P EN D R AW I N G

A N I L L U S T R AT E D T R E AT I S E
P E N D R AW I N G
AN I LLU STRATED T REATISE
BY C H A R LES D . MAGINNI S

FOR ER
M LY IN ST R T O R I
UC IN LLU S TRAT O IN,
C O VV L E S A RT S C H O O L
IN S TR T O R
UC IN P EN RA IN
D W G, B OSTO N A R ITE
CH C T U RA L C L U B

1 8 9 9

BATES G U I L D CO M PA NY
B O S TO N
 C o I> Y IRJ G H T
‘

BAT E S GU I LD C O MP A NY

1 8 99

—
P R I N TBD A T
TH E E x BR E T ? P R ES S
Bo s T O N
 A C "N O WLEDGMENT
T o l\ I r D av i d A G regg a n d t o M r B e r t
. . .

ra m G G o od h u e w h o h av e ge n e ro u s l y m ade
.
,

s pec i al d rawi n gs fo r t h i s l i t tl e b o o k a n d to
,

t h e P u b l i s h e r s w h have co u rteo u s l y al l o wed

o

m e t o m a ke u s e o f i l l u s t ra t i o n s ow n ed b y
the m m y t ha n k s a n d m y co rd i al a c k n o w l
,

e d m e n t s are d ue D M
g . .C . .
 LI S T OF I LLU S TRAT I O N S

I
F GU RE P AG E
1 . J OS E P H P E N N E LL F r om 77 C y M g i . 73 en t ur a az ne

( T h C n re
y C o N Y o r k
e
) tu : ew .

2 . M M LA L A N N EAX l F r o m L H ol l a n d a V l
E . a e o
”
d Ois a b H H ar ar d (A (Q i Par i s)
’
e u, y . v . ant n : .

M A I M E LA L A N N E
X F r om L H o l l a n d 2 V o l . a e 1
”
d O b y H H ar ar d (A Q i Par i s )
’
Is e a u , . v . iant n : .

R E S T O R A TIO N H OUS E R OC H ESTE R E NG LAND , , .

D ra w i n g fr om a P h o o g ra p h t

J O S E P H P E N N E LL F r o m H i g h w a ys a n d By .
“

w a ys i N o r h Wa l s (M a c m i l l a n Co L
h t e
”
: on

C D . I B S O N F r o m Lf (Li f P bl i s h i n g C o
. G . i e e u :

N Yo r k )
ew

H E R B E R T R A I L TO N F r o m C o a c h i n g D a ys a n d .
“

C o a c h i n g W a s b W O ra m T r i s ra m (M
”
y , y . ut t ac

m i l l a n Co Lon d o n ) :

8 . B E R T R A M G G OO D H E D ra w n fo r P D ra w . U . en
”
in g
C D M D ra w n fo r
. . Pen D ra w i n g
C D M D ra w n fo r
. . . Pe n D ra w i n g
MA R T I N R I C O Fro m L '
. a I /w t m r iafl E xp a zz a/a y
fl mer z m fl a
C D M Dra w nfo r P e Dra w i n g
. . n

D A N I E L V l E R C E F r o m Pa bl o d e S é g o v ie by .
“
,

F ra n ci sco d e Qi e e d o (Lé o n Bo n h o e Pa r i s ) v
~

ur :

MA R T I N R I CO F r om L [l f i E p fz y ' ’
. A? uf
r
/ at on x a oz a

Amer i m / m
: i
hC l
i

\ LI-R E D B R E
~
‘
NNAN . F r om S t Nl f/J o/d f T ( e en

ry C o N Yo r k )
tu : ew

LES L I E W I LL SO N F r om . c k Me Up (L o n don )
v iii L I ST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
D R A W I N G F R O M P H O TO G R A P H F r om H p . ar er f
’

Al g a
( H ar p r B r o
a z zneh r s N
'
Y o r k ) e t e : ew

J O SE P H P E N N E LL F r om T h sao n A S m m .
“
e e: u er
”
V o a g b y P h i l i p G i l b r H a m r o n (S l
y e, e t e t ee e v

C o Lo n d o n )
m
:

J O S E P H P E N N E L L F r o LT h S é A S mm .
‘
e one : u er
”
V o ya g by Ph i l i p G i l b r t H a m r t o n (S e l
e, e e e ev

Co : L o n d on )
J O S E P H P E NN E LL F r om H p M g z u e (H . ar er
’
r a a z
'
ar

pe B r o t h e r s Ne w Y o r k )
r :

E D A NT A N
. F r o m L / l t ( Par i s ) .
’

_
r

J F R A FF A ELL I F r om G z e t t Be x A t ’
. . a e a eIr au r :

( Pa r i s )
C D M D ra w n fo r P Dra w i n g
.

. . . en

D A G R EG G F r om “ A r c h i t e c t u ra l R e n d e r
. . .

”
i n g i n P e a n d I k b y D A G r e g g (T i c k n o r
n n , . .

DA N I E L VI E R G E . Fr o m Pa b l o d e S é g o v ie , by
F r a n c I s c o d e (E (Lé o n B o n h o u re : i s ) eve do Par
”
DA E N I L VI
ERGE F om b l o d e S é g o v ie , by . r Pa
F n ci s co d e Que v e d o (Lé o n Bo n h o u r e :
ra i s) Pa r
H A R R FE NN r Y
F om Tb e Cen t u ry M a g a z ine .

T h e C e n t u y Co : Ne w Y o k
r r
( )
R EG I NA LD B I RCH F r om Ta C yM g . e en t u r a az in e

(T h C n r C o eN Y o r k )e tu y : ew

JOS E PH P F r om Tb C y M g
E NN ELI . . e e n t ur a a z zne

( T h C n r C o eN Y o r k )e tu y : ew

B E R T R A M G G O OD H U E F r o m Ta A / i . . e reJ teet ur a /
R i (B a s
e v ew G i l d Co Bos o n ) te u : t

J OS E P H P E N N E L L F r om C har i n g C r os s . to St .

