MAKALAH

KINDS OF THE TEXT

 KATA PENGANTAR

Puji syukur kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa atas rahmat-Nya kami dapat menyelesaikan
makalah ini. Yang mana kami membuat makalah ini agar pembaca dapat memahami lebih jauh
tentang bagian-bagian teks yang digunakan dalam pelajaran bahasa Inggris.

Kami harap dapat membantu pembaca yang membacanya. Kritik dan saran demi perbaikan
makalah ini sangat diharapkan dan akan diterima dengan lapang dada. Dan akhirnya semoga
makalah yang telah dibuat kiranya dapat bermanfaat bagi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan
bahasa Inggris bagi pembacanya.

Bungapati, maret 2017

Penulis
 DAFTAR ISI

SAMPUL DEPAN ................................................................................................................. i

KATA PENGANTAR ......................................................................................................... ii
DAFTAR ISI....................................................................................................................... iii
BAB I PENDAHULUAN ..................................................................................................... 1
A. Latar Belakang ....................................................................................................................... 1
B. Rumusan Masalah ................................................................................................................. 1
BAB II PEMBAHASAN ...................................................................................................... 2
A. Concept of the text ................................................................................................................ 2
1. Narrative text ......................................................................................................................... 2
2. Descriptive text...................................................................................................................... 4
3. Recount text ........................................................................................................................... 4
4. Exspository text ..................................................................................................................... 5
5. Argument/discussion text ...................................................................................................... 7
6. Procedure text……………………………………………………………………………..13
7. Report text………………………………………………………………………………....15

BAB III PENUTUP ............................................................................................................ 17

A. Kesimpulan .......................................................................................................................... 17
B. Kritik dan Saran .................................................................................................................. 17
 BAB I
PENDAHULUAN
A. Latar Belakang
Karna berbagai jenis teks yang ada dalam bahasa inggris mungkin tidaklah banyak yang tahu
tentang teks itu sendiri.
Bermacam-macam jenis teks dalam bahasa inggris itu sendiri seperti :
 Teks narrative
 Teks dekriptive
 Teks recouny
 Teks exspositori
 Teks argumentasi
 Teks procedure
 Teks report

Bahkan masih banyak yang lain lagi jenis lainnya namun makalah ini akan sedikit mengupas
tentang jenis-jenis teks di atas agar menambah khasanah serta pengetahuan kita tentang teks
tersebut
B. RumusanMasalah
1. Apa saja jenis text dalam bahasa inggris ?
2. Apa pengertian dari jenis text itu sendiri ?
3. Apa sajakah struktur dalam teks tersebut ?
4. Apa ketentuan dalam setiap text tersebut ?
 BAB II
PEMBAHASAN

