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April 2016
Improving Trial-Type Hearings

for FERC Licenses
INSIDE THIS ISSUE:

20 STATUS OF THE
WAVE ENERGY PRIZE
26 TRENDS IN
DAM SAFETY
33 TECHNOLOGY:
THE NEXT GENERATION
Stay
Current
1604HR_C1 1 3/23/16 11:48 AM

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Vol. 35, No. 3, April 2016
COVER STORY
8 Revised Rules for Trial-Type Hearings: Room for Improvement
By Michael Swiger, John Clements and Sharon White
With more than 240 Federal Energy Regulatory Commission operating licenses
expiring in the next 10 years and many new projects in development, the time is
right to focus on the revised interim rules for trial-type hearings and alternatives
to conditions and fishway prescriptions.
ARTICLES
20 Update on DOE’s Wave Energy Prize
By Alison LaBonte
The nine teams selected as finalists for the U.S.
Department of Energy’s Wave Energy Prize
are developing diverse technologies that show
potential to achieve greater efficiency in gener-
ating wave energy.
26 Trends in Dam Safety

By Michael F. Rogers
What issues are we facing in North America with DEPARTMENTS
regard to dam safety? The author — who has 3 Perspectives:
worked in the dam safety arena for more than
Unlocking Hydro’s
30 years and is involved professionally with both
Potential
the U.S. Society on Dams and the International
Commission on Large Dams — shares his insights 4 Hydro Currents
based on recent work performed.
50 Tech Briefs
54 Canadian Spotlight
33 Focusing on the Next Generation of Hydropower Technology
Hydroelectric power generation in the U.S. is transforming as a result of changes 56 Marine Hydrokinetics
in climate, energy policy and technology. The U.S. Department of Energy, in its
recent Quadrennial Technology Review, identifies needed technology for hydro- 58 R&D Forum
power’s continued success.
62 Dam Safety
& Security
38 Analyzing Proposed Modifications to an Unreinforced Concrete 68 Index to Advertisers
Arch Dam ✔
By Thomas R. Barnard, Daniel R. Parker and Kathy Zancanella
Significant rework is necessary to ensure Lost Creek Dam can meet current
probable maximum flood requirements. Significant analysis went into the pro-
Your connection to more content
posed modifications to ensure adequate margins of safety.
✔ Peer Reviewed
ADVISORY BOARD Ginger Gillin

GEI Consultants Inc.
Jacob Irving
Canadian Hydropower
Charles I. Lipsky, P.E.
Consultant
Paul Norris
Ontario Waterpower
Lee H. Sheldon, P.E.
Hydropower
Bill Christman Association Association Consulting Engineer
Chelan County Public John Gulliver, PhD Patrick A. March
Utility District University of Minnesota Paul Jacobson Hydro Performance Derek Ohta Tom Spicher
EPRI Processes Inc. Manitoba Hydro Hydro Y.E.S.
Linda Church Ciocci Phil Herrington
National Hydropower Southern Gregory D. Lewis, P.E. Mario Mazza Paul Willis, P.E.
Association California Edison Duke Energy Corporation Ontario Power Generation Consulting Engineer
www.hydroworld.com April 2016 / HYDRO REVIEW 1
1604HR_1 1 3/23/16 11:24 AM

Atlas Polar
Quality ®
Edge
Publisher and Chief Editor — Marla Barnes
(918) 832-9353 marlab@pennwell.com
Managing Editor — Elizabeth Ingram

(918) 831-9175 elizabethi@pennwell.com
Editor — Michael Harris

(918) 832-9363 michaelh@pennwell.com
Keep the Associate Editor — Gregory B. Poindexter

(918) 832-9330 gregp@pennwell.com
flow going
Art Director — Kermit Mulkins
Audience Development Manager — Emily Martin
V.P. of Audience Development & Marketing — June Griffin
Production Director — Charlie Cole
Production Manager — Daniel Greene
all year long. — www.pennwell.com
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Perspectives
Unlocking Hydro’s Potential
Editor’s Note:We invited Linda Church Ciocci, execu- tension of the Production Tax Credits and Invest-
tive director of the National Hydropower Association, to ment Tax Credits. NHA is also staying vigilant to
share her association’s outlook on hydropower. ensure the full implementation of the hydropower
Unlocking hydropower’s potential in the United provisions within the Water Resources Reform and
States has been the overarching theme of the Na- Development Act.
tional Hydropower Association (NHA) for the past For waterpower to provide a greater contribu-
12 months. On all fronts — legislative, regulatory tion to lessening the carbon footprint in the U.S.,
and communications — we are firing on all cylinders we need to have a greater understanding of where
to ensure waterpower plays a we are going. To that end, we
greater role in securing Amer- are preparing for the release
ica’s clean energy future. of the U.S. Department of En-
Today, the U.S. Congress ergy’s Hydropower Vision re-
stands on the verge of mod- port. This important new tool
ernizing hydropower’s li- will provide a 360-degree view
censing process with provi- of our industry and a roadmap
sions included in both House for tapping into hydropower’s
and Senate energy legislation. potential. Additionally, it will
NHA remains committed to launch a national discussion
working with all stakeholders about the critical role hydro-
to sign into law provisions that power can play in meeting new
bring the process into the 21st century, while main- electricity demands with clean power.
taining the integrity of our nation’s critical environ- Certainly, there are challenges to our future
mental protections. growth. But the challenges that lie ahead are really
Improvements in the timeliness and efficiency of opportunities — not only for increased development,
our licensing process, however, are not the only mar- but also to start a new conversation on the benefits
ket driver that will determine our future. We fought of hydropower as the nation’s largest clean, renew-
to receive recognition of hydropower and marine able electricity source.
energy in the Environmental Protection Agency’s For more on NHA’s Unlock Hydro initiative, visit
Clean Power Plan, and we secured a two-year ex- www.unlockhydro.org.
As Linda Church Ciocci referenced above, DOE’s Plan to join us for this exciting presentation. Visit
long-awaited Hydropower Vision is nearly complete HydroEvent.com to learn more about HydroVision
and in fact will be officially unveiled at Hydro- International and to register.
Vision International 2016 in Minneapolis, Minn.,
U.S. Jose Zayas, director of the Wind and Water
Power Technologies Office in DOE’s Office of En-
ergy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, will offi-
cially present the final details of the Hydropower Managing Editor
Vision to the hydroelectric power industry during elizabethi@pennwell.com
the keynote address, which takes place on Tues- (918) 831-9175
day, July 26. @ElizabethIngra4
1604HR_3 3 3/23/16 11:24 AM

Minnesota’s utilities commission approves keynote session takes place Tuesday, July 26 from 3-5 pm.
cross-border hydropower line Shepherd joined Manitoba Hydro in December 2015. The com-
The Minnesota Public Utilities Commission unanimously ap- pany has close ties to Minnesota in that it is working through the
proved the Great Northern Transmission Line in late February, details of an agreement to export hydroelectric power to Minne-
largely clearing the way for the 500-kV connector that will allow sota Power and already has export agreements in place with Xcel
for the import of Canadian hydropower into the U.S. Energy and Wisconsin Public Service. In addition, the corporation
The 224-mile-long line will help Minnesota Power augment exports electricity to other Canadian provinces.
its wind generation with hydropower purchased from Manitoba Manitoba Hydro, a Crown Corporation, serves more than
Hydro, per power purchase agreements approved by the commis- 555,000 electrical customers and 272,000 natural gas custom-
sion in 2012 and 2015. The approved route represents the cul- ers. Nearly all of the electricity Manitoba Hydro generates comes
mination of years of agency reviews and stakeholder engagement from hydropower facilities.
by Minnesota Power. In addition, Jose Zayas will unveil the U.S. Department of Ener-
The utility still must receive a presidential permit from the U.S. gy’s long-awaited Hydropower Vision during the keynote session.
Department of Energy, expected by the end of April. Manitoba Zayas is office director for the Wind and Water Power Technologies
Hydro is awaiting a license from Canada following its filing of en- Office in the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.
vironmental documents with provincial regulators last September. The Hydropower Vision is intended to establish the analytical
Work on the project is expected to begin in earnest in 2017, basis for an ambitious roadmap to usher in a new era of growth
with completion by 2020. in sustainable domestic hydropower over the next half century.
Minnesota Power will hold a 51% share in the transmission line, For more information, visit HydroEvent.com.
with Manitoba Hydro claiming the remainder.
Duke Energy names new chief fossil/hydro officer
FFP Hydro, AECOM Capital to develop Ohio projects Regis Repko has been named chief fossil/hydro officer at Duke En-
Muskingum River Hydro LLC, a company formed by FFP New ergy. Repko succeeds Charlie Gates, who has moved to the position
Hydro LLC and AECOM Capital, will advance the development of executive vice president of power operations at Calpine Corp.
of six hydroelectric projects in southeastern Ohio. Repko has been with Duke Energy for 30 years. His new re-
The work is estimated to cost US$100 million and will see the sponsibilities include the operation of the company’s regulated
addition of hydroelectric generation to six dams on the Musking- fossil fuel and hydropower generation fleets in six states, includ-
um River. Construction is to begin in 2017 and be completed in ing outage and maintenance services.
2018. Rye Development, which FFP New Hydro acquired in Duke Energy operates 30 conventional hydropower and two
2015, will manage the work. pumped-storage hydro plants with total installed capacity of about
The projects will have total installed capacity of 23 MW. Four 3,525 MW in the U.S.
are licensed by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission: Repko formerly was senior VP with the company and is trained
• 3-MW Beverly Lock and Dam Water Power Project near the as a nuclear engineer.
Village of Beverly, in Washington and Morgan counties;
• 4-MW Malta/McConnelsville Lock and Dam Water Power Rehab activity at two hydro plants
Project in Morgan County; A contract has recently been awarded for work at the 603-MW
• 3-MW Philo Lock and Dam Water Power Project near the Vil- Ice Harbor hydropower plant and a rehabilitation and upgrade
lage of Philo, in Muskingum County; and project is being assessed for the 428-MW Hungry Horse plant.
• 4-MW Rokeby Lock and Dam Water Power Project near Bloom The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers awarded a $47.7 million
Township, in Muskingum and Morgan counties. contract to Voith Hydro to provides services as part of ongoing
Two other projects — 4-MW Devola Lock and Dam No. 2 and modernizations of Ice Harbor, on the Snake River in Washington.
5-MW Lowell Lock and Dam No. 3 — await FERC licensure. Voith Hydro will install a fixed-blade Kaplan runner on Unit
2 and adjustable Kaplan runners in Units 1 and 3. The company
CEO of Manitoba Hydro to speak during will also replace major steel components, rewind generators and
HydroVision International keynote supply one stator core and three stator windings.
Kelvin Shepherd, president and chief executive officer of Mani- In other news, the U.S. Department of Interior’s Bureau of Rec-
toba Hydro, is the second confirmed keynote speaker for Hydro- lamation is conducting an environmental assessment of Hungry
Vision International 2016. The event is being held July 26-29 at Horse, on the south fork of the Flathead River in western Montana.
the Minneapolis Convention Center in Minneapolis, Minn. The The plant began operating in 1952, and the four Francis units
4 HYDRO REVIEW / April 2016 www.hydroworld.com
1604HR_4 4 3/23/16 11:25 AM

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are reaching the end of their expected life, leading Reclamation ergy Resources will allow the city of Holyoke in Massachusetts
to plan to replace switchgear and related electrical equipment, the to rehabilitate a generating unit at its 30-MW Hadley Falls plant.
governor and excitation systems and five of the six cranes. The work will increase nameplate capacity on the generator to
The environmental assessment includes installing ultrasonic almost 17 MW, from 15 MW, adding to the state’s efforts to re-
flowmeters for the four penstocks to test turbine efficiency, which duce its carbon dioxide output by 25% from 1990 levels by 2020.
will aid in the decision to replace or repair the units. Funding for the grant comes through the Massachusetts Alter-
Work could begin in 2017 and be completed as early as 2025. native Compliance Paoyments program, which provides money
specifically earmarked to aid municipalities in developing renew-
State awards financing, calls for grant applications able portfolios to replace coal generation facilities.
The Colorado Department of Agriculture is calling for applica- The Hadley facility is operated by Holyoke Gas & Electric.
tions to fund small hydropower through the Advancing Colora- The plant, which began operating in 1951 on the Connecticut
do’s Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ACRE3) program. River, underwent a significant rehabilitation after a wicket gate
The funding comes from the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s stem sheared in two in January 2007.
Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) via the Region-
al Conservation Partnership Program (RCPP), which, alongside NWHA elects board members at annual conference
ACRE3, will provide up to $3.25 million for “financial and tech- The 35th year of the Northwest Hydroelectric Association annual
nical assistance to help farmers upgrade their irrigation systems conference concluded in Portland in mid-February, with the elec-
to save water and energy.” tion of new officers and board members and total attendance of 362.
RCPP will award funding for six more hydroelectric projects This year’s officers (with one-year terms) are:
this year, with applications due by May 13. • President, Steve Padula of McMillen Jacobs Associates
The agency also announced the awarding of two ACRE3 grants • Vice President, Trey Acteson of Southeast Alaska Power Agency
in March, including $9,568 to Park Family Farm in Kersey to in- • Treasurer, Franci Brinkman of Black and Veatch
stall a 10-kW project through a net metering agreement with the • Secretary, Irena Netik of Puget Sound Energy
Poudre Valley Rural Electric Association and $11,400 to Susan Barbara Craig of Stoel Rives is now past president of NWHA.
Raymond in Hotchkiss for an 8-kW system in association with Board members were elected for three-year terms:
the Delta-Montrose Electric Association. • Alaska, Trey Acteson of Southeast Alaska Power Agency
CDA said it anticipates the installation of 30 small hydropower • At large, Jon Jourdonnais of NorthWestern Energy
systems across the state within the next three years. • Washington, Colleen McShane of Seattle City Light and Mike
Manwaring of MWH Global
LIHI announces new hydro plant certification criteria • Western Canada, Brian Hughes of Northwest Hydraulic
The Low Impact Hydropower Institute has released a second Consultants
edition of its certification handbook, based on criteria approved In addition, Cherise Gaffney of Stoel Rives was appointed
during its 2014 annual governing board meeting. general counsel.
The 2nd Edition LIHI Certification Handbook, available for Attendance reached a record high in 2016, according to Jan
download from the organization’s website, addresses ecological Lee, executive director of NWHA.
flow regimes, water quality, upstream fish passage, downstream
fish passage and protection, shoreline and watershed protection, IHA says 33 GW of new hydro commissioned in 2015
threatened and endangered species protection, cultural and his- About 33 GW of new hydropower capacity was commissioned
toric resource protection and recreational resources. worldwide in 2015, according to the International Hydropower As-
The guidelines replace those established by LIHI in 2014 and sociation’s Key Trends in Hydropower briefing.Total installed capacity
apply to all applications for intake, certification and recertifica- reached 1,211 GW in 2015, including 145 GW of pumped storage.
tion submitted Jan. 1, 2016 or later. Sector trends noted include:
LIHI also announced that a trio of hydroelectric projects re- • China’s global influence, such as China Three Gorges Corp. be-
cently met the criteria for re-certification. Included are Central coming Brazil’s second largest private power generator by pur-
Oregon Irrigation District’s 5-MW Siphon Power, Essential Pow- chasing concessions to operate two hydro stations totaling 5 GW;
er’s 18-MW West Springfield and Native Energy’s 350-kW Boul- • Increased activity in Africa, with several transformative proj-
der Creek plants, located in Oregon, Massachusetts and Montana, ects having recently been completed or nearing completion;
respectively. Pending LIHI’s approval, each project would be cer- • Recognition of the value of electricity storage through hydropower;
tified for five years. • Innovative financing options pioneered by the multilateral
lenders; and
$1 million grant to fund rehab of 30-MW Hadley Falls • Increasing influence of climate aspects on hydro project de-
A $1 million grant from the Massachusetts Department of En- sign and rehabilitation.
For the most current hydro news, log on to
1604HR_6 6 3/23/16 11:25 AM