”
Pa l s by J s i n M C h (S l
u
’
, u t c a rt V ee e y Co
Lo n d o n )
'
LE A R RAV E ON D N HILL . Fro m P ze é -
Me Up (Lon

don )
DA NIEL VIERGE Fro m Pa b l o d e S é g o v ie , by
F ra n ci sco d e Q e vedo
(Lé on Bo n h o u r e : Par i s )
P . G JE A N N I O T. . F r o m La V i e M od er n e (Par i s )
LI ST O F ILLUSTRATI O NS ix

PO R C H or AN E NGLISH CHU RC H . F ro m a Ph o
D A G R E G G D ra w n fo r P e n D ra w i n g
. . .

N O R M A ND Y M OA T H O US E F r o m a P h o t o g ra p h -
.

”
C D M D ra w n fo r P e n D ra w i n g
. . .

S T R E E T I N H O LL A ND F r om a Ph o t o g ra p h .

C D M D ra w n fo r P e D ra w i n g
. .
“
. n

C D M D ra w n fo r P e n D ra w i n g
. . .

G E O R G E F N E WTON F r o m C a t a l og e o f t h e
. . u

Ph i l a d e l p h i a B os t o n F a c e B r i ck Co (B os t o n ) . .

C D M D ra w n fo r P e n D ra w i n g
. . .

C D M D ra w n fo r P e n D ra w i n g
. . .

F R A N " E W LL I F r om Ti mE ng in ee i g R e a
. A s. r n e er
’

H A R R Y AL L A N J A C OB S F r o m T/ e A e/ it eet u / . y r J ra

R ev i w ( B a t e s 82 G u i l d C o : B os t on )
e

D A G R E G G F r o m “ A r c h i t e c t ra l R e n d r
. . . u e
”
i n g i n P e a n d I k b y D A G r gg (T i ck n o r
n n , . . e

C o : B os t on )
D A G R E G G F r o m Tb B i ké i/ (R og e r s
. . . e r e u
’
a er

M a n so n : Bos t on )
H E R B E R T R A I L TO N F r o m Co a c h i n g D a ys a n d .

C o c h i g Wa ys
a
”
nb y W O u t ra m T r i s t ra m (M a ,
. c

m i l l a n Co : L n don)
o
D A G R EG G F r om Yke A t e i n A / t eet n r ea r e Jz
. . .

T h e Am e r i ca n Arc h i te ct a n d B i l d i n g N ew s
( u

C o : B os t o n )
W I L L I A M CA MP B E L L F r om Tb e A e z e n A b i . rn r a rt

t e t (T h e A m e r i c a n A r c h i t e c t a n d B i l d i n g N e w s
e u

Co : B o s t o n ) .

H E R B E R T R A I L TON F r o m Co a c h i n g D a ys a n d .

Co a c h i n g W a s b W O t ra m T r i s t ra m (M
”
y ,
y . u ac

m i l l a n 3 C o L o n d on ) 4 :

A F J C C C I F r om Tb e Ce t y M g z in
. . A A . n ur a a e

e Cen tur C o : Ne w Y o r k
( T h y ) .

C L AU D E FA Y E TT E B R AG DO N F r om Tb e B i ti . r t

o e r s " Ma n s o n B os t on
bu ild ( R er
g ) :

H A R E Y E L L I S F r om Tb e I n l n d A / it e et (Th
V . a rey e

I n l a n d P b l i s h i n g C o : C h i c a go )
u
LI ST O F ILLUSTRATI O NS
C . E . M A LL OW S . Fro m Yke Br i m /2 Ar eb z t e t t
(L o n d o n )
C D M D ra w n fo r P e D ra w i n g
. . . n

C D M D ra w n fo r P e D ra w i n g
. . . n

C D M D ra w n fo r P e n D ra w i n g
. . .

C D M D ra w n fo r P D ra w i n g
. . . en

A B F R OS T F r om S ié ne M g z zn e (C h a l e
. . . tr r
’
J a a r s

Scri b ner S o n s : Ne w Y o r k
’

) 5

AL F R E D G J O N E S F r om a B oo k Pl a t e . .

W A LTE R A P P L ETO N CL A R " F r o m S e ié n er t . r

’

M g z in e (C h ar l e s S c r ib n e r s S on s : Ne w Y o r k )
a a
’

A C A M P B E LL C o s F r o m Qu t i L t in (Par i s)
. R s . ar er a

MUC HA F r o m a P os t e r D e s i gn
.

H O W A R D P YL E F r om “
O t t o of t h e S i l v e r.

”
Hand b y H o w ar d P yl e (C har l s S c r i b n e r 3
,
e
’

S on s : Ne w Y o r k )
W I L L H B R A DL EY F r om a P sre D e sig n fo r
. . o r

Tbe C b p B aé (H e r b e r t S S t o n e "C z C h i c a go )
a -
o .
'
o

P J B I LL I N G H U R S T F r om” a B oo k P l a te
. . .

BE G T F B R OT H E R S
GAR S F r om a P os t r De
AF . e

S i gn
E D W A R D P E N FI E L D F r o m a D si g n f t h e . e or
”
P os t r C a l e n d ar (R H R s s l l 8 S o n N w
e . . u e : : e

Yo r k )
LO U I S J RHEAD F r o m a P os t r D s i gn fo r
. . e e

d bo g s P r f m e s
’
L un r e u

J. W S I M PSO N . F r o m a B ook P l a te .
 C O N T E N T S

I . S tyl e
i n P e n D raw i n g
II M a te r i al s
.