A. Concep Of The Text

Text can be classified into several types. The term of type is sometime stated as genre. These
types of text are1[1];
1. Narrative text
2. Descriptive text
3. Recount text
4. Expositori text
5. Argumentation text
These classification on type of text are based on analysis of three main elements of text.
These elements of the text are:
1. The purpose of the text; why is the text made?, why is the text made for by its writer.
2. The generic structure of the text; analyzing the used structure in composing the text, in what
way is the text constructed by its writer.
3. The language feature; taking a look at the linguistic characterizations of the text, what kind of
language feature is used to build the text by its writer.
1. Narrative text
a. Definition of Narrative
Narrative is the text focusing specific participants. Its social function is its tell stories or past
events and entertain the readers.
b. Generic structure of Narrative
A narrative text consists if the following structure:
 Orientation: Introducing the participants and informing the time and the place.
 Complication: Describing the rising crises which the participants have to do with.
 Resolution: showing the way of participant to solve the crises, better or worse.
c. Language feature of Narrative
 Using processes verbs
 Using simple past tense
 Using temporal conjunction
d. Example of the text
A Wolf And a Goat
Thirsty wolf arrived at the edge a lake. When about to drink saw a goat was drinking also in that
place. But unlike the other goats that will blurred when the saw, one goat This remains calm
carry on drinking.
With astonishment, the wolf approached goat.
"Hello goat! How are you doing? "She said
"Oh, good news wolves. How
with you? "said the goat.
"Well well," replied the wolf. "By the say why you're not afraid to see me?
Are not your friends will usually blurred when the see me? "
"Ah, did you forget me?" Said the goat. "Why do not you notice I'm fine and remember, you
must know me! " Wolves tried to remember
where he had met with goats this one. Then suddenly he
remember, "O yes I remember! Did not you goat ever save me? "
Wolves recall, at that time he was busy prey when eating beef
suddenly heard the sound of a gun blast and screams goats.
Apparently goats butting hunter so wolf shot missed and survived.
"I'm sorry my friend," said the wolf. "That was I almost did not recognize you. Accept love
because you have save me! "
"You're welcome friend!" Said the goat. Then goat and took his leave. In the heart goat grateful
not to be predation by wolves.2[2]
2. Description text
a. The definition and purpose of Descriptive text
Descriptive text is a text is a text which says what a person or a thing is like. Its purpose is to
describe and reveals a particular person, place, or thing.
b. The Generic structure of Descriptive
Descriptive text has structure as below:
 Identification; identifying the phenomenon to be described.
 Description; describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or/and characteristics.
c. The language feature of Descriptive text
 Using attributive and identifying process
 Using adjective and classifier in nominal group.
 Using simple present tense.
d. Example of the text
GIZA PYRAMIDS
The pyramids of Giza are the only surviving Ancient Wonder of the World and one of the
most famous tourist attractions in the modern world. They are some of the oldest sacred sites in
our index and certainly among of the most impressive. (The Great Sphinx of Giza has a separate
article.)
Although it is clear the pyramids were used for the burial of pharaohs, the construction,
date, and possible symbolism of the Giza pyramids are still not entirely understood.
This mystery only adds to the attractiveness of these ancient wonders and many modern
people still regard Giza as a spiritual place. A number of fascinating theories have been offered
to explain the "mystery of the pyramids," one of which is summarized below.
Giza is the most important site on earth for many New Age followers, who are drawn by the
pyramids' mysteries and ancient origins. Since 1990, private groups have been allowed into the
Great Pyramid, and the majority of these have been seekers of the mystical aspects of the site.
But even the most skeptical visitor cannot help but be awed by the great age, grand scale and
harmonic mathematics of the pyramids of Giza.3[3]
3. Recount text
a. Definition of Recount text
Recount is a text which retells events or experiences in the past. Its purpose is either to inform or
to entertain the audience. There is no complication among the participants and that differentiates
from narrative.4[4]

b. Generic structure of Recount

 Orientation: Introducing the participants, place and time.
 Events: describing series of event that happened in the text.
 Reorientation: it is optional. Stating personal comment of the writer to the story.
c. Language feature of Recount
 Introducing personal participant; I my group, etc
 Using chronological connection; then, first, etc
 Using linking verb; was, were, saw, heard, etc
 Using action verb; look, go, change, etc
 Using simple past tense
d. Examples of the text
My Best Friend, Haruka

In Senior high school, I had best friend from Korea. Her name was Haruka. She was
beautiful, smart, and low profile. For that many people loved her, included of me myself. It was
because, even though she was from foreign country that considered by many students would be
arrogant with students in my school, but Haruka was different. She was a good girl. I and
Haruka became good friend each other. I was really glad in having friend like her. It was because
even though she was from rich family and I was not from rich family. She wanted to have a
friend like me. She wanted to share everything to me. So, did I. For the example, when she had
something, like knowledge, foods, or even gift, she would give to me. Then, I did the same thing
like her, for the example if my mom made a food, traditional food, I would give that food also to
Haruka.
 One day, I was invited by Haruka’s family to attend Haruka’s birth day. I came to Haruka’s
house as shown in invitation card. I was very surprised when I looked the house of Haruka that
was very luxurious, and beautiful. I felt afraid to enter Haruka’s house. For that, I only waited on
the outside of Haruka’s house. I stood at fence. Then, seven minutes, I stood at fence. I saw
Haruka went to out from her house. She came to me and she asked why I did not enter. I did not
answer, I only smiled. Then, she said to me that her birthday would not be started without the
existence of me. I was very touched in hearing that. I hugged her.

Then, I and Haruka entered to Haruka’s house. Many guests looked at me and Haruka. Then,
the party started. Before that, Haruka’s parents introduced me to the guests that I was the best
friend for her daughter and Haruka’s family wanted me follow them to holiday in Korea next
month. Many people gave applause to me and Haruka’s family. I was so touched. I felt to cry. I
was fortunate having friend like Haruka, and knew Haruka’s family.

