GERUNDS & INFINITIVES

I. GERUND : ( danh ñoäng töø ) ( V + ING )

1. Subject of a sentence (lµm chñ ng÷ trong c©u)
Ex: Reading the story of Kieu is interesting .
2. Complement of To Be after Subject of Thing + To Be (lµm bæ
ng÷ cña ®äng tõ to be sau chñ ng÷ lµ vËt)
Ex : My hobby is fishing .
3. After Prepositions (sau giíi tõ)
Ex : She is interested in learning English .
4. Verbs + Gerund
Admit (thừa nhận, coâng nhận), avoid ( traùnh, neù), appreciate (®¸nh gi¸ cao),
delay /postpone/ put off (trì hoaõn, ®×nh l¹i), deny( choái), detest/ dislike( khoâng
thích,khoâng öa), discuss (th¶o luËn), consider( xem xeùt, cöùu xeùt), enjoy (thöôûng
thöùc, höôûng), escape (trèn tho¸t), finish (hoaøn taát, laøm xong), give up/ quit: töø
boû, thoâi), imagine (töôûng töôïng), keep( giöõ), not mind ( khoâng phieàn), miss (lì),
practise ( thöïc haønh), suggest( ñeà nghò), prevent (ng¨n chÆn/ c¶n), can’t
help( khoâng theå ngaên caûn), can’t stand (khoâng theå chòu ñöïng ñöôïc), can't help
(kh«ng thÓ ng¨n c¶n )resit (thi l¹i), resist (kh¸ng cù l¹i, chèng
l¹i), cease (ngõng, ®õng) ….etc.
I always avoid making noise in class. I don’t mind doing a lot of homework.
Have you finished writing the report ? He can’t stand working ten hours a day.
Anne practised playing the piano at an early When did you give up smoking, Bill ?
age

5. Ñoäng töø theo sau giôùi töø thöôøng duøng ôû daïng Gerund.
Approve of ( chaáp thuaän, taùn ñoàng), argue about ( tranh caõi veà…), complain about
( than phieàn, phaøn naøn veà…), concentrate on ( taäp trung vaøo…), depend on ( tuøy
thuoäc vaøo…), decide on ( quyeát ñònh veà…), feel like ( caûm thaáy thích, thieân veà…),
forget about ( queân veà…). Look forward to ( troâng mong, ngoùng…), insist on ( naøi
næ…), keep on ( cöù tieáp tuïc…), object to ( phaûn ñoái veà…), plan on ( döï tính veà…),
rely on ( tin vaøo, döïa vaøo…), succeed in ( thaønh coâng trong vieäc…), think about
( nghó veà…), worry about ( lo nghó veà…, lo laéng veà…).
I’m interested in listening to music on the Many overweight people try to lose weight by
radio. going on a diet.
He’s bored with staying at home day after Don’t forget to turn off the gas before going
day. out
Some people are afraid of driving in rush
hours.

6. Caùc tính töø ñi keøm giôùi töø ñöôïc theo sau bôûi Gerund.
Accustomed to ( quen vôùi…), afraid of ( lo sôï, e sôï veà…), ashamed of ( xaáu hoå
veà…), capable of ( coù khaû naêng, coù theå… ) bored with ( chaùn vôùi…),
disappointed in / with ( thaát voïng veà…), fond of ( thích veà…), hopeful of ( hy voïng
veà…), intent on ( ñeo ñuoåi, chaêm chuù veà…), interested in ( quan taâm veà…),
opposed to ( choáng ñoái vôùi…),proud of ( haõnh dieän veà…), responsible for ( coù
traùch nhieäm veà…), sorry about ( aân haän veà…), successful in ( thaønh coâng
trong…), surprised at ( ngaïc nhieân veà…), tired from ( meät nhoïc vì…), tired of ( chaùn
vôùi…), worried about ( lo laéng veà….).used to ( quen vôùi…).
Police soon get accustomed to arresting The driver was intent on passing the
criminals. other car.
Are you capable of completing the work within The treasurer is responsible for keeping
an hour ? the books
Eli Whitney is famous for inventing the cotton
gin
7 Những thành ngữ với gerund (expressions +gerund):
- can’t help = can’t bear = can’t stand = can’t resist (không thể chịu được)
- it is no good / it is no use (vô ích / không có ích)
- there’s no point in …: Làm gì đó vô ích
- have trouble (lo lắng, phiền muộn)
- be used to = get used to = be accustomed to : quen / thích nghi với…
- have difficulty : gặp khó khan
- Look forward to : mong chờ
- S + prefer + V-ing + to + V-ing : thích làm việc gì hơn việc gì khác
- Spend/ spent time(money) + V-ing: Dành thời gian/ tiền bạc để làm gì
Ex: I have difficulty in learning English
When she told me the story, I couldn’t help laughing
* Adjectives + gerund:
Be busy + V-ing (bận rộn)
be worth + V-ing (đáng ,xứng đáng)