III T ech n i q u e
.

IV Val u e s .

V P r ac t i ca l P ro b l e m s
.
—
"

VI A rc h i t ec tu r a l D r aw i n g
.
—
.

VI I D eco ra t i ve D r aw i n g
.
 CHA P TE R I

S TYLE I N P E N D RAW I N G
Art w i th
,
it s
fi n i t e m ea n s ca n n o t h o p e t o r e
,

co r d t h e i n fi n i te v a r i e t y a n d co m p l ex i ty o f
N a t u re a n d s o c o n t e n t s i t s el f w i t h a p a r t i al
,

s t a t e m e n t addres s i n g t h i s t o t h e i m agi n a t i o n
,

fo r t h e fu l l a n d p erfec t m e a n i n g T h i s i n ad .

eq u a t i o n a n d t h e a r t i fici a l adj u s t m e n t s w h i c h
,

i t i n v o l v e s a re to l e r a te d b y r i gh t o f w h a t 1 3
,

k n o w n a s a rt i s t i c co n v e n t i o n a n d a s eac h a r t
,

ha s it s o w n p a r t i cu l a r l i m i ta t i o n s s o eac h h as ,

i t s o w n p ar t i cu l a r co n ve n ti o n s S cu l p tu re r e
.

p ro du ce s t he fo r m s o f N a t u re b u t d i scard s t h e
,

c o l o r Wi t h o u t a n y s h o c k t o o u r i dea s o f v er i ty
P a i n t i n g gi v e s u s t h e co l o r b u t n o t t h e t h i rd
,

d i m e n s i o n a nd w e a re s a t i s fied ; a n d A rc h i
,

t ec t u r e i s p u r ely co n v e n t i o n a l s i n ce i t d o e s
,

n o t eve n ai m a t t h e i m i t a t i o n o f n at u r a l fo rm .

O f t h e k i n d red a rt s wh i c h gr o u p t h e m s e l ves T/ Ie

0
u n d e r t h e h ead o f P a i n t i n g n o n e i s ba se d o n 2 72n
0

s u c h b ro ad co nv e n t i o n s a s t ha t w i t h wh i c h we D f r aw r

a re i m m ed i a te l y co n ce r n ed the art of Pen

—

D r a wi n g . I n t h i s m ed i u m N a tu re s va ri e ty
,

o f c o l o r wh e n n o t p o s it iv e l y ig n o r e d l S s u g
, ,

ge s ted b y m e a n s o fs h a r p b l ac k l i n es o fv a r y in g ,

th i c k n es s p l aced m o re o r l es s c l o s el y t oge t h e r
,
2 PEN DRAWING
u p o n w h i te p ape r w h i l e n a tu ral fo r m d ep e n ds
,

p r i m a ri l y fo r i t s r ep re s e n ta t i o n u p o n a rb i t rary
b o u n da r y l i n es T h ere is o f c o u rs e n o a u
.
, ,

t h o r it y I n N a t u r e fo r a p o s i t i v e o u tl i n e we .

s e e o bj ec ts o n l y b y t h e d i f fe r e n ce i n c o l o r of
t h e o t he r o bj ec t s b e h i n d a n d a ro u n d t h e m .

T h e tec h n i cal cap a c i ty o f t h e p e n a n d i n k

m ed i u m h owev e r d o e s n o t p ro vi d e a val u e
, ,

co rres p o n d i n g t o ev e r y n at u ral o n e s o t h a t a ,

b ro a d i n te r p re ta ti o n h a s t o b e a do p ted w h i c h
e l i m i n a te s t h e l es s p o s i t i v e v a l u es ; a n d t h a t ,

fo r m m ay n o t l i kew i s e b e s acr i fi ced t h e o u t ,

l i n e b ec o m es n ece s s a r y t h a t l i gh t o bj ec t s m ay
,

s ta n d r el i ev e d a gai n s t l i gh t T h i s o u tl i n e i s
.

t h e m o s t ch ar a c te r i s ti c a s i t is t h e m o s t i n d i s
,

p e n s ab l e o f t h e co n ve n t i o n s o f l i n e d r a w i n g
, .

T o s ee k t o ab o l i s h i t o n l y i n vo l ve s a r es o r t t o
exp ed i e n t s n o l e s s a rti fic i al a n d t h e r es u l ts o f
,

al l s u c h a t te m p ts d ep e n de n t a s t h e y n eces s a ri l y
,

a re u p o n el ab o r a t i o n o f co l o r a n d a ge n e r al
,

i n d i r ec t n es s o f m e th o d l ac k s o m e o f t h e b es t
,

c h a r a c te ri s t i cs o f p e n d ra wi n g M o r e fr e
.

q u e n tl y h o wev e r a n el ab o r a te c o l o r sc h e m e is
, ,
-

m e rel y a s t r a i n i n g a t t h e t ech n i ca l l i m i t a t i o n s
o f t h e p e n i n a n e fTo r t t o r e nd e r t h e g r e a te s t
p o s s i bl e n u m b e r o f v al u es .

I t m ay b e w o r th wh i l e t o i n qu i re wh e th e r
exce l l e n c e i n p e n d raw i n g co n s i s t s i n t h u s d i s
p e n s in
g w i t h i t s rec ogn i z ed c o n ve n t i o n s o r i n ,

o t h e rwi s e t a xi n g t h e t ech n i cal res o u r ce s o f t h e

i n s t r u m e n t T h i s i n v o l ve s t h e q u es t i o n o f
.
 STY L E IN P E N DRAWING 3

S tyl e , —
o f
w ha t c h ara c ter i s t i c p e n m e t h od s
a re,
—
a q u es t i o n w h i c h we w i l l b r i efl y co n
S i der .