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1604HR_8 8 3/23/16 11:26 AM

Policies and Regulations
Revised Rules for Trial-Type Hearings:

Room for Improvement
With more than 240 Federal Energy Regulatory Commission operating licenses expiring
in the next 10 years and many new projects in development, the time is right to focus
on the revised interim rules for trial-type hearings and alternatives to conditions and
fishway prescriptions.
T he Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct) im-

proved the hydroelectric licensing process
at the Federal Energy Regulatory Commis-
way prescriptions to be attached to a FERC license.
Under FERC rules, the departments are to submit
preliminary terms and conditions within 60 days of
sion (FERC) by allowing a license appli- FERC’s notice that an application is ready for en-
cant or any party to a licensing proceed- vironmental review. The interim rules do not alter
ing to challenge — through an expedited FERC deadlines. After a department has submitted
trial-type hearing — the factual basis for a preliminary condition or prescription, any party
agency mandatory conditions and fishway may, within 30 days, request a hearing on disput-
prescriptions submitted for inclusion in the ed issues of material fact underlying a condition or
license. Trial-type hearings are conducted to prescription and submit alternatives.
resolve disputed issues of material fact per- The department then has 30 days to decide whether
taining to such conditions and prescriptions. to stipulate to some or all of the disputed facts and to
Licensing parties may propose alternatives to file an answer to the hearing request.The departments
preliminary agency mandatory conditions and fish- will consider whether any proposed alternatives could
way prescriptions, and agencies must accept a pro- preclude the need for a hearing.The department must
posed alternative if it meets certain statutory criteria. accept an alternative condition if it is at least as pro-
In 2005, the departments of Agriculture, Interior tective of resources but more cost-effective or ener-
By Michael Swiger, and Commerce issued interim final rules implement- gy-saving. If a hearing is still needed, the department
John Clements ing the trial-type hearing and alternatives provisions refers the case to an administrative law judge (ALJ).
and Sharon White of EPAct. Since then, about 20 hearing requests have The interim rules were devised to make the ev-
been made, many of which have resulted in negoti- identiary hearing fit within FERC’s licensing time
ated agreements with the departments and some of frames. The hearing process — which encompasses
which have gone to hearing. pre-hearing conferences, discovery, an evidentiary
Ten years later, in March 2015, the departments hearing with witnesses and cross-examination, and
issued revised interim final rules, which address mat- post-hearing briefs — was set at 90 days, an aggres-
ters left open in the interim rules, comments on the sive schedule. The ALJ’s decision must issue with-
interim rules, and the departments’ experience imple- in 30 days from the close of the hearing or 90 days
menting the rules. The revised rules took effect April from issuance of the referral notice, whichever oc-
30, 2015. However, the departments requested pub- curs first. The departments are bound by the ALJ’s
lic comments on how the revised rules may be fur- findings of fact. The ALJ’s decision is not ripe for
ther improved, with a deadline of June 1, 2015. Joint judicial review until the departments issue final con-
comments were filed by the National Hydropower ditions and FERC issues a license order.
Association (NHA), American Public Power Asso-
ciation, Edison Electric Institute, and Public Utility Trial-type hearings, lessons learned
Michael Swiger, John Clements District No. 1 of Snohomish County, Washington. Most of the 20 requests for trial-type hearings were
and Sharon White are attorneys They acknowledged improvements but expressed withdrawn when the parties reached settlement before
with Van Ness Feldman LLP and concerns and proposed further modifications. the hearing. Three licensees — Avista Corp., Pacifi-
counsel to many FERC hydro- Corp, and Public Service Company of Colorado —
electric licensees and others The interim rules proceeded through the process and received an ALJ
with interests in hydroelectric Under the Federal Power Act (FPA), the depart- decision. In Avista, the agency issued revised condi-
projects. ments may submit mandatory conditions and fish- tions reflecting the ALJ’s decision. In PacifiCorp, the
1604HR_9 9 3/23/16 11:26 AM

K
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ALJ found that PacifiCorp proved its version cases where a hearing request was made, the parties should keep the issues focused be- C
of the facts regarding certain Section 4(e) parties reached complete or partial settle- cause of the condensed schedule.
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issues but largely deferred to agency opin- ment before a hearing commenced.
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ions on fish passage feasibility. PacifiCorp Experience also indicates it is nearly im- GAO report cited need for improvement
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entered into a settlement calling for remov- possible to prepare a comprehensive, yet In August 2010, the Government Account-
al of the relevant dams. The FERC license concise, hearing request in the 30-day pe- ability Office (GAO) issued “Stakehold- V
proceeding is in abeyance pending further riod allowed. Parties should start preparing ers’ Views on the Energy Policy Act Varied, K
actions to implement the settlement. In PSC their hearing request at least six months in but More Consistent Information Needed.” B
Colorado, the ALJ ruled in favor of the U.S. advance, based on potential issues that may GAO said the prospect of trial-type hearings K
Forest Service on most disputed issues of be raised in the departments’ preliminary has resulted in more thoroughly researched T
fact and the service filed modified conditions conditions and prescriptions. This prepara- agency conditions and prescriptions and de- F
that were incorporated into the new license. tion should include selection and narrowing partments issue fewer conditions and pre- P
Although a trial-type hearing can be a of issues and discussion of potential experts. scriptions to avoid a trial-type hearing. K
constructive tool, license applicants must These efforts often will need to occur at the GAO also found the departments accept- K
appreciate the significant commitment re- same time as ongoing settlement discussions. ed none of the 211 alternatives as originally
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quired and thus may want to consider it as Finally, parties and their counsel must proposed by licensees and other stakehold-
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a last resort if settlement negotiations fail.1 be precise in defining disputed issues be- ers but modified 140 department conditions
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Indeed, EPAct has created an incentive cause there is no second chance to reframe and rejected 42 proposed alternatives. EP-
for the departments to collaborate with an issue. Parties must be comprehensive in Act says the departments must explain why H
licensees in developing conditions to avoid identifying disputed issues but not so over they reject alternative conditions, but GAO M
the cost, delay and risk of a trial-type hear- inclusive that it becomes overwhelming. It is found they failed to do so when modifying K
ing. This risk has produced the most sig- important to settle as many issues as possi- conditions. GAO recommended that, when B
nificant effect of EPAct thus far — the en- ble because there simply is not enough time an agency has not adopted a proposed alter- F
couragement of settlement. In 16 of the 20 to argue them all before the ALJ. Above all, native, it must include in a written statement V
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1604HR_11 11 3/23/16 11:26 AM

filed with FERC its reasons and whether a agency conditions, they continue to include vised rules explicitly apply the requirement
proposed alternative was withdrawn as a re- uncertainties and provisions that tip the only when an alternative is submitted to a
sult of settlement. GAO also recommended scales in favor of the agencies. proposed condition.The departments can ig-
the departments issue revised rules after an nore negative impacts of their proposed con-
opportunity for public comment. Equal consideration in setting conditions ditions and prescriptions. The departments
For example, the plain language of EPAct contend that absent a proposed alternative,
Revised rules, department response requires the departments give equal consid- there is not an adequate record for them to
Although the revised rules improve the abil- eration to power and nonpower values in de- consider power and other economic values,
ity of parties to dispute factual issues with veloping mandatory conditions, but the re- but the ample information on public interest
considerations compiled in the FERC record
when preliminary conditions are proposed
makes this contention unfounded.
Hearings on modified conditions

and prescriptions
The revised rules continue silent regard-
ing a party’s right to challenge an agency’s
modified or final conditions that differ sub-
stantially from its preliminary conditions.
This enables the departments to avoid a
trial-type hearing by submitting innocuous
or generally worded preliminary conditions
or prescriptions, then, when the opportuni-
ty to request a hearing has passed, submit
substantially different final conditions. A
licensee may challenge the final condition
or prescription by appealing the FERC li-
cense, but its opportunity for a trial-type
hearing as to disputed material facts is lost.
The issue is not theoretical. In one case,
the Forest Service did not include ramping
rates in its preliminary 4(e) conditions but
included them in its final conditions. The
licensee filed a proposed alternative and
hearing request, which the service rejected
on the basis that the rules do not provide
for challenges to final conditions. The re-
vised rules acknowledge the problem but
suggest only that there may be exception-
al circumstances where new and unantici-
pated facts “necessitate a new preliminary
condition or prescription.”
Nothing in EPAct compels such an un-
reasonable outcome. The statute refers to
mandatory conditions and prescriptions
without qualification. It follows that the rules
should provide the opportunity for a tri-
al-type hearing whenever a department’s fi-
nal conditions or prescriptions rest on facts
or justifications not previously provided.
Burden of proof
The revised rules also improperly assign
the burden of proof to the party request-
ing a hearing. This is inconsistent with the
1604HR_12 12 3/23/16 11:26 AM

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1604HR_13 13 3/23/16 11:26 AM

Congressional intent in providing for hear- should not bear the burden of proof. The ing. The departments have selected venues
ings on issues of material fact that the de- departments should be required to show that are convenient for the department but
partments need to justify their proposed that a preponderance of the evidence sup- impose high cost, inconvenience, and logis-
conditions. It is also inconsistent with the ports any disputed material fact supporting tical hurdles on the licensee and other par-
Administrative Procedure Act, which places their proposed conditions and prescriptions. ties. In one instance the hearing requested
the burden of proof on the proponent of by a licensee based in the southeast for a
an order. In this case, the departments are Forum shopping project in the southeast was assigned to a
the proponents of their mandatory condi- The revised rules do not include standards Coast Guard ALJ in Portland, Ore. A hear-
tions or prescriptions. An opposing party for selecting the venue for a trial-type hearing involving an Oregon project operated by
an Oregon licensee with Washington, D.C.,
counsel was assigned to a judge in Sacra-
mento, Calif. The rules should be revised
to direct the judge to choose a location that
The Answers balances the convenience of all the parties.

The departments have a similar undue
influence over selection of an ALJ. The best
You Need
way to eliminate the appearance and reality
of bias would be for the departments to re-
quest that FERC appoint an ALJ because
FERC is not a party to the trial-type hear-
ing and FERC ALJs are more likely to have
experience and technical expertise related
to hydroelectric issues. A less desirable al-
ternative would be for the departments to
use a lottery system to ensure departmental
ALJs are selected at random.
Definition of disputed
Structural Integrity and ANATECH have built a team with Engineering Strength issue of material fact
from over 200 industry experts providing comprehensive solutions to all energy The revised rules state that issues of law
sectors including the hydroelectric market. Some of the largest electric generating or policy are not appropriate for ALJ reso-
utilities in the world have looked to us for evaluations ranging from concrete lution in a trial-type hearing, such as what
infrastructure including dams and intake towers, penstocks and gates to turbine types and levels of adverse effects to a spe-
rotors, from failure analysis to vibration monitoring to evaluation of remaining cies would be acceptable or what kinds of
life. Here are some examples of our hydroelectric engineering experience: mitigation measures may be necessary to
protect a resource. The departments have
• Failure Analysis • Component Stress and Fracture
used this argument in ALJ hearings to try to
• Seismic Nonlinear Time Mechanics Analysis
exclude matters that are clearly factual in na-
History Analysis • NDE Inspection/Assessment
ture and have further argued that particular
• Concrete Structures, In-Situ Programs
disputed facts are not material to a decision.
Performance and Retrofit • Inspection Data Management
ALJs have consistently rejected these
Efficacy Evaluations • Corrosion Monitoring
attempts to narrow the scope of or avoid
• Mass Concrete Coupled • Aging Management Programs
hearings on disputed facts, for good reason.
Thermal-Mechanical Analysis, • Dam Structures Analysis
Although all conditions and prescriptions
Including Aging, Creep, and • Risk and Fragility Analysis
have a predictive element, any disputed is-
Shrinkage • Earth and Rockfill Dams, Levees
sue of fact regarding the science behind a
• Evaluation of AAR Effects and Canals
proposed condition is appropriate for de-
and Other Degradation • Deterministic and Probabilistic
termination by an ALJ. Additionally, if a
Mechanisms Seismic Hazard Analysis
department includes a factual justification
• Instrumentation and Data • ASME and ASCE Code
for a condition or prescription, it cannot
Collection Evaluations
then argue that the fact is immaterial and
Read Our Article on Page Pages 38-48 inappropriate for resolution before an ALJ.
Parties can expect continued efforts by the
Call Us Today
departments to reduce the scope of factual
(877-4SI-POWER)
8 7 7 - 4 7 4 - 7 6 9 3 issues subject to ALJ oversight.
International: 408-978-8200
www.hydroworld.com
Scan the QR Code for more information www.structint.com/hydro
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Settlement discussions case is referred to an ALJ. This limitation is Post-license conditions and prescriptions
One beneficial change is a provision allowing counter-productive because the hearing pro- The revised rules affirm the opportunity for
a stay of the proceeding of up to 120 days cess, particularly the ALJ’s decisions regard- a trial-type hearing and submittal of alterna-
to facilitate settlement negotiations on mu- ing the scope of the hearing and its resolution tives when a department exercises authority
tual agreement of the hearing requester and of disputed issues of material fact, can cre- reserved during a FERC license proceeding
department. This gives parties more time to ate additional incentives and a factual basis to issue conditions during the license term.
settle disagreements with reduced pressure for settlement discussions. The rules would However, the preamble suggests this is the
to prepare for a potential hearing. However, be greatly improved by allowing a stay any case only if a department did not submit con-
the revised rules only allow a stay before a time before the ALJ’s final decision. ditions or prescriptions during the licensing
proceeding. If they did, along with a reser-
vation of authority to add to or modify them
during the license term (which occurs in es-
sentially every case), the revised rules appear
to provide no right to a hearing regarding
added or modified conditions. To be consis-
tent with the intent of Congress, the rules
should state that the hearing and alternatives
process applies whenever a department ex-
Discover our end-to-end ercises reserved authority during the license

term to add to or modify its conditions.
hydropower solutions Timing considerations