II. THE INFINITIVE ( TO + VERB )

1. Subject of the sentence ( Chuû töø cuûa caâu )
Ex : To help her is my duty.

2. Verbs + to - Infinitive
 Agree ( ñoàng yù,nhaát trí), afford, appear ( xuaát hieän), arrange( saép xeáp,thu xeáp),
attempt( coá gaéng), ask ( ñoøi hoûi,yeâu caàu), choose ( choïn, löïa), decide ( quyeát ñònh),
demand ( ra leänh), expect ( mong,troâng ngoùng), fail ( hoûng,khoâng thaønh coâng,(thi) rôùt),
happen (xaûy ra) , hope ( hy voïng), learn ( hay tin), manage ( xoay sôû, töï lo ñöôïc), offer
( daâng ,taëng), plan ( keá hoaïch, döï tính), pretend ( giaû vôø), promise (höùa heïn), refuse
( töø choái), seem ( coù veû nhö, döôøng nhö), threaten ( ñe doïa), want, wish ( ao öôùc), would
like ( muoán), intend (dù ®Þnh), tend (cã xu híng), claim (tuyªn bè,
kh¼ng ®Þnh), desire (m¬ íc, mong muèn), hope, hesitate (do dù,
ngËp ngõng) …etc.
I decide to study engineering at University We can’t afford to build a new house.
She’s expecting to get a reply from the Bob refused to lend me his car.
company. You manage to get some tickets for the pop concert on
Do you agree to join us for the holyday ? Saturday.
Mary learned to swim when she was
young

3. verbs + O + to - ×ninitive
want, ask, tell, request (yªu cÇu), order (sai ph¸i), beg
(van xin), remind (nh¾c nhë), invite (mêi), advise (khuyªn),
warn (c¶nh b¸o), promise (høa), encourage (khuyÕn khÝch)…
He tells me to send this letter.
The teacher encouraged Lan to join English club.
4. be/ look/ seem/ feel + ADJECTIVE + TO infinitive:
Afraid ( sôï, e sôï ), ashamed ( xaáu hoå ), considerate ( teá nhò ), disappointed ( thaát
voïng ), eager ( haêm hôû), foolish ( ñieân roà), fortunate ( may maén, heân ), happy ( sung
söôùng ), lucky ( may maén ), pleased ( haøi loøng), proud ( haõnh dieän), qualified ( coù
ñuû tö caùch ), ready ( saün saøng), sorry ( aân haän) surprised ( ngaïc nhieân),
angry(giËn d÷ ), prepared (®îc chuÈn bÞ), glad (vui mõng),
proud (tù hµo)
I’m afraid to drive alone at night. He was not at all surprised to hear the news.
Were you disappointed not to win the race ? The party is ready to serve.
The parents are proud to have a healthy I'm glad to see you again.
child.

5. Dùng để chỉ mục đích TO / IN ORDER TO / SO AS TO + V(bare infinitive )

Ex : There are lots of things to do today.
Ex : He studies hard so as to pass the entrance examination.
7. Dùng sau các WH- Q how/what/when/where/ which/why + to V (trừ Why)
Ví dụ: He doesn’t how to use a computer
I found out where to buy fruit cheaply. She couldn’t think what to say.
I showed her which button to press.
III. BARE - INFINITIVE
1. After modal verbs: can, may, must, …
EX: I must go home now.
2. After had better, would rather, do nothing but.
EX: He did nothing but complain about his life.
 You’d better stay at home today.
3. Make
+ O + V(bare-inf.)
Let

EX: The clowns made them laugh a lot last night.