4. Exspositoritexs
a) Analytical exposition text
a. Definition of Analytical Exposition
Exposition is a text that elaborates the writer’s idea about the phenomenon surrounding; its social
function is to persuade the reader that the idea is important matter5[5].
b. Generic structure of Analytical Exposition
 Thesis: introducing the topic and indicating the writer’s position.
 Argument 1: Explaining the argument to support the writer’s position.
 Argument 2: Explaining the other argument support the writer’s position more.
 Reiteration: restating the writer’s position
c. Language feature of Analytical Exposition
 Using relational process
 Using internal conjunction
 Using causal conjunction
 Using simple present tense
d. Example of the text
Tourism Benefit on Local People
What is the benefit of tourism for local people? Well, Tourism is now a huge contributor to
the economies of most countries. Tourism industries can bring money, job vacancy and
advancement especially to developing regions. However, this money often goes into the pockets
of foreign investors, and only rarely benefits for local people.
Tourism industries will not give much benefit for local people if, for example, multinational
hotel chains don't care about the surrounding nature when they build new hotels. This can cause
many social, cultural and geographical problems.
Some local people may get job and money from that International hotel chain. However in
case of missing that opportunity, some of them still have their own environment.
Moreover, some facts show that tourists tend to go, visit and spend their money in
restaurants, bars and even luxury hotels of that multinational chains. They less go to such places;
restaurant, bar, hotel, shop which are owned by local people. This can prevent the local people's
business from becoming even larger.
Most important thing, tours or excursions of tourism have little effect on nature. Even it can
disrupt or destroy ecosystems and environments, and if it does, the local people will get the risk.
So the local government policies should be put in place to ensure that tourism will make the
benefit spreading widely. The policies should guarantee that tourism will not cause any harm to
any local people or places.6[6]

b) Hortatory exsposition text

a. Definition of Hortatory Exsposition text
Hortatory exposition is a text which represents the attempt of the writer to have the addresses do
something or act in certain way.
b. Generic structure of Hortatory Exsposition
1. Thesis
2. Argument
3. Recommendation

c. Language feature of Hortatory Exsposition

1. Focusing on the writer 5. Using evaluative words; important, valuable,
2. Using action verb trustworthy
3. Using modal adverb; certainly, surely 6. Using abstract noun, policy
4. Using temporal connective; firstly, secondly 7. Using passing voice
8. Using simple present tense

d. Examples of Hortatory Exsposition

Cars should be banned in the city

Cars should be banned in the city. As we all know, cars create pollution, and cause a lot of
road deaths and other accidents.

Firstly, cars, as we all know, contribute to most of the pollution in the world.
Cars emit a deadly gas that caused illnesses such as bronchitis, lung cancer, and ‘triggers’ off
asthma. Some of these illnesses are so bad that people can die from them.
Secondly, the city is very busy. Padestrians wander everywhere and cars commonly hit
pedestrians in the city, which causes them to die. Cars today are our roads biggest killer.
Thirdly, cars are very noisy. If you live in the city, you mind find it hard to sleep at night, or
concentrate on your homework, and especially talk to someone
In conclusion, cars should be banned from the city for the reasons listed7[7]
5. Argumentation/discussion text
a. Definition discussion text
 Discussion is a text which presents a problematic discourse. This problem will be discussed from
different viewpoint.Discussion is commonly foun in philoshopical, historic, and social text8[8].

b. Generic structure of Discussion

 Statement of issue; stating the issue which is to discussed
 List of supporting point; presenting the point in supporting the presented issue
 List of contrastive point; presenting other point which disagree to the supporting point
 Recommendation; stating the writer’s recommendation of the discourse

c. Language feature of discussion

 Introducing category or generic participant
 Using thinking verb; feel, hope, believe
 Using additive, contrastive, and causal connection; similarly, on the hard, however
 Using modalities; must, should, could, may
 Using adverbial of manner; deliberately, hopefully