I t is a r ecogn i z ed p r i n c i p l e t h a t eve r y m e
d iu m o f a r t exp res s i o n S h o u l d b e t re a ted w i t h
d u e r eg ar d t o i t s n a tu re a n d p r o p er t i es T h e .

s c u l p t o r v ar i e s h is tec h n i q u e a cco r d i n g a s h e
wo r k s i n wo o d g ra n i t e o r m a rb l e t h e p ai n te r
, ,

h a n dl e s h i s wa te r c o l o r i n q u i te a n o t h e r m a n
—

n e r t h a n t h a t h e wo u l d e m p l o y o n a n o i l p a i n t -

i ng o ft h e s a m e s u bj ec t ; a n d th e a rc h i tec t w i t h ,

t h e s u b tl e s e n s e o f t h e c r a fts m a n ca r r i e s t h i s ,

p r i n c i p l e t o s u c h a fi n e i s s u e a s t o i m p ar t a n
i n d i v i d u a l exp re s s i o n ev e n t o p a r t i cu l a r w o o d s .

H e k n ow s t h a t w ha t m ay b e a n a d m i r a b l e d e
s i g n w h e n execu ted i n b r a s s m ay b e a v e ry b ad
o n e i n w ro u gh t i ro n a n d i s s u r e t o b e a n a b
-

s u rd i ty i n w o od A n a r t i s t i c m o t i v e fo r a
.

S i l ver fl ago n t o o is l i kel y t o p r ov e u gl y fo r

, ,

p o t te r y o r c u t gl a s s a n d s o o n
.
-
T here i s
,
.

a ge n i u s b o r n o f i t s p a rt i cu l a r p r o p e r t i es
, ,

i n ev e r y m ed i u m w h i c h de m a n d s i n d i v i d u a l
,

ex p re s s i o n O b s e r v e t h e r efo re th a t A r t is
.
, ,

n o t s a ti sfi ed w i t h m ere u n rel a ted beau ty o f

fo r m o r co l o r I t r eq u i res th a t t h e r es u l t c o n
.

fes s s o m e se n s i bl e r el a t i o n t o th e m e a n s b y
w h i c h i t h a s b ee n o b ta i n ed ; a n d i n p r o p o r t i o n
a s i t d o e s th i s i t m ay c l a i m t o p o s s es s th a t
,

i n d i v i du a l a n d d i s t i n ct i v e c h a rm w h i c h w e cal l
“ ”
S ty l e . I t m a y b e s ai d t h e r efo r e t h a t t h e , ,

tec h n i cal l i m i ta t i o n s o fp a r t ic u l a r m ed i u m s im
 PEN DRAWING
p o s e wha t m i gh t p ro pe rl y b e cal l ed n a t u ral ‘

co n v e n ti o n s ; a n d wh i l e m i sgu i ded a m b i t i o n
m ay se t th es e co n v e n t i o n s as i d e t o h a m m e r o u t
e fie c t s fro m a n u n w i l l i n g m ed i u m t h e t ri u m p h ,

i s o n l y m ech a n i ca l ; A r t d o es n o t l i e t ha t w a y
O u gh t th e p e n t lie n t o b e p e rs u ade d I n to t h e
.

r o v m c e o f t he b ru s ii 9
,

p S i
. n ce th e n a tu res o f
t h e two m ea n s d i ffer i t d o es n o t s tu l t i fy t h e
,

wa te r co l o r t ha t i t ca n n o t r u n th e deep ga m u t
—
‘

o f o i l E v e n ift h e c h u rch o rga n b e th e gra n d

.
—

c s t a n d m os t co m p re he n s i ve o f m u s i cal in s t r u

m e n ts we m ay s t i l l b e p e r m i t ted t o ch e ri s h o u r
p i a n o E ac h h as it s o w n s p h e re i t s o w n r e a
.
,

s o n fo r b ei n g S o o f th e p e n
. t h e p i ccol o
,

fl u te o f t h e a r ti s t i c o rch es t ra L e t i t p i p e it s
.

h i gh t reb l e a s m e r ri l y a s i t m a y b u t d o n o t ,

co e rce i t i n to m i m i c k i n g t h e b as s o o n .

P e n d rawi n g i s m o s t a p t to l o s e I t s i n d i v i d
u a l it w h e n i t b egi n s t o as s u m e t h e ch a rac te r
’

y
is t ic s o f was h d raw i n g s u c h as a n e l ab o ra te
—
,

m as s i n g o f gray s s m al l l i gh t a reas a n d a ge n
, ,

e ral i n d i rec t n es s o f m e th o d A p ai n te r o n ce
.

to l d m e th a t h e was a l m o s t afra i d t o h a n d l e
the pen ,
I t i s s o fearfu l l y d i rec t h e sa i d ,
.

H e u n d e rs to o d t h e i n s t ru m e n t ce r t a i n l y fo r
, ,

i f t h e re i s o n e c ha rac te ri s t i c m o re t h a n a n o t h e r
wh i c h s h o u l d d i s t i n gu i s h p e n m e t h o d s i t i s D i
re c t n e ss
‘
.T h e n a t u re o f t h e p e n s ee m s t o
m a rk a s i ts p ecu l i a r fu n c t i o n t h a t o f p i c k i n g
o u t t h e real l y V i tal fea tu re s o f a s u bj ec t P e n .

d raw i n g h as b ee n ap tl y term ed t h e s h o r t ha n d
6 PEN DRAWING
o f A rt ; th e ge n i u s o f th e p e n p o i n t i s e s s e n
—

t ia l l
y e p i to . m e
I f w e t u r n t o t h e b ru s h w e fi n d i ts cap ac i ty
,