IV. VERB FOLLOWED BY EITHER INFINITIVE OR GERUNDS
 Without changing in meaning : Start ( baét ñaàu, khôûi ñoäng), begin ( baét
ñaàu), continue ( tieáp tuïc), intend ( tính, döï ñònh), like, love, hate ( gheùt),
prefer (thích hôn, öa hôn).
It began to rain when I went to school. It began raining when I went to school
When did you start learning English ? When did you start to learn English ?
It began raining heavily. o It began to rain heavily.
Does Pam continue writing to you ? r Does Pam continue to write to you ?
He intended making a film for children He intended to make a film for children.
 VERBS + GERUND or INFINITIVE ( Cho yù nghóa khaùc nhau ):
Stop doing st dõng viÖc g× l¹i He stopped smoking three years ago. ( He
doesn’t smoke any more now.)
Stop to do st dõng ®Ó lµm g× He stopped to smoke a cigarette. ( He
stopped working in order to smoke ).
try doing st thö You should try taking these tablets, ( try =
thöû )
try to do st cè g¾ng You should try to study harder. ( try = coá
gaéng )
forget/ quªn/nhí ®· lµm g× I remember sending a postcard to my
remember doing (V đã xãy ra trước parents yesterday.
st remember, forget, regret) He remembers meeting you when he was
in France. ( He met you).
forget/remember quªn / nhí lµm Don't forget to wash the dishes.
to do st g×( To-inf xảy ra sau Remember to sent me a letter when you
remember, forget, regret) arrive in Ho Chi Minh city. ( you will
send.)
regret doing st tiÕc ®· lµm g× She regretted not coming your birthday
party. So she felt bored
regret to do st lÊy lµm tiÕc ph¶i I regret to inform you that you've failed
lµm g× your exam.
need to do st cÇn lµm g× (nghÜa You need to practise English every day.( =
chñ ®éng) You have to practise English every day).
need doing st cÇn ®îc lµm g× Your shirt needs washing .It smells. ( =
=need to be (nghÜa bÞ ®éng) Your shirt needs to be washed ).
done
go on doing tiÕp tôc lµm viÖc The teacher introduced herself and went
= to continue g× ®ã on to explain the course.
doing st
go on to do tiÕp tôc lµm c«ng The teacher told everyone to be quiet, but
viÖc tiÕp theo they just went on talking.
(viÖc kh¸c)
like doing së thÝch l©u dµi I like fishing
like to do thích vì nghĩ rằng nó tốt, I like to do my job well.
ý thÝch nhÊt thêi
Notes:
 would like + to- inf; feel like + V-ing (ước có ) = wish for
 ALLOW, PERMIT, ADVISE, RECOMMEND
Allow = permit V-ing
+
Advise = recommend O + to-inf.
I permit you to go out. I permit going out
 see. smell, notice, observe, taste, feel, overhear, hear,
watch + O + Verb: khi chøng kiÕn toµn bé sù viÖc
 see. smell, notice, observe, taste, feel, overhear, hear,
watch + O + Verb - ing: khi chøng kiÕn mét phÇn sù viÖc
®ang diÔn ra
I saw someone get into Tom's house yesterday.
She heard him playing guitar. It's really great, but she
must go away.