d. Examples discussion text

BUSSINESS
Business China’s market The reason of this level of popularity is very simple – if the
company stars producing something in China it automatically gets high demand on its products.
The rate of the return of their investments is very high and everybody seems to be in gain. But…
The main point is that China gets way more.Chinese companies get western technologies and
this becomes the leading power of their economics for the moment.
Competition in food industry essay As it has been mentioned before, on the key issues of the
competition in the food industry is the quality of products. The quality of food-products is
 achieved through the well-coordinated process of cooperation of food retailers, manufacturers,
suppliers of ingredients and food makers (Partos, 2005). If any of these links perform a
disorganized and unqualified activity it always results in a damaged product and a damaged
product is always a guarantor of health problems of the consumer.
Human Resource Development Essay HRD has radically changed in the last years and
nowadays it corresponds to the demands on the level of large business organizations and
governmental institutions. Its impact on the functioning of any organization is being analyzed by
the major experts. What is one of the best sides of HRD is that it has become a synthesis of many
vital global aspects including occupational psychology, organizational behavior and theories of
learning.

Explain:
1. Subject
2. Verb
3. Object
4. Adverb

6. Procedure text

procedure text adalah jenis text yang bertujuan untuk menggambarkan suatu perintah atau
instruksi tentang bagaimana sesuatu dicapai sesuai urutan atau langkah-langkah yang benar.

Dan biasanya judul procedure text diawali dengan “How to ….“. Contohnya misalnya seperti
“How to make a cup of tea” (Cara membuat secangkir tea), “How to Use the Computer” (Cara
menggunakan komputer), dan masih banyak lagi contoh lainnya.

Beberapa ciri prosedure text adalah:

⦁ mengunakan Simple Present Tense (S+V1)
⦁ berbentuk imperative/bentuk perintah,
⦁ menggunakan action verbs, contoh: make, take, boil, cook,
⦁ menggunakan temporal conjunctions, contoh: First, then, next, after that, last

Tujuan Procedure Text

Procedure text sendiri dibuat mempunyai tujuan tertentu untuk pembaca. Tujuan teks sendiri
bersifat komunikatif.

“The social purpose of procedure text is to show how something is done through sequence of
steps which enable the reader to achieve the goal.”

Tujuan sosial procedure text adalah untuk menunjukkan bagaimana sesuatu dilakukan melalui
urutan langkah yang memungkinkan pembaca untuk mencapai tujuan.

“The purpose of procedure text is to tell the reader how to do or make something through a
sequence of actions or steps.”

Tujuan dari teks prosedur adalah untuk memberitahu pembaca bagaimana melakukan atau
membuat sesuatu melalui urutan tindakan atau langkah-langkah .

Jenis-jenis Procedure Text

Procedure text dalam bahasa inggris mempunyai beberapa jenis. Berikut ini ada 3 jenis
procedure text yang harus Anda ketahui.
⦁ Procedure text yang menjelaskan bagaimana sesuatu bekerja atau bagaimana menggunakan
instruksi/operasi manual , misalnya , how to use computer, how to record video. how to use
plaroid camera.
⦁ Procedure text yang menginstruksikan bagaimana melakukan aktivitas tertentu, misalnya, how
to make a noodle, how to dance, how to play basketball.
⦁ Procedure text yang berhubungan dengan perilaku manusia, misalnya, how to succeed, how to
live happily, how to be a good person.

Generic Stucture of Procedure Text

Procedure text memiliki skema susunan umum atau generic structure. Berikut ini generic
stucture of procedure text:
⦁ Goal: memberikan informasi tentang maksud dan tujuan prosedur dan memprediksi suatu
kesimpulan.
⦁ Materials: berisi daftar materi atau bahan-bahan yang dibutuhkan untuk melakukan suatu
prosedur atau langkah-langkah.
⦁ Steps: daftar urutan instruksi/aktivitas untuk mencapai tujuan dalam urutan langkah yang
benar.
⦁ Result: Hasil dari serangkaian langkah-langkah yang telah dilakukan.

Contoh Procedure Text

Berikut ini contoh procedure text

How to Make Ice Cream

Materials:
2 cups milk or cream
2 tablespoons sugar
1 teaspoon Vanilla extract
Several cups of Ice
1 cup salt
You need these supplies to make ice cream
Tub or large coffee can to hold salt and ice
Glass bowl or small coffee can
Electric mixer or whisk
Ice cream scoop
Storage container for freezer
Steps:
First, setting up the cooling apparatus. Stir ice and salt in the larger container.
Then, combine the ingredients. Mix together the milk, sugar, and vanilla in the glass bowl. Then,
set this bowl in the tub filled with ice and rock salt, making sure that the salt water does not spill
into the bowl.