S u ch t h a t a h i gh l i gh t m ay b e b ro u gh t do w n
t o a m i n u t e frac t i o n o f a n i n c h w i th a few
s wi ft s tro ke s o f I t wh e reas t h e t ed i o u s l ab o r ,

n o t t o s p ea k o f t h e ac tu al tec h n i ca l d i ffic u l t i e s ,

e n co u n t e red i n a t te m p t i n g s u c h a n e ffec t o f
co l o r w i t h p e n a n d i n k i n d i ca tes t h a t w e a re
,

fo rc i n g t h e m ed i u m .M o reove r i t i s t e c h n i,

cal l y i m p o s s i bl e t o rep ro d u ce w i t h t h e p e n t h e
l o w v al u e s w h i c h m ay b e o b ta i n ed w i t h th e
b ru s h ; a nd i t i s u n w i s e t o a t te m p t i t T h e .

way fo r e x a m p l e i n w h i ch M r J o s ep h P e n
, ,
.

n el l h a n d l es h i s p e n as co m p a red w i t h t h a t i n
w h i ch h e h a n dl e s h i s b ru s h i s mo s t i n s t ru c t iv e
as i l l u s t ra t i n g w h a t I h av e b ee n m a i n ta i n i n g .

H i s p e n d raw i n gs a re p i tch ed i n a h i gh k e y ,

b ri l l i a n t b l ack s a n d l arge l i gh t a reas w i t h o fte n ,

j u s t e n o u gh h al f to n e t o s o fte n t h e e ffec t
-
.

H i s was h d raw i ngs o n th e co n t ra ry' are s o

—

, ,

u t te rl yr d ifTe r e n t i n m a n n e r as t o h a v e n o t h in g
i n co m m o n w i t h t h e o th e rs d i s ti n gu i s h ed as
,

t h e y a re b y m as s e s o f l o w t o n e a n d s m al l l i gh t
a reas C o m p a re F i gs I a n d 5 O bs erve th a t
. .

th e re i s n o s tra i n i n g a t t h e tec h n i cal capac i ty

o f t h e p e n o r o f th e b r u s h ; n o a t te m p t t o o b
tai n a n e iTe c t i n o n e m ed i u m w h i c h s ee m s t o
b e m o re n a tu ra l l y adap ted t o t h e o th er I n d i
V id u a l it
y i s i m p ar ted t o eac h by a fra n k co n
ces s i o n to it s p ecu l i ar ge n i u s .
 STY LE IN P E N DRAWING 7

FIG . 2 M AX I M E L ALA N N E

I h av e sa i d t h a t t h e ch i ef c harac te ri s t i c o fp e n
m e th od s i s D i rec t n es s I th i n k I m a y n o w
.

sa y t h a t t h e ch i e f e l e m e n t o f s ty l e 1 3 E co n o m y
o f M e a n s T h e d raw i n g b y M M axi m e L a
. .

l a n n e s h o w n i n F i g 2 i s a n e x cel l e n t exa m p l e
.

o f t h i s eco n o m y ca rr i ed t o i t s e x t re m e Not a
.

s tro k e co u l d b e s p ared s o d i rec t a n d s i m p l e i s

,

i t a n d y e t i t i s s o co m p l e t e a n d h o m oge n o u s
,

t h a t n o t h i n g co u l d b e add ed to m a k e i t m o re
s o T h e a r c h it e c t u r e is l eft w i th o u t c o l o r a n d
.
,

y e t we a re m ad e t o f ee l th a t i t i s n o t w h i te
th i s s u b tl e s u gge s ti o n o f l o w c o l o r b e i n g o h
t a in e d b y a ca re f u l av o i d a nce o f a n y S t ro n g
bl ack n o tes i n t h e re n d e ri n g w h i c h wo u l d h av e
,

i n te n s i fi ed t h e wh i tes a n d l i gh ted u p t h e p i c
tu re F ig 3 b y th e sa m e a rt i s t i s ev e n m o re
. .
, ,
 STY LE I N P E N DRAWING 9

F IG .
4
. FROM A P H OT OG R A P H

n o tab l e by reas o n o f t h e m as te rl y b r e ad th
w h i c h c h arac te r i z e s th e t rea t m e n t o f a m o s t
co m p l i ca ted s u bj ec t A co m p a r i s o n o f t h es e
.

wi t h a d raw i ng o f t h e R e s to ra t i o n H o u s e a t ,

R o c h es te r E n gl an d F i g 4 is in s t r u c t iv e I n
, ,
.
,
.

t h e l a t te r t h e m e th o d is al m o s t p a i n fu l l y el a b
o r a te ; n o t h i n g o f t h e e ffec t i s o b ta i n ed b y
su gges t i o n T h e tech n i q u e i s va r i ed a n d in
.
 Io PE N DR AWING
t e r e s t in b u t t h e w h o l e d r aw i n g l a ck s th a t
g ,

i n d i v i d u al s o m e th i n g w h i c h we cal l S t y l e I n .

the L a l a n n e d r a w i ngs we s e e fo l i age co n

v in c in l rep res e n ted b y m ea n s o f t h e m e re
g y
o u tl i n es a n d a few s u b tl e s tro kes o f t h e p e n
. .

Th e re i s n o a t te m p t a t t h e l i t e ral re n de r i n g o f
n a t u r a l o bj ec ts i n d e ta i l al l i s acco m p l i s h ed
,

by su gges t i o n : a n d w h i l e I d o n o t w i s h t o b e
u n d ers to o d a s i n s i s t i n g u p o n s uc h a s ev e rel y
s i m p l e s ty l e m u c h l e s s u p o n t h e p u ri s t t h eo ry
,

th a t t h e fu n c t i o n o f t h e p e n i s co n cern ed wi th
fo r m a l o n e I w o u l d i m p res s u p o n t h e s tu de n t
,

t h a t L a l a n n e s i s i n co m p a rab l y t h e fi n e r m a n
’

n e r o f t h e tw o .

