux users
can choose from a dozen different command line shells and several graphical desktops.
This selection is often bewildering to users of other operating systems, who are not used
to thinking of the command line or desktop as something that they can change.

- Linux is also less likely to crash, better able to run more than one program at the same
time, and more secure than many operating systems. With these advantages, Linux is
the fastest growing operating system in the server market. More recently, Linux has
begun to be popular among home and business users as well.