At the John Hart generating station, our experts teamed up with One important improvement is that the
BC Hydro to design, build, finance, and maintain the new 132 MW ALJ decision may be issued up to 120 days
facility for 15 years, continuing to provide environmentally friendly
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from when the case is referred, rather than
the 90 days in the interim rules. The addi-
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tional time has been allocated to five-day
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such as submittal of witness and exhibit lists
and testimony. Notwithstanding, the hear-
ing time frames remain very condensed.
Unless they are further modified, they will
continue to cause undue hardship to the
parties and impair their ability to exercise
the statutory right to a trial-type hearing.
One such improvement would be provid-
ing parties 45 days instead of 30 days to file
a hearing request and alternative conditions
or prescriptions. Another would be to hold
consecutive instead of simultaneous hearings
when the issues of material fact related to
the proposed conditions and prescriptions
of different departments do not overlap. In
the context of a multi-year FERC licensing
process, there is no reason to think such mea-
sures would unreasonably delay licensing.
The revised rules also provide a new op-
portunity for a party who has participated
in the trial-type hearing and filed an alter-
native condition or prescription to submit
a revised alternative within 20 days of the
ALJ’s initial decision to account for the ALJ’s
findings of fact and provide input to the de-
partment’s final condition or prescription.
This is a welcome development, but 20 days
Proud NHA Member http://hydroreview.hotims.com RS #11
1604HR_16 16 3/23/16 11:26 AM

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1604HR_17 17 3/23/16 11:26 AM

is a needlessly short period given that ALJ ings. However, there is no indication if or ALJs to preside over the proceedings using
decisions are highly technical and lengthy. when the departments will respond. FERC’s rules of practice and procedure,
The departments allow themselves 60 days Congress may be poised to remedy some essentially invalidating the revised rules. To
following receipt of a revised alternative to of these problems. On July 30, 2015, the Sen- alleviate the severe time constraints of the
finalize their conditions and prescriptions ate Energy and Natural Resources Commit- revised rules, the bill would extend the time
and may extend that time at their discretion. tee reported out the bipartisan bill, The En- to request a trial-type hearing from 30 to 60
The commenters requested that the de- ergy Policy Modernization Act of 2015, which days after the department submits the condi-
partments adopt their recommendations by contains provisions to improve the trial-type tion and extend the overall trial-type hearing
Dec. 31, 2015, to provide regulatory certain- hearing and alternatives procedures. Most proceeding from 90 to 120 days.
ty for future and pending license proceed- significantly, the bill would direct FERC The bill directs all disputed issues of ma-
terial fact to be determined in a single tri-
al-type hearing and authorizes the FERC
ALJ to issue findings of fact on all disputed
issues and conclusions of law necessary to
make those findings. The bill also authoriz-
es licensing parties to request a trial-type
hearing and submit alternatives any time a
department submits or modifies a condi-
tion or exercises reserved authority to do
so during the license term. It clarifies that
departments must give equal consideration
to developmental and non-developmental
values when submitting mandatory condi-
tions and prescriptions, not just when they
evaluate proposed alternative conditions. If
FERC determines a final condition or pre-
scription is inconsistent with law, it may refer
the matter to the chairman of the Council
on Environmental Quality.
Industry is closely watching these legis-
lative developments, as many concerns will
be resolved if the bill is enacted.
Note
1
Swiger, M., and S. White, “Energy Policy Act of
2005 and the Interim Agency Rules,” Hydro
Review, September 2011, bit.ly/1pst5pe.
Learn about regulatory

issues in person
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on Policies and Regulations issues at
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July. Sessions will cover the Hydro-
power Vision in the U.S., international
issues (such as climate change), per-
mits required to get shovel ready, and
much more. For more, visit www.Hy-
droEvent.com and click on the Con-
ference tab.
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Marine Hydrokinetics
Update on DOE’s Wave Energy Prize

The nine teams selected as finalists for the U.S. Department of Energy’s Wave Energy Prize are
developing diverse technologies that show potential to achieve greater efficiency in generat-
ing wave energy.
By Alison LaBonte
A new initiative, called the Wave Energy Prize,
was announced in 2015 during the keynote ad-
dress at the annual National Hydropower Association
qualified teams and began developing 1/50th scale
models of their WEC devices. Between August 2015
and January 2016, they submitted revised technical
conference, International Marine Renewable Energy submissions, numerical modeling results, model
Conference, and Marine Energy Technology Sympo- design and construction plans, and the results from
sium. This announcement represented a milestone their 1/50th scale model tank testing as requirements
for the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Wind to be considered for the next round of evaluation.
and Water Power Technologies Office — the com- On March 1, DOE announced nine teams as fi-
mencement of its first public prize challenge, with a nalists and two as alternates, all of which will con-
total prize purse of US$2.25 million, stemmed from tinue their quest to double the energy captured
realizing that a technology leap in the efficiency of from ocean waves and win a prize purse totaling
wave energy converter (WEC) devices was needed more than US$2 million. Each of the finalists will
to jolt wave energy onto a pathway toward sweep- now receive up to $125,000 of seed funding from
ing cost reductions. This pathway could ultimately DOE, with alternates receiving up to $25,000 to
make wave energy, which is still in the early stages develop 1/20th scale models of their WEC technol-
of technology development, competitive with more ogies. These models will be tested at the Naval Sur-
Alison LaBonte, PhD, is the ma- traditional forms of energy, paving the way to large- face Warfare Center’s Maneuvering and Seakeep-
rine and hydrokinetic technol- scale implementation within a generation. ing (MASK) Basin at Carderock, Md., beginning
ogy program manager for the Fast-forward just one year — 92 teams registered in the summer of 2016.
U.S. Department of Energy’s for the Wave Energy Prize, with 66 of these submit- ACE — a benefit-to-cost ratio — was selected
Wind and Water Power Tech- ting technical data for review by the prize’s judg- by Wave Energy Prize personnel as a metric appro-
nologies Office. ing panel. In August, 20 teams were named official priate for comparing low technology readiness level
1604HR_20 20 3/23/16 11:27 AM

1604HR_21 21 3/23/16 11:27 AM

WEC concepts when there is not enough men, principal investigator at Ricardo Inc. state-of-the-art ACE value of 1.5 meters per
data to calculate the levelized cost of ener- and chief judge of the Wave Energy Prize. million dollars (m/$M) to 3 m/$M during
gy — itself a cost-to-benefit ratio — from “Based on our preliminary evaluation, the 1/20th scale tank testing at the MASK Ba-
a device. ACE is determined by dividing, data indicates that many of the teams identi- sin, making them eligible to win the grand
in essence, the wave energy extraction of a fied as finalists have the potential to achieve prize of $1.5 million.
WEC by its structural cost. the ACE threshold, and thus the potential Below is information about the technol-
“The qualified teams’ efforts resulted to exceed DOE’s program goal.” ogies vying to win the Wave Energy Prize,
in some very promising technologies for Finalists were determined based on their listed both in alphabetical order (and in the
the judges to evaluate,” said Wes Schar- potential to achieve doubling of the current teams’ own words, provided before comple-
tion of 1/50th scale tank testing):
• AquaHarmonics (Portland, Ore.) —
AquaHarmonics’ wave energy device is
a point absorber consisting of a simple
power take off (PTO) system mount-
ed in a cone/cylinder shaped hull with
a single mooring line that has a power
cable at its core;
• CalWave (Berkeley, Calif.) — Cal-
Wave’s device is called the WaveCar-
pet. This approach was inspired by the
ability of a muddy seafloor to effectively
absorb overpassing ocean waves with-
in only a few wavelengths. The unique
converter design uses a synthetic-seabed
carpet that has the ability to extract wave
energy the same way;
• M3 Wave (Salem, Ore.) — M3 Wave’s
NEXUS is a mid-column variant of its
Allor-Plesh eliminates the need to lubricate DMP/APEX submerged pressure dif-
your chain with our never-lube design! ferential technology. The system har-
nesses the pressure wave under ocean
swells while stationed above the ocean
floor, but still safely under the surface,
WHY SHOULD YOU protected from surface hazards;
• Oscilla Power (Seattle, Wash.) — Os-
USE ALLOR-PLESH? cilla Power’s Triton™ is a two-body
ï First choice of the Army Corps point absorber, consisting of a large sur-
of Engineers for their most face float connected by flexible tethers
challenging chain projects to a submerged heave plate. As ocean
ï Competitive pricing waves excite the surface float, it reacts
ï Corrosion-resistant materials against the heave plate, generating ten-
available sion changes in the tethers. These tension
changes are applied to a linear drivetrain,
ï Full engineering capabilities consisting of a hydrostatic load amplifi-
ï Precision machining for an cation system and a variable reluctance
generator that translates the low displace-
ment, high force mechanical energy in-
put into electrical energy;
• RTI Wave Power (York, Maine) — The
Contact us today to learn how we can put our
RTI F2/F2D development objective is to
40+ years of experience to work for you! achieve the lowest capital cost per mega-
watt of output combined with secure
survivability in severe seas. To concur-
rently capture a majority of both heave
ALLOR-PLESH and surge energy, the RTI F2/F2D uti-
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lizes elongated swing arms to attach its DUO is a new design concept that si- motions. DUO’s primary power absorp-
EWFP float directly to a generator in multaneously captures power from both tion is achieved by damping the relative
its motion-stabilized floating twin ver- the heave and pitch/surge motions in- heave and rotational motions of the os-
tical spar frame, which constrains the duced by wave action. DUO’s patented cillating structures;
float to move concurrently upward (for configuration, which connects oscillat- • SEWEC (Redwood City, Calif.) —
heave capture) and rearward (for surge ing bodies with angled pre-tensioned ca- SEWEC is an oscillating water column
capture) on wave crests and return for- ble linkages and a PTO system, enables (OWC) WEC — a device that operates
ward and downward on wave troughs; power capture from pitch motions to in a similar fashion to the most success-
• Sea Potential (Bristol, R.I.) — The be exploited simultaneously with heave ful shore-based wave energy convertors.
The SEWEC device extends the proven
OWC concept, enabling devices to be
moored offshore in a much wider range
of locations than conventional shore-
based devices.
• Wavefront Power (Research Triangle
Park, N.C.) — Wavefront Power’s Very
Large Flapper Array (VLFA) is being
developed for utility-scale power produc-
tion from deep water ocean swell waves.
The VLFA generally falls into the oscil-
lating wave surge converter category of
WEC devices; and
• Waveswing America (Sacramento, Ca-
lif.) — The Archimedes Waveswing™ is
a submerged point absorber that uses
the change in pressure caused by pass-
ing waves to expand and contract a large
piston. The piston houses a linear gen-
erator that converts the relative motion
of the two parts directly into electricity.
The two alternate teams are:

• McNatt Ocean Energy (MOE) (An-
napolis, Md.) — The MOE WEC is a
hinged raft. Wave forcing and the bod-
ies’ dynamic responses leads to a mo-
tion about the hinge (called flex), which
drives a PTO mechanism that converts
the kinetic energy into electricity. It has
seven degrees of freedom; and
• Wave Energy Conversion Corpora-
tion of America (WECCA) (North
LEVERAGING THE POWER OF KNOWLEDGE. Bethesda, Md.) — WECCA’s pat-
ent-pending Advanced Wave Energy
Whether designing and constructing new facilities, upgrading existing
Conversion System (AWECS) physi-
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cally presents as three articulating barges,
producers rely on our knowledge to optimize their hydropower assets.
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Including conventional, pumped storage, run-of-river and small hydro, vived nine years of WEC platform con-
we’ve completed more than 500 projects totaling over 54,000 megawatts cept testing off the west coast of Ireland.
of installed capacity. From intakes to penstocks, powerhouses to Testing is scheduled to begin in August
and run through mid-October. DOE an-
transmission, dams to fish passages, Black & Veatch’s hydro experts deliver
ticipates announcing the prize winner(s)
powerful solutions through fully integrated study-to-commissioning
in November. For more information about
design-build capabilities.
the teams, please visit waveenergyprize.
org/teams. ■
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Hydraulic Structures
Trends in Dam Safety
Bear Valley Dam is a 92-foot-high multiple barrel arch dam in

southern California. Work to ensure the spillway gates were
ready to operate was required in the event of a large rainfall
event from El Nino.
What issues are we facing in North America with regard to dam safety? The author -— who
has worked in the dam safety arena for more than 30 years and is involved professionally with
both the U.S. Society on Dams and the International Commission on Large Dams -— shares his
insights based on recent work performed.
By Michael F. Rogers
D am safety is an aging concern of the profession,
making it critical for us to keep this topic at the
forefront of conflicting priorities for owners, regulators
California suffering the most significant impacts. Most
of the state has been classified as experiencing “ex-
treme” to “exceptional” drought since 2014. Recent
and the worldwide engineering community. Lessons large storms have begun to make a dent in the state’s
are being learned around the globe, some tragically, water deficit, but still reservoirs remain far from filled.
that must be communicated and shared to maintain Being confident this weather would bring signifi-
our highest priorities of protecting and serving the cant drought relief over the winter of 2015-2016, we
public with some of the most important infrastruc- did a lot of work in 2015 that involved looking at all
ture facilities in the world.With even the smallest dam aspects of dam safety for several important dams in
comes great responsibility to prioritize safety, mini- southern California. It was vital to determine what
mize risk and never become complacent, recogniz- owners of reservoirs and dams needed to do to get
Mike Rogers, PE, PMP, is vice ing that all man-made structures have a useful service ready for possible sudden increases in water inflow.
president, principal civil en- life that must be understood and respected, even to There was a significant push to make sure the dams
gineer and senior project decommissioning when that service life is complete. were ready for the anticipated extreme operating
manager with MWH. He also change in terms of both equipment (such as the ra-
is chair of the U.S. Society on Dealing with El Nino dial gates and low level outlets) and instrumentation.
Dams’ Technical Committee The current “monster” El Nino weather pattern in This anticipated weather pattern provides a great
on Concrete Dams and vice the Pacific Ocean has serious implications for dams in opportunity to get a good assessment of the perfor-
president for the Americas Re- North America, and for the state of California in par- mance of dams and dam safety equipment. Some
gion of the International Com- ticular. Most of the western U.S. has been experienc- reservoirs hadn’t experienced water levels this low
mission on Large Dams. ing drought conditions over the past four years, with since they were initially filled, decades earlier, and
1604HR_26 26 3/23/16 11:28 AM

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of southern California. Last fall, the water level in this reservoir was
13 feet down from normal pool, the lowest the reservoir has been
in more than a decade. With a large watershed (38 square miles)
relative to the available storage in the reservoir, there was potential
that water levels could reach the top of the dam with just one or two
large storms. Thus we worked with the dam owner, Big Bear Mu-
nicipal Water District (BBMWD), to make sure their spillway gates
were ready and they had an operational plan ready to implement.
To provide context as to why this is important and relevant, a
dam failed in the Midwest last year because one of its radial gates
didn’t operate when storms came. As a result, the embankment
dam got overtopped and failed. This was a situation where the
This upstream view of Bear Valley Dam shows the level of the reservoir, which dam would probably have survived the large flooding event if the
was 13 feet down from normal pool last fall, the lowest the reservoir has been owner had been able to operate that gate.
in more than a decade. At dams where gates have sat a long time without operating, it is
vital to make sure they are ready to go before major storm events.
there was potential that these reservoirs would be completely filled Dams like Shasta and Oroville in northern California are examples
in just one season. With that anticipated large range of reservoir of situations where large gates have sat idle for five to eight years.
levels, it was important to verify the instrumentation was ready The California Department of Water Resources and U.S. Depart-
to go (e.g. verifying piezometers were performing correctly and ment of Interior’s Bureau of Reclamation spent considerable time
the potential effects of uplift on concrete dams). this last fall exercising those gates and making sure they were ready
We performed this type of work at Bear Valley Dam. Located on to go. As a result, the risks to the projects have been minimized by
Bear Creek, a tributary of the Santa Ana River, Bear Valley Dam addressing theoretical potential failure modes (PFM) association
forms the famous Big Bear Lake in the San Bernadino Mountains with non- or mis-operation of critical spillway gates.
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Gaging hydrology projects, especially for owners with multiple dam safety, we are trying to find those proj-
The Big Bear project provides another dam projects or a portfolio of dams. Examples ects that have the most immediate need for
safety lesson in today’s market. Water is a of this include Southern California Edison, reducing risk by investing money in a target-
valuable commodity in California, so it can’t Reclamation, the U.S. Army Corps of En- ed fashion to address the highest risk-effec-
be wasted. At Big Bear Lake, the local econo- gineers, and Pacific Gas & Electric for their tive areas. With regard to what most owners
my depends on tourist recreation that comes west coast inventory of high-hazard projects. are looking for these days in projects to take
from high lake levels in the summer. Thus Owners of these high-hazard projects will on, they want to know how they can reduce
BBMWD must always gauge how much tell you there is always a need for regular overall project and portfolio risks to indus-
the reservoir level will rise when these rain updates and maintenance. When looking at try-acceptable levels. I believe that the dams
storms occur across their watershed, in an
attempt to balance water releases and stor-
Water-to-Wire
age while avoiding overtopping the dam.
Determining the hydrology of water-
sheds is difficult because you are trying to
make educated guesses: With a particular
amount of rainfall or snow/snowmelt, how
much will run off and how much will be
Solutions
absorbed? What impact will that have on
the reservoir level? Typically there is not
a lot of instrumentation installed around Axial Flow, Kaplan, Francis Turbines Up to 25 MW
watersheds and this makes it difficult to tie
precipitation events to rising water levels in
the reservoir. BBMWD took this opportu-
nity to augment its database of weather data
using regional data from the nearby airport
and ski parks. When faced with predicted
large storms, they need to draw the reser-
voir down to prevent overtopping the dam.
District General Manager Mike Stephenson
says, “That’s a delicate process. You don’t
want to release any more water than you
have to because it is so valuable. But you
also have to balance that [keeping water in
the reservoir] with keeping the dam safe.”
With the right instrumentation in the right
location, you can better hone in on best an-
swers for operating the dam and reservoir
in these extreme situations.
Hazard analysis
With regard to “cool” newer things that are
going on in the practice of dam safety, the
idea of risk assessment and probable maxi-
mum floods (PMF) for high-hazard dams is
an important aspect.We see more dam own-
ers wanting to use risk assessment concepts Partnering with private developers, utilities and the world's
that utilize extreme hydrologic and seismic leading engineering firms to design and build turbines that consistently exceed
events (i.e., PMFs and maximum credible expectations when it comes to performance, reliability and profitability.
earthquakes) to prioritize dam safety bud-
gets and focus dam safety improvements on
those projects where they can maximize the Water-to-wire equipment packages for
return on their investments for protection low and medium head hydro projects.
of the dam and residents downstream. A
lot of work is being done in the industry to Tel: (613) 256-1983
identify good assessments of risk for these
1604HR_29 29 3/23/16 11:29 AM

profession — owners, regulators and engi- son 55 years old (or older) will tell you that Proper instrumentation
neering consultants — is doing a very good at this age, you need to get regular check- Speaking of my international work, both
job in this respect. A lot of that work is being ups for your health. Dams are no different. with MWH and ICOLD, I have seen some
led by the federal government, primarily the However, owners of a lot of these projects innovative applications of proper watershed
Corps and Reclamation with their risk as- haven’t taken a fresh look at dam safety, in- monitoring in China. China Three Gorges
sessment methodologies. Overall, this work cluding hydrology, since the 1970s or 1980s. Corporation (CTGC) is building projects
is making the industry more robust with re- We know watersheds change, along with our in China and around the world, and part of
gard to risk-informed decision making, thus science of prediction for large precipitation the work CTGC is doing on big rivers with
leading to safer projects and safer popula- events. The focus in previous updates to cascades of dams and hydro plants is getting
tions who are at risk downstream of dams. PMF studies had been the probable max- good instrumentation installed in the upper
In my role at the International Com- imum precipitation part, the meteorology reaches of watersheds so they can predict
mission on Large Dams (ICOLD), I’m part, and not so much the changing water- flows and are prepared in real time for these
seeing a lot of international interest in this shed part. Updating the watershed charac- flooding situations. Mountains and water-
approach, particularly the risk assessment teristics for development, for runoff, and sheds in China are almost completely fed by
using a PFM approach to dam safety to actually putting some measuring gages in runoff. They need to know, to a high degree
increase the safety of projects all around the watershed area around the reservoir for of accuracy, what’s coming down the river
the world. The PFM approach of looking validation of assumptions, which can be along a particular cascade. I’ve seen some
broadly at project-specific characteristics connected by remote telemetry, allows you of the state-of-the-practice work being done
and situations when prioritizing dam safe- to get that data in real time to control cen- by CTGC in this regard, including work in
ty investments will likely be the worldwide ters for assessment and monitoring. That ICOLD on a new bulletin by the Technical
standard for the current and next genera- data can be used to predict what’s going to Committee on Integrated Operation of Hy-
tions of dam professionals. happen in the reservoir, allowing an opti- dropower Stations and Reservoirs.
The average age of our more than 84,000 mized operation for safety of the dam and The Chinese dam engineers and build-
dams in the U.S. is about 55 years. Any per- downstream residents and property. ers are in a great position, and we’re in a
1604HR_30 30 3/23/16 11:29 AM

Innovative Engineering Solutions
Strontia Springs Dam

Waterton Canyon, Denver, Colorado
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1604HR_31 31 3/23/16 11:29 AM

position to learn from them, because of the Dealing with aging structures For well-maintained projects, not a lot needs
sheer number and size of dams and hydro A common question from dam owner clients to be done. It’s a bit like an older model car
projects they are building. Hydro developers is about the remaining useful service life of or older house, or an aging person.You have
from China, including CTGC, are leading their structures and equipment. Many proj- to do some routine maintenance (or exer-
developers of large projects in Africa and ects in the U.S. were built 50 to 100 years cise), and every so often you have to do ma-
South America. We are talking about a lot of ago and have surpassed their design life. jor overhauls to stay healthy and productive.
technology being developed for large proj- Owners ask, “If I have a concrete or em- A lot of U.S. projects are ready for a major
ects in China and bringing this to projects bankment dam, what do I need to do to get overhaul, or at least a significant check-up
around the world. another 50 to 100 years out of my project?” or review of high-risk aspects of structures.
And by a major overhaul I say for concrete
dams, looking at deterioration over time, par-
Steel-Fab
ticularly in areas susceptible to freeze-thaw
damage and how much of the concrete re-
mains to carry original design loads. They
may need an overhaul to remove deteriorated
concrete, bridges or spillway piers. Thinner
SteelFab
concrete structures are usually more suscep-
tible to material losses through deterioration.
In some cases, projects may be ready for an
overhaul to completely replace them or re-
move them completely from service. Over
steel fab gates

Floating Bulkheads
Crest Gates
the next decade or so, owners will need to
decide if the cost and benefit of maintaining
steel-fab inc massachusetts

an aging dam are worth the investment to
Roller Gates
continue periodic refurbishments, possibly
Jet Flow Gates
replace all or a portion of the structure, or
Crest Gates
Broome Gates
decommission the project entirely.
Tainter Gates
One of the big disservices we could do
Bonneted Gates
Gate Operating Systems

as a profession is try to keep old projects,
Slide Gates
those that are reaching the end of their de-
Miter Gates
sign life, in operation through minimal in-
Water Control Gates vestments and not properly assessing the
overall structural condition and risks of keep-
Steel Fab Inc Fitchburg MA ing those projects in service after their de-
sign life. This approach increases risk to the
steelfab inc.
project, environment and downstream pop-
ulation and property as PFMs change and
escalate with time. The ultimate risk facing
many projects is structural failure, either lim-
ited or catastrophic. As time goes on, that
risk of failure will slowly increase and must
be met with increasing investment and vig-
ilance by owners.
Many of the world's dams have reached
an unacceptable level in terms of risk and,
unfortunately, we regularly see news reports
of dam failures. As a profession, we should
strive for the highest possible safety stan-
dards that minimize risk to our worldwide
inventory of dams. We as owners, regula-
430 Crawford Street tors and the engineers who are looked to for
Fitchburg, MA 01420 USA proper assessments need to be cognizant of
Tel 978-345-1112 • Fax 978-343-7925 • www.steel-fab-inc.com our professional duty to keep the public safe,
including replacement or removal of dams
at the end of their design service lives. ■
1604HR_32 32 3/23/16 11:29 AM