B e twee n t h es e two ex t re m es o f m et h o d t h e re
i s a w i d e l a t i t u d e fo r i n d i v i d u a l c h o i ce C o n .

t r a s t w i t h t h e fo rego i n g t h e acco m p a n y i n g p e n fl

d raw i n g b y M r P e n n el l F i g 5 w h i ch g i ves a
.
,
.
,

F IG .
5 J O SE P H P E N N ELL
 STY LE IN PEN DRAWING I I

fa i r i d e a o f t h e m a n n e r o f t h i s a d m i ra b l e s t y A

l i s t C o m p a r ed w i t h t h e s ke tc h e s b y L al a n n e
.
A d m,“
i t h as m o r e r i ch n e s s o f co l o r b u t t here i s t h e
,

s a m e fi n e r es t ra i n t t h e s a m e n i ce r ega r d fo r
,

t h e i n s t r u m e n t T h e s t u de n t w i l l fi n d i t m o s t
.

p r o fi t a b l e to s tu d y t h e wo r k o f t h i s m a s te rl y
pe n m a n B y way o f w a rn i n g h owever l e t m e
.
, ,

re m i n d h i m h e re t h a t i n s tu dy i n g t h e w o r k o f
,

a n y acco m p l i s h e d d r a u gh t s m a n h e is s e l ec t i n g

a s t y l e fo r t h e s t u d y o f p ri n c i p l es n o t t h a t h e
,

m ay l e a r n t o m i m i c s o m eb o d y h owev er exce l
,

l e n t t h e s o m eb o d y m ay b e ; t h a t h e m u s t t h ere
,

fo re d o a l i t tl e t h i n ki n g h i m s el f ; t h a t h e h a s a n
,

i n d i v i d u al i ty o f h is ow n w h i c h h e d o e s n o t co n
fes s if h i s w o rk l o o k s l i k e s o m e o n e s e l s e
’

a n d fi n al l y th a t h e h a s n o m o re r i gh t t o co n
, ,

s c io u s l a p p r o p r i a te t h e p ecu l i ari ti es o f
y an

o th er s s t y l e t h a n h e ha s t o ap p r o p ri a t e h is
m o re ta ngi bl e p ro p e r ty a n d n o m o r e r eas o n to
,

d o s o tha n h e h a s t o wa l k o r ta l k l i k e h i m .
 CH APTER II

M A T E R I A L S

E v er y i l l u s t ra to r h as h i s s p ec i al p red i l ec t i o n s
i n t h e m at te r o f m a t e r ia l s j u s t a s h e h as i n t h e
,

m a t te r o f m e th o ds T h e p u r p o s e o ft h is ch ap
.

te r i s t h e refo r e ra t h e r t o a s s i s t t h e c h o i ce o f
, ,

t h e s tu de n t by l i m i t i n g i t t h a n t o c h o o s e fo r
h i m I t w o u l d b e adv i s ab l e fo r h i m t o b e
.

c o m e a cq u a i n ted wi t h t h e v a ri o u s m a te ri al s
t h a t I m a y h av e o cc a s i o n t o m e n t i o n ( al l of
'

t h e m ar e m o re o r l es s e m p l o ye d b y t h e p r o m i
f

n e n t p e n m e n ) a n d a p a r ti a l i t y fo r p ar t i cu l a r
,

o n e s w i l l s o o n devel o p i ts el f H e i s rem i n d ed
.
,

h owev e r t h a t i t i s eas i l y p o s s i bl e t o exagge r a te

,

t h e i n t ri n s i c v al u e s o f p e n s a n d p a p er s ; I n
fac t t h e b egi n n e r i n v ari ab l y exp ec ts t o o m u c h
fro m t h em O f co u r s e h e S h o u l d n o t u s e a n y
.
,

b u t t h e b es t ,
ev e n V i erge co u l d n o t m a k e
a go o d d rawi n g wi t h a bad p e n ,
bu t the ar
t is t i c V i r tu e s o f a p a r t i cu l a r I n s t ru m e n t ar e n o t
l i kel y t o d i scl o s e t h e m s el v e s I n t h e r u d e sc ra tch
i n gs o f t h e b egi n n e r H e h a s t o m a s te r i t t o ,
”
b rea k i t i n e re h e c a n d i s co ve r o f wh a t ex
,

c e l l e n t s e rv i ce i t i s cap a b l e .

T h e s tu de n t w i l l fi n d t h a t m o s t o f t h e s t eel
p e n s m ade fo r a rt i s ts h av e b u t a s h o r t p e ri o d
 "
1 4 P E N DRAWING
u n des i rab l e fo r ge n e ral u s e A s h ad e b i g .

ge r t ha n th i s i s th e G il l o t t 30 3 a v ery go o d ,

av e rage s i z e N e i t h er o f t h e s e two p o s s es s es
.

t h e s e n s i t i v e n es s o f t h o s e p re v i o u s l y m e n
t io n e d b u t fo r wo rk d e m a n d i n g m o re o r l es s
,

u n i fo rm i ty o f l i n e t h ey w i l l be fo u n d m o r e
s a t i s fac t o ry T h e s m al l e r p o i n ts are l i ab l e
.

t o l ead o n e i n to t h e q u agm i re o f fin ic a l n e s s .

W h e n we ge t b e y o n d t h e n ex t i n s i z e t h e ,

G il l o t t 4 0 4 t h ere I s n o t h i n g ab o u t th e c o a rs e
,

s tee l p o i n ts t o es p ec i al l y co m m e n d th e m fo r
ar t i s t i c u s e T h ey are u s u al l y s tu p i d u n
.
,

rel i abl e a ffai rs w h o s e real l y v al u ab l e exi s te n ce

,

i s ab o u t fi ftee n w o r k i n g m i n u tes F o r deco .