Next, mix the ice cream. Mix the ingredients in the small container vigorously. The salty ice
mixture will cool the mixture down until it turns into ice cream. It should take about 10 to 15
minutes to stir the ice cream using either method. Stir until it is free from ice crystals and is the
right consistency.

Last, storage and serving. ice cream is ready.

7. Report text
a. Pengertian

“A report text is a type of text that announce the result of an investigation or announce
something. The information given in a report text is very general information.”

Report text adalah jenis teks yang mengumumkan hasil penyelidikan atau mengumumkan
sesuatu . Informasi yang diberikan dalam teks laporan adalah informasi yang sangat umum.

Apasih yang membedakan report text dan descriptive text? Jika Anda membandingkannya
dengan seksama, bedanya adalah recont text menjelaskan sesuatu secara general atau umum
sedangkan descriptive text menjelaskan sesuatu yang spesifik atau khusus. Report text juga
biasanya bersifat ilmiah.

b. Tujuan

“Social function of report text is to present information about something generally

to the reader.”
Social function dari report text adalah untuk menyajikan informasi tentang sesuatu secara umum
kepada pembaca.

Secara umum, report text menggambarkan hal-hal yang berkenaan dengan fenomena alam ,
buatan manusia dan sosial di lingkungan kita , seperti : mamalia , planet-planet , batu , tanaman ,
negara-negara dan kota, budaya , transportasi , dan sebagainya. Dan report text bersifat ilmiah
karena menyajikan fakta-fakta sebagai hasil penelitian atau observasi.

Generic Structure

General Classification
berisi pernyataan umum tentang subject yang dibicarakan atau dibahas.

Description
merupakan bagian yang memberikan gambaran secara detail mengenai subject yang dibahas
pada bagian general classification.

Contoh Report Text

Venice

General Classification :
Venice is a city in northern Italy. It is the capital of region Veneto. Together with Padua, the city
is included in the Padua-Venice Metropolitan Area. Venice has been known as the “Queen of the
Adriatic”, “City of Water”, “City of Bridges”, and “The City of Light”. The city stretches across
117 small islands in the marshy Venetian Lagoon along the Adriatic Sea in northeast Italy.

Description:
Venice is world-famous for its canals. It is built on an archipelago of 117 islands formed by
about 150 canals in a shallow lagoon. The islands on which the city is built are connected by
about 400 bridges. In the old center, the canals serve the function of roads, and every form of
transport is on water or on foot.

You can ride gondola there. It is the classical Venetian boat which nowadays is mostly used for
tourists, or for weddings, funerals, or other ceremonies. Now, most Venetians travel by
motorized waterbuses (“vaporetti”) which ply regular routes along the major canals and between
the city’s islands. The city also has many private boats. The only gondolas still in common use
by Venetians are the traghetti, foot passenger ferries crossing the Grand Canal at certain points
without bridges.

You can see the amusing city’s landmarks such as Piazza San Marco, Palazzo Contarini del
Bovolo, Saint Mark’s Cathedral or villas of the Veneto. The villas of the Veneto, rural residences
for nobles during the Republic, are one of the most interesting aspects of Venetian countryside.
They are surrounded by elegant gardens, suitable for fashionable parties of high society. The city
is also well known for its beautiful and romantic view, especially at night.
 BAB III
PENUTUP

A. KESIMPULAN

Ternyata setelah kita sedikit kita kupas bahwasanya banyak jenis-jenis teks dalam bahasa
inggris seperti; Narrative Texs, Descriptive Text, Recount Text, exspositori text (analytical &
hortatory) dan argument/discussion text serta masih banyak yang lain lagi.

B. KRITIK DAN SARAN

Makalah yang saya buat kiranya masih jauh dari kata baik untuk itu saya mengharapkan
kritik dan saran dari ibu guna perbaikan makalah-makalah untuk kedepannya atas perhatian ibu
saya ucapkan terima kasih.