Technology Report
Focusing on the Next Generation

of Hydropower Technology
Hydroelectric power generation in the U.S. is transforming as a result of changes in climate,
energy policy and technology. The U.S. Department of Energy, in its recent Quadrennial Tech-
nology Review, identifies needed technology for hydropower’s continued success.
By Gregory B. Poindexter
T he U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has re- increased regulation to produce clean, renewable
leased its “Quadrennial Technology Review: An energy, how can these hydro plant owners increase
Assessment of Energy Technologies and Research operating efficiency and economic gain?
Opportunities” (QTR). According to DOE, the Highlights from the QTR show how hydro could
505-page QTR examines the status of the science increase its presence in the U.S. sustainable energy
and technology that are the foundation of the U.S. mix. The report enumerates opportunities for re-
energy system, together with the research, develop- search, identifies market challenges and provides a
ment, demonstration and deployment (RDD&D) future outlook for the hydro industry.
opportunities to advance them.
DOE says the review focuses primarily on tech- QTR hydropower assessment
nologies with commercialization potential in the mid- From 1949 to 2013, on average, hydropower has pro-
term and beyond. It frames various trade-offs that all vided 10.5% of cumulative U.S. power sector net gen-
energy technologies must bal- eration. As of 2014, with 78
ance across such dimensions GW of installed conventional
as cost, security and reliabil- hydro capacity and 22 GW
ity of supply, diversity, envi- of pumped-storage capacity,
ronmental impacts, land use, hydropower provided 47% of
and materials use. Additional- all U.S. renewable power sec-
ly, it provides data and analysis tor generation.
on RDD&D pathways to as-
sist decision makers as they set Market challenges
priorities, within budget con- U.S. hydropower develop-
straints, to develop more se- ment and operations are inter-
cure, affordable, and sustain- twined with water resources
able energy services. Policies development and manage-
and regulations are examined ment, which presents unique
separately by the Quadrennial deployment challenges among
Energy Review. renewable energy sources.
A portion of the QTR iden- Hydropower is evolving from
tifies technological and social energy production to include
considerations the hydropow- The 2015 Quadrennial Technology Review emphasis on species protec-
er industry must understand tion and restoration, drink-
with regard to undeveloped hydropower. ing water considerations and navigational and rec-
More than 3,000 utilities comprise the U.S. elec- reational uses.
tricity generation industry, and hydropower provides Large-scale pumped-storage development could
7% of annual total U.S. electricity, according to gov- positively affect the market, but the absence of mar-
ernment data. Federal agencies own and operate about ket signals and assured revenue streams have mut-
half of U.S. hydropower capacity. Investor-owned util- ed financial investment. Hydropower development
ities, state and municipal utilities, and independent requires site-specific design, permitting, construc-
power producers own and operate the remaining half. tion and commissioning processes, which nullifies
Gregory Poindexter is associate In a challenging financial environment that is ex- cost-reducing standardization and guaranteed de-
editor of Hydro Review. periencing declining retail rates for electricity and velopment. Addressing siting, permitting and envi-
1604HR_33 33 3/23/16 11:29 AM

ronmental concerns results in long planning erators must reduce technology cost and power technology advancement. Continued
cycles and time to deployment. enable more compact support structures operation of existing facilities and new de-
and smaller physical and environmental ployment will depend upon demonstration
Technology challenges footprints to achieve economic feasibility. and acceptance of environmental mitiga-
The age of large-scale hydro development tion technologies for facilities of all sizes —
in the U.S. has long since passed, and the Factors driving change in within and external to the turbine. Future
potential hydropower that remains compris- hydropower technology drivers for hydropower and water storage
es small-scale development opportunities. Environmental impact mitigation remains could be the impacts of climate change,
Advancements for small-scale turbine-gen- the overarching factor that drives hydro- with potentially increased water shortages
— especially in the western states.
Opportunity exists to add up to 12 GW
of capacity to existing non-powered dams,
and there is about 65 GW of undeveloped
stream-reach potential in the U.S.
For innovative water solutions, According to the National Hydropow-
er Asset Assessment Program, “The New
sometimes it pays to Stream-reach Development Resource As-
sessment (NSD) project uses an innovative
think small. geographic approach to analyze the poten-
tial for new hydropower development in
Find out how our water resource engineers use U.S. stream segments that do not currently
physical modeling to develop safe and effective designs for have hydroelectric facilities.”
our clients at www.nhcweb.com. NSD is one among other types of un-
tapped hydropower potential, such as
non-powered dams, existing hydropower
facilities, pumped storage and small con-
duits. The NSD project considers “new
stream-reach development” (assessments
conducted for the conterminous U.S.) and
“new site development” (assessments
conducted for Alaska and Hawaii) dis-
tinct from the other hydropower resource
classes identified by the DOE Water Pow-
er Program.
Much of this potential capacity will re-
quire low-cost turbines operating at less
than 25 ft of head. Small hydropower tech-
nology must become less expensive to man-
ufacture, install and operate if it is to see
widespread deployment. Traditional pow-
ertrain, powerhouse, dam and reservoir
designs could be unacceptable for this ap-
plication because they have footprints that
may be too expensive, with too many envi-
ronmental impacts.
Hydropower technology
RDD&D opportunities
With technology innovation, cost reduc-
tions and favorable market mechanisms,
hydropower could substantially contribute
I N N O V AT I V E W AT E R S O L U T I O N S to reducing criteria pollutants and lessen-
ing CO2 emissions as a substantial part
of the U.S. power portfolio. Design, siting
and operation also need to take into ac-
1604HR_34 34 3/23/16 11:29 AM

count potential changes in precipitation and
evaporation as a result of climate change.
RDD&D can help sustain and enhance ex-
isting hydropower capabilities and achieve
a market-competitive levelized cost of en-
ergy (LCOE) for new hydropower devel-
opment in the following four areas:
Integrating environmental mitigation

technology into turbine designs
Environmental performance optimization
requires advanced computational models
of flow dynamics, fish kinematics and gas
transfer within turbine flow passages, as
well as laboratory and field scientific ex-
periments to inform those models. Such
design tools will require advanced phys-
ics-based turbulence modeling and will
need high-performance computing power
to incorporate fish passage and water quali-
ty objectives into the turbine design process.
Advanced powertrains
Innovations can reduce direct costs of low-
head turbine components, as well as reduce
the physical footprint of small turbines that

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influence overall costs and environmental Potential market barrier technology solu- ly into hydroelectric and power system
impacts of low-head hydro development. tions include: scheduling.
• Standardized technology packages and
Market acceleration and deployment site civil layouts to reduce the uncertain- Advanced grid integration
Opportunities exist to reduce the cost and ty and complexity of environmental and Large-scale studies of power systems can
duration of market barriers, including fish safety reviews for new development; and include hydropower and pumped-storage
and wildlife protection, environmental is- • Decision support tools, which integrate facilities as some of the solutions to inte-
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navigation and water supply. environmental objectives more robust- capabilities and operational constraints of
existing and future hydropower technolo-
gies must be accurately represented in such
studies and within the operational and plan-
ning models that electric utilities and other
stakeholders rely upon for decision making.
Further, the impact of altered operational
strategies for hydropower will have oper-
ations and maintenance (O&M) impacts
and costs that must be projected as part
of decision making and O&M planning.
MHK technology
Marine and hydrokinetic (MHK) technolo-
gies convert the energy of waves, tides and
river and ocean currents into electricity.
With more than 50% of the U.S. popula-
tion living within 50 miles of the nation’s
coasts, MHK technologies hold significant
potential to supply renewable electricity to
consumers in coastal load centers.
MHK resource assessments identify a
continental U.S. technical resource poten-
tial of as much as 538 to 757 TWh of an-
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tricity generation each year.
Major challenges
The major challenges to commercial
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• Capital cost reductions and performance
improvements are challenges for MHK
to be competitive on a regional basis;
• Cost-competitiveness of MHK energy
will require that individual devices cap-
ture more than double the amount of
energy than current prototypes for the
same device size;
• Lack of available test facilities, in par-
ticular multi-berth, full-scale, grid-con-
nected open water test facilities for wave
energy devices, to support the antici-
pated acceleration in U.S. MHK mar-
ket growth; and
• Lack of scientific information, for exam-
1604HR_36 36 3/23/16 11:29 AM

ple baseline environmental data, and high Conclusion the U.S. is one of the top five nations in-
monitoring costs can drive environmen- The Renewable Energy Policy Network vesting in other renewables (e.g., solar and
tal and regulatory expenses to 30%–50% for the 21st Century (REN21) indicates wind). Within QTR’s hydropower section,
of total early-stage MHK project cost. at the end of 2014, the U.S. was second it is clear DOE thinks next-generation hy-
in the world, with China in first place, in dro technology is the main factor that will
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technologies are in the early stages of de- ment in hydropower, the report did indicate quadrennial-technology-review-2015.
velopment, with a wide variety of designs
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Despite a significant increase in renew-
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technologies, there are no commercial
MHK technologies deployed in the U.S.
As of the end of 2014, four companies held
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1604HR_37 37 3/23/16 11:29 AM

Civil Structures
Analyzing Proposed Modifications

to an Unreinforced Concrete Arch Dam
Significant rework is necessary to ensure Lost Creek Dam can meet current probable maxi-
mum flood requirements. Significant analysis went into the proposed modifications to ensure
adequate margins of safety.
By Thomas R. Barnard,
Daniel R. Parker and
Kathy Zancanella
W hen Lost Creek Dam was built as a con-
stant-angle radial arch dam in 1923 and 1924,
it reflected the state-of-the-art in design for its time.
Creek Dam that is consistent with current FERC
guidelines and dam safety regulations. The PMF
study was updated in response to FERC comments
Its rehabilitation has required leading edge analysis in 2006, and results indicated the dam crest would
to ensure the dam will withstand potential floods be overtopped unless the deck is raised and spillway
and earthquakes for another century. modified to maintain adequate freeboard and spill-
way capacity. In addition, inspections mandated by
Background FERC under Part 12 revealed substantial deteriora-
California’s Lost Creek Dam, on a tributary of the tion of the dam’s downstream face, which could af-
south fork of the Feather River, was completed in fect the capacity to resist loads during a PMF event.
1924. The Jorgensen-type constant angle, variable
radius unreinforced concrete arch dam is part of the Project modifications
120-MW South Feather Power Project, owned by The proposed work included increasing the dam
South Feather Water and Power Agency (SFWPA). spillway openings, raising the crest outside of the
Lost Creek Reservoir is just downstream of 13.5- spill section to elevation 3,291.5 feet, reinforcing the
MW Sly Creek and is operated as a reregulating downstream face, and protecting the plunge pool
reservoir for 60-MW Woodleaf downstream. The area to prevent scouring of the foundation material.
reservoir has a maximum width of about 1,118 ft The spill crest will be about the same length as
and maximum depth of about 100 ft near the dam, the existing spillway, but the number of piers will
with gross storage of 5,361 acre-ft. A geo-composite be reduced and the span between piers increased to
Thomas Barnard is vice pres- membrane liner on the upstream face was installed about 40 ft. The deteriorated concrete on the dam’s
ident and principal engineer to reduce seepage. downstream face (about 6 in to 2 ft deep) will be
with AECOM. Daniel Parker is SFWPA needs to modify Lost Creek Dam to meet removed. Loose, fractured or damaged foundation
a consultant with ANATECH. probable maximum flood (PMF) design and evolv- material and debris will be removed from the mar-
Kathy Zancanella, now retired, ing safety requirements established by the Federal gin between the foundation and the existing dam to
was power division manager Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) and Cal- expose sound foundation material within the limits
of South Feather Water and ifornia Department of Water Resources, Division of the contact for the new facing concrete.
Power Agency at the time this of Safety of Dams (DSOD). The dam crest height, That sound material will be dowelled into and
work was performed. spillway configuration, reservoir volume, annual stor- covered with concrete 4.5 ft thick designed to pro-
age curve and flood operation rules were developed vide resistance to the anticipated loads. The low lev-
This article has been evaluated when the reservoir was created, prior to the project el outlet works will be extended about 150 to 200
and edited in accordance with re- being licensed as part of a hydroelectric system in ft downstream from the dam face so the area at the
views conducted by two or more
professionals who have relevant ex- the 1950s. Hydrometeorological data used to deter- base can be dried out for work.
pertise. These peer reviewers judge
manuscripts for technical accuracy, mine PMF flows have since changed. The work also includes placing a layer of rein-
usefulness, and overall importance In 2004, SFWPA conducted a hydraulic study forced concrete where a plunge pool would form
within the hydroelectric industry.
that included an estimate of PMF flows for Lost during a PMF event to protect against scouring of
1604HR_38 38 3/23/16 11:31 AM

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1604HR_39 39 3/23/16 11:31 AM

Figure 1 — As-Built, Maximum Principal Strain* Maximum design earthquake
FERC and DSOD wanted the SFWPA de-
Section Cut
sign team to develop Acceleration Response
Upstream Face Near Center
Control Joint Spectra (RSA) and time-history curves to
compare to the DSOD curves. Three sets of
ground motion records were generated for
Lost Creek Dam to satisfy the latest FERC
Maximum
Principal guidelines. All three sets of records reflect pa-
Strain
xxx rameters that are consistent with the DSOD
xxx
xxx criteria: Scaled PGA = 0.25 g; Magnitude
xxx
xxx = 6.25; Distance to fault rupture = 9.45
xxx
xxx
xxx km; and Site Category = B (Vs ≥ 760 m/s).
xxx
xxx The cross-canyon, upstream-down-
xxx
xxx
xxx stream and vertical acceleration time his-
xxx
Downstream Face xxx tory records, derived from the 1989 Loma
xxx
xxx
xxx Prieta earthquake, were used primarily for
xxx
the analyses because the most significant
The maximum principal strain contours on the upstream face, downstream face and a vertical cut through damage to the existing structure occurred
the mid-section of the dam show [what, exactly?]. * T = 5.62 seconds, Mag. x 25 when subjected to this record. Two addi-
tional sets of motions were derived based
the foundation material. Loose material and glass-fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) on measurements at Morgan Hill in Gilroy
debris will be removed to create a “clean” bars will be used to reinforce the scour and the Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan and
foundation or incorporated into the work protection concrete and to anchor it to the were used for analyses after the final round
for scour protection. Corrosion-resistant rock foundation. of design revisions to satisfy FERC.