“ ”
r a t iv e d rawi n g t h e o rd i n ar y c o m m e r c i al s tu b
w i l l b e fo u n d a v e r y s at i sf ac to ry i n s tru m e n t .

O f co u rs e o n e m a y u s e s ev e ral S i z e s o f p en s i n
t h e sa m e draw i ng a n d i t i s o fte n n ec es s ary t o
,

d o so .

B efo re l eav i n g t h e s teel p e n s t h e do u b l e ,

l i n e p e n m a y b e m e n ti o n ed t h o u gh I t h a s o n l y
,

a l i m i ted s p h ere I t I s a tw o p o i n ted a rra nge

.

m e n t p rac t i ca l l y two p e n s i n o n e b y m ea n s o f
, ,

wh i ch p aral l e l l i n es m a y b e m ad e wi t h o n e
s t ro ke R a th e r i n tere s t i n g e ffec ts ca n b e o b
.

t a in e d w i t h i t b u t o n t h e w h o l e i t i s m o s t v al
,

u a b l e as a cu ri o s i ty T h o u gh s o m ewh a t o u t o f
.

fas h i o n fo r ge n e r a l u s e t h e q u i l l o f o u r fath e rs
,

i s fa v o red b y m a n y i l l u s t ra to r s I t I s s pl e n .

d id l y adap t ed fo r b ro ad v i go r o u s re n deri n g o f
,

fo regro u n d e ffec ts a n d I s a l m o s t d an ge r o u sl y
,
 MAT ERIALS .
1 5

eas y t o h a n d l e R eed p e n s Wh i c h h av e s o m e
.
,

wh a t s i m i l a r v i rtu e s a re n ow l i t t l e e m p l o y ed
, ,

a n d ca n n o t b e b ou gh t T h e y h av e to b e cu t
fro m t h e n a tu ral reed a n d u s ed w h i l e fres h
,
.

F o r m a n y u se s i n d eco ra t i v e d raw i n g o n e o f
t h e m o s t s a ti s fac to ry i n s t r u m e n t s is t h e gl as s
p e n w h i c h gi ve s a n ab s o l u te l y u n i fo r m l i n e
,
.

T h e p o i n t b e i n g rea l l y t h e e n d o f a t h i n t u b e ,

t h e s t ro ke m a y b e m ade i n a n y d i rec t i o n a ,

m o s t u n i q u e ch a rac te ri s t i c i n a p e n I t h a s
.
,

h owever t h e d i sadva n tages o f b e i n g fri ab l e a n d

,

exp e n s iv e ; a n d as i t n eed s to b e kep t cl ea n

, ,

t h e p a te n t wate r p ro o f i n k s h o u l d n o t b e u s ed
-

wi t h i t u n l es s a bs o l u tel y n eces sa r y A fl a t .

p i ece o f co rk o r r u b b e r s h o u l d b e p l aced i n
s i de t h e i n k b o t tl e w h e n t h i s p e n i s u sed o t h er
-
,

w i s e it i s l i ab l e t o b e s m a s h e d b y s tri ki n g th e

b o t to m o f t h e b o t t l e T h e facu l ty p o s s es s ed
.

b y t h e J ap a n es e b ru s h o f re ta i n i n g it s p o i n t
re n de rs i t a l s o av a i l ab l e fo r u s e a s a p e n a n d ,

i t is o fte n s o em p l o yed .

I n d raw i n g fo r rep ro du c t i o n t h e b e s t i n k is
, h is

t h a t w h i c h i s bl ack es t a n d l ea s t s h i n y U n t i l.

a fe w y ea rs ago i t was th e cu s to m o f p e n m e n
t o gri n d t h e i r I n di a i n k t h e m s el v es ; b u t b e ,

s i de s th e d iffic u l t y o fa l w a ys e n s u r in g t h e p r o p e r
co n s i s te n cy i t wa s a cu m be rs o m e m e t h od a n d
, ,

i s n o w l i t tl e re s o r ted to es p eci a l l y a s n u m ero u s

,

exce l l e n t p repa re d i n k s a re r ead y t o h a n d T h e .

“
b et te r k n o w n o f t h ese p rep a red i n k s a re H ig ,
I

gi n s A m eri ca n (ge n e ral a n d wa te rp ro o f ) ,

 PEN DRAWING
’
“ ” “
B o u rgeo i s E n cre de C h i n e L i q u i de C ar ,
’ ” “ ” “
ter s ,
W i n s o r £9 N ewto n s 7
and Row ’

,
’ ” ’

n ey s .H i ggi n s a n d C a r ter s hav e t h e ex ’

~

t r in s ic adva n tages o f be i n g p u t u p i n b o t tl es
w h i ch d o n o t t i p o ve r o n t h e s l i gh tes t p r o v o
cati o n a n d o f lb e i n g fu r n i s h ed w i th s to p pe rs
,

wh i ch ca n b e h a n d l ed w i th o u t s m ea r i n g t h e
fi ngers O th e rw i s e t h ey ca n n o t b e s ai d t o
.
,

p o s s e s s s u p e r i o r i ty o ve r t h e o th e rs cer ta i n l y ,

n o t o v e r th e E n cre de C h i n e L i q u i de .