UNIT 10. ENDANGERED SPECIES

[NHỮNG LOÀI ĐỘNG VẬT BỊ ĐE DỌA]
- be driven to the verge of… :bị đẩy đến bờ của…..
- biologist /bai'ɔlədʒist/ (n): nhà sinh vật học
- deforestation /di,fɔris'tei∫n/ (n): sự phá rừng
- derive (from) /di'raiv/ (v): bắt nguồn từ
- enact /ɪˈnækt/ (v): ban hành (đạo luật)
- gorilla /gə'rilə/ (n): con khỉ đột
- habitat /ˈhæbɪtæt/ (n):môi trường sống,chỗ ở (người)
- leopard /'lepəd/ (n): con báo
- parrot /ˈpærət/ (n): con vẹt
- reserve /ri'zə:v/ (n): khu bảo tồn, (v): dự trữ
- rhinoceros /rai'nɔsərəs/ (n): con tê giác
- sociable /'sou∫əbl/ (a): dễ gần gũi, hoà đồng
- urbanization /,ə:bənai'zei∫n/ (n): sự đô thị hoá
- vulnerable /'vʌlnərəbl/ (a): dẽ bị tổn thương
- wildlife /'waildlaif/ (n): động vật hoang dã
- worm /wə:m/ (n): sâu, trùng
- endanger /in'deindʒə(r)/ (v):gây nguy hiểm
⟹ danger /deindʒə/ (n):mối đe doạ, sự nguy hiểm
- extinction /ɪkˈstɪŋkʃn/ (n): duyệt chủng
- globe /gloub/ (n): quả cầu
- damage /ˈdæmɪdʒ/ (v): gây tổn hại,(n): sự thiệt hại
- contaminate /kənˈtæmɪneɪt/ (v): làm bẩn, làm nhiễm (bệnh)
- fertile /'fə:tail/ (a): màu mỡ
- awareness /əˈweənəs/ (a): nhận thức về ai/cái gì
- conservation /,kɔnsə:'vei∫n/ (n): sự bảo tồn
- survive /sə'vaiv/ (v): sống sót; còn lại
- develop /di'veləp/ (v): phát triển
- essential /ɪˈsenʃl/ (a): cần thiết,chủ yếu, (n): yếu tố cần thiết
- project /'prədʒekt/ (n): dự án, kế hoạch
- fashionable /'fỉ∫nəbl/ (a): lịch sự, sang trọng
- livelihood /'laivlihud/ (n): cách kiếm sống
- numerous /'nju:mərəs/ (a): đông đảo
- poach /pout∫/ (v): săn trộm, xâm phạm

THE INFINITIVE OR THE GERUND

I/ Give the correct form of the verbs in brackets :