--

-

1604HR_40 40 3/23/16 11:31 AM

Material conditions and 2,340 psi, respectively.The correspond- Lost Creek Dam as an independent check
This investigation was designed to nonde- ing static tensile strengths were 230 psi and on the linear elastic response spectra and
structively evaluate concrete condition on the 300 psi, respectively, and the corresponding time history analyses using the SAP2000
downstream face and through the cross-sec- dynamic values were 353 psi and 458 psi. finite element program, conducted by engi-
tion in the dam’s center. spectral analysis of neers at AECOM. A second NLTH analysis
surface waves (SASW) and acoustic tomog- Nonlinear finite element analysis was performed on a model reflecting the
raphy (AT) methods were used. The scope of the investigation was to per- modifications to the crest and downstream
form a three-dimensional finite element face to assess adequacy to resist potential
Concrete coring and testing program nonlinear time history (NLTH) analysis of seismically induced loads.
The high-density laser scan survey and
non-destructive testing revealed the amount
of section loss and the apparent distribution
of the concrete strength across the surface
and through the thickness of the dam in-
ferred from the velocity profiles in the to-
mograms. The results of a 2007 coring and
testing program were analyzed to establish
representative distributions of the concrete
properties within the arch structure.
The strength results of the test concrete
were represented as contour plots across
the dam surface. Because it was equally
important to understand the distribution
through the thickness of the dam, plots
were created to show the strength vari-
ation on cross-section views of the arch.
The concrete strengths measured in 2007
were generally lower than those document-
ed in a 1988 study. Samples taken for the
1988 report were limited to the areas near
the left and right abutments (when looking
downstream), with testing performed on the
6-in-diameter core samples from the upper
20 ft of the core holes. The 1988 report also
incorporated data from a 1986 investigation,
which took six samples from the upstream
face near the crest, six from the downstream
face closer to the ground surface, and one
within the right center portion of the arch.
To establish correlation between the ve-
locity profiles from the AT and the con-
crete strengths, core sampling was performed
along or directly adjacent to where the AT
and SASW testing were performed. Holes
were cored from the downstream face, pen-
etrating 41 in to 109 in, depending on arch
thickness. The concrete strength of samples
from the upstream face is generally higher
than those from the downstream face. The
lower downstream strength likely relates to
through-dam seepage and exposure to annu-
al freeze/thaw cycles.This difference in con-
crete properties was recognized in the 1986
evaluation, where average downstream and
upstream compressive strengths were 1,580
1604HR_41 41 3/23/16 11:31 AM

Modeling used the 20-node quadratic integration ANACAP concrete constitutive model to
ANATECH generated a 3D finite element continuum elements within the library of prevent spurious hourglass, shear locking
model (FEM) from the geometry and con- the Abaqus general purpose finite element and other behaviors that lead to inconsis-
crete material property distribution extract- program, to further increase fidelity of the tent calculations.
ed from the SAP2000 models while refin- analysis. Element size was chosen based The proposed modifications were built
ing the mesh by approximately a factor of on the judgement and experience of the into the model mesh and include rebuild-
3 in all directions and incorporating the analyst using the ANACAP model. From ing the spillway and dam crest with steel-re-
nonlinear ANACAP-U concrete constitu- experience at ANATECH, these elements inforced concrete and the originally pro-
tive material model. The model developed are the most robust when coupled with the posed 3 ft layer of new concrete on the
downstream face. Dowels will be grouted
into the concrete and covered by the fac-
ing concrete as well as layers of vertical
and horizontal reinforcement at the inner
and outer faces of the new concrete. All the
downstream facing reinforcement is spec-
ified to be GFRP. All the steel and GFRP
bars were modeled with two-node truss ele-
ments. The mesh for the reinforcement was
developed discontinuous from the contin-
Lignum - Vitae
uum dam elements and used the Abaqus
embedded element technique to superim-
pose the reinforcement bar/truss element
Water-Lubricated Bearings kinematic response onto the concrete/con-
tinuum elements mesh to simulate a typical
reinforced concrete section. The vertical
Leading the Industry control joints were simulated by activating
the pre-crack option in ANACAP-U along
Back to Water Lubricated Bearings a vertical plane in the elements at the joint
Ahead of EPA Regulations! locations. This option sets an initial crack
along a defined plane. No tension stress
can be carried across this plane, although
compression and shear will be transmitted.
Bearing Problems... The shear modulus is reduced to 40% of

the uncracked shear modulus and reduces
further as a function of the tensile strain
We can solve (crack opening) across the defined plane.
Loading conditions, analysis procedure
Ask us how? Analyses were performed with the winter

extreme loading condition (maximum cred-
ible earthquake, MCE) section based on
FERC engineering and design guidelines.
Conditions are minimum mean concrete
temperatures; normal high water level, as-
Demand Reliability...Compromise Elsewhere sumed at top of spillway crest; dead load;
and MCE.
The first step was to perform a steady
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1604HR_42 42 3/23/16 11:31 AM

and hydrostatic water pressure were applied to the structure. The
nodal temperature results from the thermal analysis are read in
by the analysis code and the appropriate thermal stresses are cal-
culated in addition to the dead load stresses. The water loading is
resisted by the existing arch section without any contribution from
Dam Monitoring
the facing. Incremental water head above the drawdown level is
resisted by the combined section consisting of the existing arch
and new facing concrete.
The final step was to perform the dynamic time history anal-
ysis on the thermal and dead load initialized model.
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Figure 2 — Upstream-Downstream tion was represented with lumped nodal masses on the upstream
Displacement Time History, Piers 12 and 15 face of the dam based on the generalized Westergaard equation.
1.8 At each node point, the added mass was represented by individual
Global Y Displacement
Existing Modified Baseline Modified Revision 2

1.4 diagonal mass matrices with horizontal components proportional to
(in inches)
1.0 the normal direction cosine at each location on the upstream face.
0.6
0.2 Concrete performance and material properties
-0.2 Modeling of the concrete is a key ingredient for the nonlinear seismic
0 6 12 18 24 30
Time (in seconds)
assessment analyses and is provided through the ANACAP-U mod-
el. The behavior of concrete is highly nonlinear with a small tensile
2.5
Global Y Displacement
2.0
Existing Modified Baseline Modified Revision 2 strength, shear stiffness and strength that depend on crack widths,
and compressive plasticity. The main components of the concrete
(in inches)
1.5
1.0 model are tensile cracking, post-cracking shear performance, and
0.5 compressive yielding when the compressive strength is reached.
0.0
The concrete properties varied widely throughout the dam.
-0.5
0 6 12 18 24 30 The distribution of concrete strength and associated modulus and
Time (in seconds) cracking strain criteria used within the Abaqus models followed
the distribution from the SAP2000 linear elastic response spectra
Dynamic time history analysis and time history models across the breadth, height and thickness
After the model had been initialized with the expected in-situ me- of the structure. Concrete strength was 1,020 psi to 2,753 psi.
chanical and thermal stresses, a dynamic time history analysis was Young’s modulus is calculated as 57,000fc’1/2, the dynamic ten-
performed as a “restart” from the static load step. A base accelera- sile strength is 2.3fc’2/3, and the tensile fracture strain is the ten-
tion was applied as nodal boundary conditions at the rock faces of sile strength divide by the modulus. The new concrete was spec-
the model, including two horizontal and one vertical components. ified as 4,000 psi for the crest and new downstream facing layer.
Following Corps guidance, the foundation was modeled as The foundation rock was modeled as solid elements, linear-elas-
massless. The added-mass representation of dam-water interac- tic with a modulus of 4.0E+06 psi and a Poisson’s ratio of 0.27.
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Based on interactions with the governing and rupture or when shear forces across a such that the shear capacity of the concrete
regulatory agencies and SFWPA, a conser- section exceed the shear capacity. Under due to aggregate interlock is reduced below
vative solution was preferred because the bending loads, concrete crushing may de- that needed to support the shear demands.
dam is close to 100 years old, the site-mined velop on the compressive side, but failure Section shear failure can also occur when
aggregate-based concrete is highly variable of the section can still be attributed to re- compressive struts develop due to arch ac-
in quality and strength, and SFWPA de- bar rupture on the tension side of the section within a member and initiate concrete
sired to extend useful life of the structure tion. Section shear failure develops when failure in compression, which then rapidly
as much as possible. sufficient cracking extends across a section degrades the shear capacity of the section.
Thus, a combination of grade 60 rebar,
GFRP rebar, and high-strength all-thread
anchor bars were specified for use in the
dam crest and downstream facing modifi-
cations. In the crest and new piers, grade
60 rebar was modeled as an elastic-plastic
material with a modulus of 2.9E+07 psi
and a piecewise stress-strain relationship
adjusted to reflect true stress and strain val-
ues. Tie-down anchors at the new bridge
piers were represented with a high-strength
steel material with 150 ksi yield strength.
GFRP rebar material properties were as-
signed to all dowels between the existing
concrete and new downstream facing as
well as the inner and outer layers of hori-
zontal and vertical bars in the new facing.
Based on manufacturer specifications, #8
sized GFRP bars have an ultimate tensile
strength of 90 ksi, modulus of 6.7E+06 psi
and ultimate strain of 1.34%.
Evaluation criteria
In evaluating seismic vulnerability of the
dam, failure criteria must be defined to es-
tablish limit states on the structural response
where the structure can no longer withstand
the upstream hydrostatic pressure. For the
reinforced concrete components, failure oc-
curs when tensile loads cause rebar to yield
Table 1: Baseline BioPA

Scoring Matrix
Abaqus Abaqus
STRAAM
Mode (Summer (Winter
(2011)
2013) 2013)
1 3.00 2.96 2.91
2 3.10 3.06 2.96
3 3.90 4.05 4.01
4 4.40 4.30 4.28
5 5.20 4.96 4.95
6 6.00 5.66 5.67
7 6.50 6.19 6.05
8 7.00 6.48 6.50
9 7.80 7.36 7.28
10 8.30 7.49 7.42
1604HR_45 45 3/23/16 11:34 AM

Thus, the criteria used to establish struc- page 45 lists the first 10 modes extracted crest from this horizontal position near the
tural failure of the dam in the global mod- from the Abaqus models, along with those vertical control joint closest to the right
eling are: strain level in rebar causing rup- from the in-field 2011 dynamic investiga- abutment, appearing as a crescent shape
ture of the bar (modified condition), level tion performed by STRAAM Corporation. in the upper portion. A second horizontal
of shear strain across a structural section The frequencies from the Abaqus FEM crack plane develops entirely across the two
that indicates shear capacity is exceeded, summer thermal condition compare well interior monoliths, originating at the up-
and stress level causing compressive crush- with the results from the dynamic inves- stream face and penetrating almost entire-
ing failure. Shear stress at the dam base and tigation by STRAAM, indicating that the ly through the dam thickness, with tensile
rock interface will be examined but failure baseline stiffness of the theoretical model strains exceeding eight times the defined
within the rock foundation is not expected accurately represents the stiffness of the fracture strain for the concrete. Figure 1
as the rock strength is much greater than existing structure. The slightly reduced fre- on page 40 presents maximum principal
that of the concrete. These established fail- quencies from the winter thermal analysis strain contours of the upstream face, down-
ure criteria are based on previous work and correspond with the thermal contraction stream face and a vertical cut through the
benchmarking on structural specimens in of the structure resulting in lowered com- mid-section at 5.62 sec into the acceleration
support of Sandia National Labs, structural pression across the control joints and a “re- record. Large values of maximum principal
research labs at the University of Califor- duced” global stiffness of the structure. strain indicate the location of crack planes
nia San Diego and Berkeley, University of developing. Shear strains exceed +/-0.5%
Nevada at Reno, and U.S. Army Corps of As-built NLTH analysis through the entire dam section at various
Engineers Waterway Experiment Station. Analysis of the existing condition shows locations along the upper horizontal and di-
significant cracking develops in a horizon- agonal crack planes that form. Time history
Eigenmode analysis tal plane across the two interior monoliths displacement records show a pronounced
As an initial check on the FEM, the natu- at an elevation about 2/3 to 3/4 the height drift toward the downstream direction at
ral frequencies and mode shapes were cal- from the base. This crack plane originates piers 12 and 15. In the cross-canyon and
culated for the Abaqus model representing at the downstream face and propagates upstream-downstream displacement time
the in-situ stress case for the summer and through the dam thickness. Additional di- histories, there was a nodal displacement
winter thermal static stress cases. Table 1 on agonal cracking spreads up towards the record at about ¼, ½, ¾ height and crest
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1604HR_47 47 3/23/16 11:35 AM

Figure 3 — Modified Revision 2, Maximum Principal Strain* the ultimate capacity at a localized region in
the outer layer of reinforcement. With the
vertical bars doubled, the global response
of the dam was essentially unchanged but
peak stresses in the GFRP reinforcement
were reduced by about 28%.
Maximum
Principal Additional modification
Strain
xxx The proposed modifications were revised
xxx
xxx to lessen the cracking that develops on the
xxx
xxx upstream and downstream surfaces. Ther-
xxx
xxx
xxx mal analysis was not included as part of the
xxx
xxx static stress initialization step prior to the
xxx
xxx
xxx NLTH analysis, as this was determined to
xxx
xxx not have a significant effect in previous dy-
xxx
xxx
xxx namic analyses.
xxx
The thickness of the new concrete facing
The maximum principal strain contours at 12.48 seconds reveal significantly less cracking or damage on the downstream surface was increased
that develops in the main body of the dam as compared with Figure 1. * T = 12.48 seconds, Mag. x 25 18 in so the total nominal new facing will
be 54 thick. Spacing of the GFRP dowels
elevation at pier 15. face modifications added to the model, remained unchanged although the length
The combination of extensive horizontal the structure showed significantly reduced was increased to maintain about 6 in cover
and diagonal crack planes with sustained damage during seismic loading. There are from the outside face. The density of the
periods of high tensile strain and excessive no regions of significant shear strain that vertical GRFP bars was increased within
shear strains indicates a significant potential would indicate a potential shear failure. the new facing.
of a sliding shear failure of the upper region Horizontal and diagonal cracks form within Analysis of the dam with these addi-
of the dam across the two interior mono- the new facing on the downstream surface, tional modifications showed significantly
liths. In concert, the actual drift shown in but these do not develop into full crack improved performance when subjected to
the displacement history indicates a global planes through the entire dam section. The the Loma Prieta ground motions. Figure 2
shear sliding in the downstream direction. GFRP reinforcement helps limit the spread on page 44 shows upstream-downstream
and penetration of significant cracking
Baseline modification throughout the structure. The maximum
With the baseline crest and downstream stress in the reinforcement is about 38% of —Continued on page 66
1604HR_48 48 3/23/16 11:35 AM

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1604HR_49 49 3/23/16 11:36 AM

Tech Briefs
hottest in the instrumental record and one The drought has an environmental cost
For more technical news, check out the of the worst droughts in memory, the re- as well. “The additional combustion of fos-
Technology and Equipment tab at port says. Reductions in supply as a re- sil fuels for electric generation also led to a
sult of lower hydroelectric generation were 10% increase in the release of carbon diox-
made up primarily by burning more nat- ide from California power plants.”
ural gas, increasing purchases from out- The report is available at http://bit.
of-state sources, and expanding wind and ly/1LopPEW.
Report analyzes impact of drought solar generation.
in California on hydro generation During the 2007-2009 drought, hydro- Krout named Distinguished
Hydropower generation in California electric production accounted for about Professional in hydropower field
dropped to 10.5% of total electricity gen- 13% of the state’s overall electricity gener- Lorraine Krout has been recognized as a
eration during the period from October ation. Hydropower averaged a contribution Distinguished Professional in her field by
2011 through September 2015, according of 18% from 1983 to 2013. Total installed Women of Distinction magazine.
to a new report, Impacts of California’s On- hydroelectric capacity in the state is about Krout is chief executive officer of Hy-
going Drought: Hydroelectricity Generation 14,000 MW. dro Consulting and Maintenance Services
2015 Update. Because hydropower is “considerably Inc. (HCMS), the largest woman-owned
The report was authored by Peter H. less expensive than other forms of electrici- business in the U.S. dedicated exclusively
Gleick with the Pacific Institute, which “cre- ty” the drought increased electricity costs to to the hydro service business, according to
ates and advances solutions to the world’s California ratepayers. The report indicates a press release.
most pressing water challenges.” the drought increased statewide electricity HCMS is headquartered in York, Pa.,
The past four years were the driest and costs by about $2 billion. and has experience in the installation, repair
1604HR_50 50 3/23/16 11:40 AM

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1604HR_51 51 3/23/16 11:40 AM

and maintenance of hydroelectric turbines, ward employees,” she said. “I feel that it is generation of professional women. Krout
generators and balance of plant equipment. very important to make all employees feel will be featured in the magazine in 2016.
“I have more than 40 years of experi- as though they are a part of the company
ence in owning multiple businesses, which and have a vested interest in its present and AP&T’s Robert Grimm chosen
have given me diversified experiences in future success.” 2015 Small Utility CEO of the Year
many aspects of running a business, such Per its website, Women of Distinction pro- Electric Light & Power magazine named
as marketing and accounting, and most vides a platform where real women can share Robert Grimm of Alaska Power & Tele-
importantly, how to communicate and re- their stories of success and inspire a new phone Co. its 2015 Chief Executive Offi-
cer of the Year for Small Utilities. Grimm
was chosen from nominees who lead util-
ities with fewer than 400,000 customers.
AP&T is investor-owned with a history
of significant employee stock ownership.
AP&T owns and operates seven hydro-
electric projects in southeast Alaska, four
of which were built by AP&T.
“Grimm has been with AP&T for more
than 45 years and became the utility’s CEO
in 1989,” said Teresa Hansen, EL&P mag-
azine chief editor. He has focused much
of his energy on expanding the company
and raising its assets $118 million, from $6
million at the beginning of his tenure to its
current total of $122 million. The utility
is continuing its historic transition from
mainly diesel generators to hydropower
and even some solar and wind.
The award was presented during the
EL&P executive conference and Distribu-
TECH awards dinner.
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1604HR_52 52 3/23/16 11:40 AM

SAVE THE DATE
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1604HR_53 53 3/23/16 11:40 AM

Canadian Spotlight
Included in PSP Investments’ latest deal counties in Pennsylvania. They are inter-
Get Canadian News under the Hydro is the 1,168-MW Northfield Mountain connected into the New York Independent
Project Activity andWorld Regions tabs at pumped-storage plant in Massachusetts, System Operator, and electricity is sold to
along with 12 unnamed conventional proj- New York State Electric & Gas Corp. un-
ects primarily located on the Connecticut der a long-term power purchase agreement.
River in Massachusetts and the Housatonic Together the two plants annually generate
River in Connecticut. Combined, the con- about 200 GWh.
PSP Investments acquires ventional assets have a capacity of 134 MW. PSP Investments acquired the projects
U.S. hydropower portfolios “The purchased assets are an excellent in May 2015 with the intent to sell them
Canada’s Public Sector Pension Investment fit with PSP Investments’ long-term invest- to H2O Power, which owns 10 small hy-
Board (PSP Investments) has been involved ment horizon and its strategy to leverage in- droelectric stations in Canada and the U.S.
in two recent hydro plant transactions. dustry-specialized platforms, such as H2O H2O’s minority owner is BluEarth Re-
First, PSP Investments and ENGIE Power,” said Guthrie Stewart, PSP Invest- newables Inc., a Canadian independent
Group and have entered into an agreements senior vice president. renewable power producer that operates
ment to acquire a 1.4 GW portfolio of hy- The transaction is still subject to closing projects across North America.
dro plants in the New England region of conditions, including regulatory approvals.
the U.S. Second, H2O Power has acquired the CEAA orders review of proposed
The US$1.2 billion acquisition will be 13.6-MW Allegheny 8 and 17.9-MW Al- 330-MW Amisk hydroelectric plant
managed by PSP Investments’ existing hy- legheny 9 small hydro plants. Canada’s Minister of Environment and Cli-
dropower platform, H2O Power LP, which The run-of-river facilities are on the Al- mate Change, Catherine McKenna, has
first entered the U.S. market in February. legheny River in Armstrong and Indian referred an environmental assessment for
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the proposed 330-MW Amisk hydroelec- Forbes based its awards on data from ployers that represent 25 major Canadi-
tric plant in Alberta to an independent re- online statistics provider, Statista. Forbes an industries.
view panel. asked more than 8,000 Canadian workers BC Hydro is a provincial Crown corpo-
The Canadian Environmental Assess- to determine how likely they were to rec- ration with a mandate to generate, purchase,
ment Agency made the announcement this ommend their employer to someone else distribute and sell electricity. The corpora-
week after determining through a Novem- and how they felt about the other employ- tion operates 30 hydroelectric facilities and
ber solicitation whether the public believed ers in their industry. three thermal plants, with hydropower pro-
such a review is necessary, citing “its po- The resulting list includes 250 em- viding 95% of its total electricity generation.
tential to cause significant adverse environ-
mental effects and concerns expressed by
the public and Indigenous groups in rela-
tion to these effects.”
The project is being developed by Cal-
gary-based AHP Development Corp. along
the Peace River and would include the con-
struction and operation of a powerhouse,
spillway, headpond, fish passage, boat pas-
sage, transmission line and substation, and
all related infrastructure.
The review timeline established by the
CEAA is as follows:
• A review panel is to be established 90
days from the date of the referral of the
project;
• The review panel is to submit its report
480 days from the date of the establish-
ment of the panel; and
• The federal minister’s decision statement
is to be issued 150 days from the date
the review panel’s report is submitted.
Amisk would be the fourth hydropow-
er project on the Peace River. Already in
existence along the river’s British Colum-
bia portion are the 700-MW Peace Can-
yon and 2,730-MW G.M. Shrum facilities.
Also in development on British Columbia’s
segment of the Peace River is the 1,100-
MW Site C plant.
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Other companies on this list that are in-
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50, WSP | Parsons Brinckerhoff at No.
89, Kiewit Corporation at No. 133, Ae-
con Group at No. 141, Manitoba Hydro
at No. 152, Siemens at No. 231, and Stan- www.jfbrennan.com (608) 519-5349
tec at No. 246.
1604HR_55 55 3/23/16 11:40 AM

Marine Hydrokinetics
vices. These arrays will be located up to 3 achievement of this important milestone.
For more ocean/tidal/stream news, km from shore and will deploy at the U.S. It points to both the experience and ex-
see the Hydro Project Activity tab at Navy’s Wave Energy Test Site (WETS) cen- pertise of our product development and
ter in Hawaii. delivery team, and to our technical lead-
The Hawai‘i Natural Energy Institute ership within the industry.
is providing key research support to this “Our team found the certification
national effort in the form of environmen- process rigorous, but extremely benefi-
StingRAY wave device receives tal monitoring, independent WEC device cial towards ensuring that we have a firm
certification statement power performance and durability analy- understanding of the risk management re-
Oregon-based Columbia Power Technol- sis, and critical marine logistical support. quirements and processes. ”
ogies announced DNV GL, an indepen- The Statement of Feasibility involved The company is commercializing a
dent energy experts and certification body, Columbia Power Technologies and DNV next-generation solution that will deliver
has issued a Statement of Feasibility for its GL completing a full risk assessment of survivability, a competitive cost of ener-
StingRAY wave energy converter (WEC). StingRAY technology and agreeing to ac- gy and low environmental and stakehold-
According to DNV GL, this is the first steps tions to mitigate risk of failure. er impact.
toward prototype certification. Final prototype certification will follow
With the support of the U.S. Navy, Co- the successful close out of actions agreed Oregon close to matching funds in
lumbia Power Technologies will test the to during the Statement of Feasibility stage. grant for new wave energy test site
StingRAY WEC, which is intended to be Reenst Lesemann, Columbia Pow- The federal government through the U.S.
deployed in water depths greater than 60 er Technologies chief operating officer, Department of Energy made an initial
m and positioned in arrays of multiple de- said, “We are extremely pleased with the US$5 million available to fund a compet-
1604HR_56 56 3/23/16 11:40 AM

itive grant to further develop the South fuel consumption by one-third. of its RivGen concept in Cobscook Bay.
Energy Test Site (SETS). SETS is part of To initiate the project, DOE has ap- ORPC hopes to replicate its collabora-
a suite of Pacific Marine Energy Center proved Phase One funds of $392,500. tion in Igiugig and in other remote com-
(PMEC) facilities that are owned and op- Igiugig has relied on diesel generators for munities in Alaska, Canada and worldwide.
erated by the Northwest National Marine power, at a cost of about 80 cents per kWh, ORPC also received a $2.25 million
Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC). which is more than 10 times the current rate DOE grant in November to build a sys-
SETS will join NNMREC’s North En- for grid-connected electricity customers in tem for deploying, anchoring and retrieving
ergy Test Site as its second ocean test site. Maine where ORPC tested a larger version its tidal and river power generation units.
Both sites are located off the coast of Ore-
gon. SETS is already grid-connected and
will feature full-scale testing capabilities.
DOE stipulated that to qualify for
the grant, local funding for SETS would
have to match 25% of its grant, or about
$1.25 million.
On Feb. 25, the Oregon state legislature’s
Ways and Means committee announced
it is recommending NNMREC, through
one of its partnering universities — Ore-
gon State University — receive $800,000
in funding to help meet the grant match-
ing requirement. The committee also ap-
proved increasing funding for the Oregon
Wave Energy Trust by $200,000 in order
that OWET can contribute to the project.
Local funding will come through an
amendment the legislature approved to
State Bill 5071. SB-5701, passed last year,
is the 2015-17 Oregon biennial budget.
Through the amendment, the Ways and
Means committee recommended General
Fund appropriations to the Higher Educa-
tion Coordinating Commission, which will
release the state’s funds.
According to NNMREC, SETS will
serve as the U.S. test facility for utility-scale
wave energy converters and wave energy
converter arrays.
ORPC receives US$1.5 million

from DOE for its RivGen device
Portland-based Ocean Renewable Power
Co. announced on March 1 that the U.S.
Department of Energy has selected the
company to receive up to US$1.5 million
to further advance the design and opera-
tion of its RivGen Power System in Igiu-
gig, Alaska.
ORPC said it successfully demonstrat-
ed RivGen in the Kvichak River at Igiugig
in 2014, and in 2015 it connected the de-
vice to the local grid. The company said
that connection reduced the village’s diesel
1604HR_57 57 3/23/16 11:40 AM

R&D Forum
ed to include developing and permitting with hundreds of regulatory resources, and
For more research and development news, hydropower projects. a best practices database.
see the Technology & Equipment tab at NREL will offer the opportunity to beta
test the RAPID Toolkit during Waterpower NWPCC approves
Week in Washington, scheduled for April Seventh Power Plan
25-27. NREL will release the final toolkit Members of the Northwest Power and Con-
during HydroVision International 2016, servation Council have approved its Sev-
RAPID Toolkit scheduled for beta July 26-29 in Minneapolis, Minn. enth Power Plan, developed to ensure the
testing, NREL seeking feedback NREL is funding development of the Pacific Northwest will have a reliable and
The National Renewable Energy Labora- RAPID Toolkit with help from the U.S. economical power supply.
tory’s (NREL) Regulatory and Permitting Department of Energy’s Office of Energy The new plan calls for energy efficien-
Information Desktop (RAPID) Toolkit is Efficiency and Renewable Energy and the cy and demand response resources, along
available for beta testing and feedback from Western Governors’ Association. with existing natural gas-fired generation,
the industry. The toolkit is available at http://en.openei. to meet future energy needs. The region’s
The toolkit is intended to act as a hub org/wiki/RAPID. Interested parties can con- population is forecast to grow from 14 mil-
location from which users can access links tribute to the wiki-based source, as well as lion to 16 million people by 2035, and in-
to permit documents, processes, best prac- view more than 500 regulatory flowcharts dustrial output is expected to grow from
tices, manuals and related information. The and supporting narratives, a database that $125 billion to $170 billion.
RAPID Toolkit hosts information about includes more than 150 National Environ- “The combination of the region’s legacy
bulk electricity transmission, geothermal mental Policy Act-related document sets hydropower and ongoing energy efficien-
and solar technologies and is being expand- and associated metadata, a resource library cy investments have helped to make the
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Northwest’s power system the cleanest in embed reliable fish and wildlife operations technology, emissions could be reduced
the nation,” NWPCC says. into core system operations while maintain- from about 54 million metric tons per year
The plan includes a program to protect ing a power supply that is adequate, reliable to about 16 million metric tons per year.
and enhance fish and wildlife affected by and affordable, NWPCC says. Doing so would cost an additional $16 bil-
dams that impound water for hydroelec- The plan also addressed the question of lion, nearly 20% above the cost of the least-
tric facilities. The plan’s resource strategy, what it would take to lower carbon emis- cost resource strategies that comply, at the
especially the energy efficiency measures, sions from the power system. The assess- regional level, with federal emissions limits.
has allowed system operators over time to ment found that by maximizing existing NWPCC develops a fish and wildlife
program for the Columbia River Basin that
achieves its biological objectives with min-
imum economic cost.
Research indicates fish

returning after dam removal
Removal of San Clemente Dam on the
Carmel River seems to be netting posi-
tive results in terms of fish habitat resto-
ration, with an adult steelhead noted mi-
grating upstream past the original dam site
in February.
According to an article in the Monterey
Herald, redds (nests for eggs) have been
seen above the site.
San Clemente Dam was built in 1921,
and its removal began in 2013. The dam
was determined to be seismically unsafe
and an impediment to steelhead trout and
other wildlife. As a result, owner Califor-
nia American Water requested permission
to remove the dam in 2009.
Removal of the dam was intended in
part to aid in the recovery of threatened
South-Central California Coast steelhead
trout by providing an unimpaired stretch of
25 miles of spawning and rearing habitat, as
well as reestablishing a connection between
the lower Carmel River and the watershed
above San Clemente Dam.
A variety of studies are under way,
through a collaboration between NOAA’s
National Marine Fisheries Service, the U.S.
Geological Survey, the Monterey Peninsu-
la Water Management District, and CSU
Monterey Bay’s Division of Science and En-
vironmental Policy, the newspaper reports.
The studies “will range from habitat assess-
ment and sediment management to evaluat-
ing steelhead populations and fish passage.”
Briefly...
A profile of Hydro Research Foundation
fellow Amy Shaw is available at http://bit.
ly/1M7q2ws.
1604HR_60 60 3/23/16 11:40 AM