1. Tom regrets ( spend ) too much time ( play ) computer games .

2. Students stopped ( make ) noise when the teacher came in .
3. He’ll try ( not make) the same mistake again.
4. Would you mind ( turn ) off the radio ?
5. When you see Tom, remember ( give ) him my regards.
6. They postponed ( build ) an elementary school for lack of finance.
7. It’s no use ( advise ) him. He never allows anybody (give) advice.
8. Is there anything here worth ( buy ) ?
9. We missed ( watch ) a football match last night .
10.The principal tells him ( come ) in .
11.My parents decided ( take ) a taxi because it was late.
12.Do you agree ( lend ) me some money ?
13.Tom refused (give) me his address .
14.You’ll be able ( do ) it yourself when you are older .
15. I didn’t know how ( get ) to your house , so I stopped ( ask ) the way .
16.We found it very difficult ( reach ) a decision .
17. I will remember ( give ) Mr. Brown your message .
 18.She remembers ( be ) taken to the zoo by her mother .
19.Do you feel like ( go ) to the concert or would you like ( stay ) at home ?
20.My family is considering (take) a trip to the USA next year.
21.The police didn’t permit ( camp ) in this wood for security reasons .
22.We don’t allow people ( smoke ) in the lecture room.
23.The teacher advised ( review) the grammatical structures carefully .
24.He’ s used to ( go ) on foot to work .
25.We get used to ( work ) on Sundays .
26.She is looking forward to ( see ) her friends .
27.Sometimes students avoid ( look ) at the teacher if they don’t want (answer ) a
question.
28.You should try ( wear ) any shirts you want to buy.
29.The teacher recommends us ( prepare) the lessons well before ( come ) to class.
30.There are people can’t help ( laugh )when they see someone ( slip ) on a banana
skin
31.He went to bed without ( lock ) the doors .
32. They don’t have enough patience ( wait ) for him .
33. Gravity makes water ( run ) downhill .
34. This man let me ( use ) his phone yesterday.
35. Are we allowed ( go ) out with Tom ?
36. The teller was made ( raise ) his hands .
37. Mary was advised ( stay ) out of the crowd .
38. She prefers ( eat ) to ( prepare ) meals .
39. When the rainy season comes , you need ( repair ) the roof of the house .
40. The flowers need ( water ) but you needn’t ( water ) them now.
Exercises on INFINITIVE AND GERUND
I. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form : GERUND or INFINITIVE .(
In some sentences, both forms are correct ).
1. I’m not in a hurry. I don’t mind………………………………………….( wait ) for you.
2. My father gave up …………………………………………….( smoke ) three years ago.
3. Would you mind ………………………………………..( keep ) silent ? I’m
trying ………………………………………………( study ).
4. I always try to avoid……………………………( borrow ) money from my friends.
5. The traffic was very heavy this morning, but I managed ………………………..( get ) to
school on time.
6. Could you please stop ……………………………………….( make ) so much noise ?
7. I’ve put off ……………………( write ) the letter so many times. I really must do it today.
8. Sarah gave up ………………………( try ) to find a job in this country and
decided………………( go ) abroad.
9. You can’t stop me ………………………..( do ) what I want.
10.They don’t have much money. They can’t afford………………………( go ) out very
often.
11.My mother can’t stand…………………………( stay ) at home without doing anything.
12.How long have you been able……………………………………………(swim), John ?
13. You must promise…………………………………………….( not / be ) late again.
14.When I saw her in that funny hat, I couldn’t help………………………( laugh).
15.They refused…………………………………..( lend ) him the money although he needed
it badly.
16.Please, don’t forget………………………………………………( post ) the letter for me
today ! It’s urgent.
26.However, she did not plan…………………………………( be ) a secretary all her life.
27.But she couldn’t imagine………………………..( do ) the same job for years and years.
28.The only thing that prevented her from………………………………….( study ) law was
a lack of time and money.
29.She often remembered ………………..( talk ) to her father before he became ill.
30.You must remember ………………………( buy ) some sugar. We haven’t got any now.
31.Did you remember………………………..( post ) the letter for me this morning ?
32.Don’t forget……………………………..( wake ) me up before six o’clock tomorrow.
33.I am looking forward to …………………………………………… (see) you.
34.He is tired of …………………………………………… ( walk ) to school.
35.I arranged …………………………………………… (meet) them here.
36.He urged us …………………………………………… (work) faster.
37.I wish…………………………………………… (see) the manager.
38.It's no use …………………………………………… (wait).
39.He warned her…………………………………………… (not touch) the wire.
40.Don't forget…………………………………………… (lock) the door before (go) to bed.
41.My mother told me ……………………………………… (not speak) to anyone about it.
42.He tried…………………………………………… (explain) but she refused (listen).
43.At dinner she annoyed me by………………………… (smoke) between the courses.
44.You are expected ……………………… (know) the safety regulations of the college.
45.That was a very strange question…………………………………………… (ask)
46.It was very kind of you …………………………………………… (show) the way.
47.I overheard him ………………………… (say) that he didn’t want to learn Math.
48.I don’t remember (tell) ............................ of the decision to change the company policy
on vacations.
49.Ms Drake expects (consult) .............................. about any revisions in her manuscript
before it is printed.
50.Tommy admitted (throw) ...................... the rock through the window.
51. Most people enjoy (travel) ........................... to different parts of the world.
52.May I change the TV channel, or do you want (watch) ....................... more of this
programme?
53.That was a very strange question (ask) ........................... .
54.It was very kind of you (show)................................. the way.
55. The teacher let him (stay) ..................... at home to finish the assignment.
56.It was quite a surprise (see) .............................. him again.
57.I overheard him (say) ..................... that he didn’t want to learn Math.
58.She stood there and watched him (drive) ............................. away.
59.It was very difficult for her (drive)............................ the motorbike.
60.I could feel the robber (come) ............................. from the backdoor.
61.It is easy (see) ......................... animals on the road in daylight.
62.I asked him (explain) ..................... but he refused (say) ..................... any thing.
63.It is pleasant (sit) ........................... by the fire at night.
64.There was no way of (get) ................ out of the building except by (climb) ............ down
a rope.
65.It’s no good (write) .......................... to him; he never answers letters.
66.Ask him (come) .......................... in. Don’t keep him (stand) .......................... at the door.
67.We watched the children (jump) ..... from a window and (fall) .......... into a blanket held
by people below.
68.It is very pleasant (wake) ............... up and (hear) .............. the rain (beat) ................ on
the windows.
69.They denied……………………………..the money. ( steal )
70.I can’t afford………………………………out tonight. I haven’t got enough money. ( go )
71. Can you remind me…………………………..some coffee when we go out ? ( buy )
72.Please stop…………………………….me questions! ( ask )
73. I refuse……………………………any more questions. ( answer )
74. One of the boys admitted…………………………the window. ( break )
75. The boy’s father promised…………………………for the window to be repaired. ( pay )
76. Ann was having dinner when the phone rang. She didn’t answer the phone, she just
carried on ……(eat)
77. “ How did the thief get into the house ? “ “ I forgot………………..the window. ( shut )