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Dam Safety & Security
are slated for completion by 2019. conjunction with Barker Reservoir, prevent
Get more news under the Dams & Civil According to the Corps, due to the downstream flooding of Buffalo Bayou in
Structures tab at risks associated with these two concerns Houston. Both reservoirs were authorized
combined with potential consequences to under the Rivers and Harbors Act of June
Houston should there be a failure, Addicks 20, 1938.
and Barker were designated as “extreme- They are continuously monitored by
ly high risk.” a full-time staff to ensure their structural
Corps designates Addicks and Addicks and Barker dams form reser- integrity. But, the primary concern is the
Barker dams “extremely high risk” voirs that are dry much of the time, accord- fact that the Houston metropolitan area is
A federal project to fix the gates on the Ad- ing to the Corps, and are not in imminent the nation’s fourth largest population cen-
dicks and Barker dams in Texas is in process danger of failing. However, after this new ter. Any dam safety issues at Addicks and
and will cost about US$75 million. risk designation, all actions for the facilities Barker could have a far greater impact due
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers are being expedited, including being moved to the magnitude of people and property
awarded contracts to repair Addicks and up to the front of the line to receive fund- downstream.
Barker dams after inspections at the facil- ing for repairs and studies.
ities, upstream of the Houston metropol- Work will include the construction of TVA completes phase one dam
itan area, revealed two structural areas of new outlet works structures for each dam, safety repairs on Boone Dam
concern: The gates in the dams that allow including intake towers, steel-lined conduits, The first phase of repairs is complete on
outflow to Buffalo Bayou, and the ends of parabolic chutes, stilling basins, cutoff walls Boone Dam, according to the Tennessee
the dams. and downstream filters. Valley Authority. Boone Dam’s impound-
Work began in February and repairs Addicks Reservoir and Addicks Dam, in ment, Boone Lake, supplies flow to an
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89-MW hydroelectric facility at the South commence work that could take five to sev- thorough investigation revealed a complex
Fork Holston River between Sullivan and en years to complete and cost up to US$300 series of underground geological pathways
Washington counties in Tennessee. million to repair seepage found in October allowing water from both upstream and
Phase one was considered complete after 2014 under the dam’s embankment. downstream sources was causing internal
a February “final walkdown of completed After finding a sinkhole at the structure’s structural erosion.
repairs and improvements just downstream base, TVA repaired it, but a few days later If left uncorrected, the erosion could
of the dam,” according to TVA. engineers discovered additional seepage eventually lead to failure of the dam.
In July 2015, TVA announced it would near the location of the original sinkhole. A A piezometer — which measures the
pressure of groundwater — is installed at
the sinkhole site and will provide contin-
uous monitoring of any additional move-
Custom-Built High-Efciency Generators ment in the area.

Completion of repair phases two and
For Small Hydro Applications three will culminate with construction of a
“concrete cutoff wall” within the earthen
portion of the dam. The cutoff wall will be
several feet thick, extend underground as
much as 250 ft, and run the entire length of
Built to Spec the crescent-shaped earthen section.
High Reliability
Low Maintanence Ohio makes long-term safety
Very High Efciency repairs at Lake White Dam
Life-Long Service The Ohio Department of Natural Resourc-
Up to 20 MW es and Ohio Department of Transporta-
tion are implementing long-term repairs at
Generator Types:
Lake White Dam as part of a state-fund-
Induction
ed US$31.7 million rehabilitation and im-
Synchronous
Permanent Magnet provement project.
State officials said age and deterioration
led to safety deficiencies that included a sig-
nificant seepage event in August 2014 at the
base of the 4,200-ft-long dam. Built in 1935,
the dam is part of Lake White State Park
in Pike County. It is classified as a Class I
high-hazard potential structure by ODNR.
The department said long-term repairs
POTENCIA INDUSTRIAL, S.A. began in 2015 are scheduled to be com-
Av. Año de Juarez 205
Granjas San Antonio pleted in November. Some of the work in-
Mexico City, D.F. 09070
+52 (55) 5686.7303 cludes reinforcing the west bank of Ohio
+52 (55) 5686.7246
sales@potenciaindustrial.com.mx Route 104; repairing the lake’s inoperable
www.potenciaindustrial.com.mx drain; placing riprap on the upstream face
of the dam; and applying roller-compacted
Established in 1958, Potencia Industrial ofers engineering and manufacturing of special
concrete on the dam’s downstream face.
application high-efciency electrical motors, generators, M-G sets and power systems. ODNR says the lake surface area at the
Foro ver thirty years we have dedicated to the advance of rotary electrical machinery spillway during full pool is about 460 acres
technologies, constantly setting new industry benchmarks. We provide creative
solutions that meet and exceed the toughest technical requirements while maintaining
and total drainage area to the lake is 35
the highest reliability and efciency. square miles.
As a Class I high-hazard potential struc-
Nearly 90% of our production was destined for the U.S. and Canada in the last 5 years;
we delivered equipment equivalent to 2,000 MW of wind power, 60 MW of hydroelectric
ture, according to ODNR, “a sudden failure
power and 100 MW of industrial electric capacity. Our state of the art hydrogenerators, of Lake White Dam likely would result in
installed at several hydro sites around the world, are custom built, suitable for Pelton, the structural collapse of at least one resi-
Francis or Kaplan turbines, vertical or horizontal, for high, low or variable speed.
dence or other structures and probable loss
of human life.”
1604HR_64 64 3/23/16 11:41 AM

1604HR_65 65 3/23/16 11:41 AM

—Continued from page 48 ly enhance performance. No significant the bridge piers, but the main reinforce-
cracking or damage develops in the main ment is stressed to less than 50% of yield
displacements at an elevation of about ¾ body of the dam. Figure 3 on page 48 pres- and the concrete compressive stress is less
the dam height at piers 12 and 15, respec- ents maximum principal strain contours at than 50% of the concrete compressive ca-
tively. These time history plots are for the 12.48 seconds. In comparison to Figure 1, pacity. The cracking at the upstream face
as-built structure, baseline modification significantly less cracking or damage de- under the new bridge piers will primarily
and Revision 2 modifications. It is evident velops in the main body of the dam. There be surface split cracking and spalling due
that the retrofit modifications significant- will be moderate cracking at the base of to compression in the crest from upstream
movement of the bridge piers and the dis-
continuity of concrete strength between the
existing and new concrete. Peak stresses
Custom Oil Hydraulic Equipment in the pier anchor bars is less than 40 ksi
or 27% of the yield capacity of the high
strength bars. Axial stress along the length
of the anchor bars at pier 2 peaks two dif-
Governor Systems ferent times of peak demand. These peak
stresses develop at the pier/crest interface
Gate Shaft Servo Motors for the “downstream” bars that are fully
embedded in the new concrete of the crest
Governor Modernization and facing. On the “upstream” side, the
peak stresses in the anchor bars develop
Valve/Gate Hydraulic Systems near the interface of the existing and new
crest concrete. The analyses would indi-
Accumulator/Nitrogen Systems cate that the development length for the
anchor bars is about 6 ft and 8 ft for the
Hydraulic Oil Water Removal Systems downstream and upstream bars respec-
tively. Below this depth, the axial stress
Hydraulic Oil Conditioning Systems developed is relatively small.
Custom Oil Hydraulic Systems Conclusions

Analysis of Lost Creek Dam with the pro-
Lubrication Systems posed modifications indicates the struc-
ture can withstand the seismic demands
imposed by the Loma Prieta earthquake.
While the baseline modifications prevent-
www.hpsx.com ed catastrophic failure of the rehabilitat-
ed structure, the formation of horizontal
and diagonal cracks on the downstream
face that penetrate through the new facing
could potentially have done sufficient dam-
age to the upstream face that the geo-com-
posite membrane liner would have to be
removed to allow inspection and repair.
The described modifications to Lost Creek
Dam are under way, with construction to
be completed by the end of 2017. ■
Reference
Barnard,T.R., D.R. Parker, and K. Zancanella,
“Nonlinear Finite Element Seismic Analysis
of Proposed Modifications to an Existing Un-
Portland, Oregon Birmingham, Alabama reinforced Concrete Arch Dam,” Proceedings
of HydroVision International 2015, PennWell
503.777.3361 205.954.2929
Corp., Tulsa, Okla., 2015.
1604HR_66 66 3/23/16 11:41 AM

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Ad Index
RS# COMPANY PG# RS# COMPANY PG# RS# COMPANY PG#
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16 www.allorplesh.com 22 78 www.hpsx.com 66 37 40
www.obermeyerhydro.com
Alltech Engineering Corp Hydro Component Systems LLC Pacific Netting Products Inc
59 www.alltechengineering.com
59 2 www.hydrocomponentsystems.com
5 56 56
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American Governor Company Hydro Consulting & Maintenance Payne Engineering
12 17 3 Services (HCMS) 7 70 63
www.americangovernor.com www.payneng.com
www.hydro911.com
Anatech Structures Division
9 14 Hydroplus Inc PCiRoads LLC
www.structint.com 18 23 50 50
www.hydroplus.com www.pciroads.com
Andritz Hydro GmbH
80 OBC HydroVision International Phillips & Jordan
www.andritz.com 51 51 42 44
www.hydroevent.com www.pandj.com
Atlas Polar Hydrorake 2 IAI Hydro Inc Potencia Industrial S A
www.atlaspolar.com 76 65 73 64
www.iaihydro.com www.potenciaindustrial.com.mx
Barnard Construction Company Inc
26 30 Intake Screens Inc Regional Utility Services Inc
www.barnard-inc.com 47 48 24 28
www.intakescreensinc.com www.rus-inc.com
BCI Construction USA Inc
32 www.bciconstruction.biz 35 J F Brennan Company Renewable Energy World
55 www.jfbrennan.com 55
53 International 53
Black & Veatch www.rewintl.com
19 24 JW Fishers Mfg
www.bv.com 58 58
www.jwfishers.com RST Instruments Ltd
Canadian Hydro Components Ltd 40 www.rstinstruments.com 43
25 29 Kleinschmidt
www.canadianhydro.com 44 46
www.KleinschmidtGroup.com Schnabel Engineering
Canyon Hydro 60 www.schnabel-eng.com 59
43 45 Knight Piesold Limited
www.canyonhydro.com 48 49
www.knightpiesold.com Schulz Group A Timken Brand
Carpi USA Inc 8 13
4 10 Koontz Electric Company Inc www.schulzelectric.com
www.carpitech.com 20 25
www.koontzelectric.com
COH Inc Seals Unlimited Inc
52 52 66 61
www.coh.ca L&S Electric Inc www.sealsunlimited.com
6 www.lselectric.com 12
Crofton Diving Inc SNC Lavalin
46 47 11 16
www.croftondiving.com Lakeside Equipment Corporation www.snclavalin.com
1 www.lakeside-equipment.com IFC
Cross Machine Inc Sorensen Systems LLC
62 59 Leppert Nutmeg Inc 57 www.sorensensystems.com, 57
www.crossmachine.com 75 65
www.leppert-nutmeg.com www.THGCorporation.com
Ecofish Research Ltd
63 60 Lignum Vitae North America LLC Sotek and Belrix Industries Inc
www.ecofishresearch.com 39 42 35 39
www.lignum-vitae.com www.sotek.com
Fematics Canada Inc
69 63 Litostroj Hydro
www.fematics.com 41 43 Steel-Fab Inc
www.litostrojpower.eu 29 32
www.steel-fab-inc.com
French Development Enterprises LLC
36 39 Low Impact Hydropower Institute
www.fdepower.com 61 59 Underwater Construction
www.lowimpacthydro.org 17 Corporation 23
Gannett Fleming Inc www.uccdive.com
28 31 Mavel
www.gannettfleming.com 5 11
www.mavel.cz Underwater Resources Inc
GEI Consultants Inc 72 63
68 62 www.urdiving.com
www.geiconsultants.com McMillen Jacobs Associates
22 www.mcmjac.com 27
VAG Valve and Gate Group
Gilbert Gilkes and Gordon Ltd 23 www.vag-usa.com, 27
71 www.gilkes.com 63 Mead & Hunt
38 41 www.rodneyhunt.com
www.meadhunt.com
Global Diving & Salvage Vesconite
67 61 Measurand Inc 77 65
www.gdiving.com 27 31 www.vesconite.com
www.measurandgeotechnical.com
Gomez and Sullivan Engineers PC
33 36 Mecan Hydro, Hydro-Innovation Voith Hydro
www.gomezandsullivan.com 14 19
49 www.mecanhydro.com, www. 49 www.voith.com/hydro
Good Innovation LLC hydro-innovation.com
31 www.armorfloat.com 35 Waterpower Week in Washington
79 IBC
Methuen Construction www.waterpowerweek.com
Gracon LLC 21 www.methuenconstruction.com 25
13 18 Weir American Hydro
www.graconcorp.com 34 37
NHA Operational Excellence Program www.weirpowerindustrial.com
GZA GeoEnvironmental Inc 65 61
64 61 www.hydroexcellence.org
www.gza.com Worthington Products Inc
NHC Northwest 10 www.tuffboom.com, 15
Hager GeoScience Inc 30 Hydraulic Consultants 34 www.tuffbuoy.com
74 65
www.hagergeoscience.com www.nhcweb.com
WSP | Parsons Brinckerhoff
Hans Kuenz GesmbH Nord-Lock Inc 15 pbworld.com/usa, 21
54 www.kuenz.com 54 45 47
www.nord-lock.com wspgroup.com/usa
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