S h o u l d t h e s t u de n t h ave o ccas i o n t o d ra w o v e r
sal t p ri n t s h e w i l l fi n d i t Wi s e t o u s e wate r
p ro o f i n k as t h e b l eac h i n g ac i d w h i c h 1 3 u s ed
,

to fade t h e ph o to grap h ic I m age m a y o t h e rw i s e

cau s e th e i n k t o r u n I

B ri s to l b o ard 1 3 p r o b ab l y t h e m o s t p o p u l ar
o f al l s u rface s fo r p e n d raw i n g I t I s c erta i n l y .

t ha t m o s t ap p ro v ed b y t h e p ro ces s e ngrave r ,

wh o s e p o i n t o f V i ew i n s u c h a m a t t er th o u gh ,

a p u re l y m ec h a n i cal o n e i s wo rt h y o f c o n s id ,

e r a t io n I t h as a p e r fec t l y s m o o t h s u r face
.
,

s o m ewh at d i ffic u l t t o e ras e fro m wi t h ru b b e r ,

an d w h i c h h a d b e t te r b e s cratch ed w i t h a k n i fe
w h e n a n y co n s i d e rab l e e ras u re i s n ecess ary .

A s t h e c h eap b o ard s a re m e rel y a padd ing '

ve n eered o n e i t he r s i de wi th a t h i n co at i ng o f
s m o o t h p ap e r l i t tl e s cra p i n g i s req u i red t o
,

dev e l o p a fuzz y s u rface u p o n w h i ch I t I s I m p o s

s i b l e t o wo rk O n l y t h e b es t b oa rd s u c h as
.
,

R e y n o l d s t h e re fo re s h o u l d b e u s ed B ri s to l
’

, ,
.

bo ard ca n b e p ro c u red i n s h ee ts o f va ri o u s
t h i ck n es s e s as we l l as i n b l ocks .
 M ATERIALS x
7

Wh a t m a ’

n s h o t p re s s ed
—
p ap e r a ffo r d s
a n o t he r excel l e n t s u rface a n d p o s s es s es s o m e
adva n tage s o ver t h e B ri s to l b o ard I t co m es
—
.

i n s h ee t s o f v ar i o u s S i z es wh i c h m ay b e e i th e r
,
“
tacked do wn o n a b o ard o r e l s e s t retch ed .

T ack i n g w i l l b e s a t i s fac to ry e n o u gh ift h e d raw

i n g i s s m al l a n d is to b e co m p l e ted i n a few
“
h o u rs ; o t h e r wi s e t h e p ap e r i s s u re t o h u m p
u p es p ec i al l y i f th e weath e r b e da m p T he
,
.

p ro c es s o f s t re tch i n g i s a s fo l l ow s : F o l d u p th e
edges o f t h e S h ee t al l aro u n d fo rm i n g a m a rgi n
,

ab o u t a n i n c h w i de A fte r m o i s te n i n g th e p a
.

pe r t h o ro ugh l y Wi t h a d a m p s p o n ge cov e r t h e ,

u n de r s i d e o ft h is t u r n ed u p m a r g in w it h p h o to
grap h i c p as t e o r s t ro n g m u c i l age D u r i n g t h i s
.

o p e rat i o n th e s hee t wi l l h ave s o fte n ed a n d

“
h u m p ed u p a n d w i l l ad m i t o f s t re tch i ng
,
.

N o w t u r n dow n t h e ad h es i v e m argi n a n d p res s

i t fi rm l y w i t h t h e fi n ge rs s t re tch i n g t h e p ap e r
,

ge n t l y a t t h e sa m e t i m e A s t h i s es s e n ti al
.

p a r t o f t h e p roces s m u s t b e p er fo rm ed qu i ckl y ,

a n a s s i s ta n t I s req u i s i te w h e n t h e s h ee t 1 3 l a rge .

C are sh o u l d b e tak e n t h a t t h e pap er i s n o t

s t rai ne d t o o m u ch as i t i s t h e n l i kel y t o bu r s t
,

wh e n i t aga i n co n t rac ts .

A l t h o u gh ge n e ral l y e m p l o y ed fo r wa te r
col o r d raw i n g W h a t m a n s co l d “p res s ed p a
“’

p e r h as s o m e ad va n tage s a s a p e n s u rface
S l i g h tl y ro u gh i s h I n tex tu re i t gi v e s a n i n te r
,

e s t i n g b ro k e n l i n e wh i c h I s a t t i m e s de s i rabl e
,
.

A p ecu l i a r p ap e r w h i c h h as c o n s i de rab l e
1 8 PEN DRAWING
vo gu e es p ec i al l y i n F ra n ce a n d E ngl a n d 1 3
, ,
“ ”
wh a t is k n o w n a s cl ay b o a rd I t s su r face
—
.

i s c o m p o s ed o f C h i n a c l a y gr a i n ed i n v a ri o u s
,

way s t he t o p o f t h e g r a i n be i n g m ar k e d w i th
,

fi n e b l ack l i n es wh i c h g i v e a g ra y to n e t o th e
p ape r d a rke r o r l i gh te r a cco r d i n g t o t he c h a r
,

a c te r o f t h e p a t ter n T h i s to n e p rov i des th e

.

m i ddl e t i n t fo r t h e d r a w i n g B y l igh tl y s c rap

—
.

i n g w i th a S ha rp p e n k n i fe o r sc r a tc h e r b efo re ,

o r a fte r t h e p e n wo rk i s d o n e a m o re d e l i ca te ,

g r ay t o n e m a y b e o b ta i n ed w h i l e v i go ro u s ,

s c rap i n g w i l l p r o du c e a n a b s o l u t e wh i te W i th .

th e p e n w o r k a d d e d it w il l b e s ee n t ha t a go o d
'
“

m a n y v al u es a r e p o s s i b l e ; a n d i f t h e d r a w i ng ,

b e n o t r ed u ced m o re t h a n o n e t h i rd i t w i l l —
,

p ri n t exce l l e n tl y T h e gra i n ru n n i n g a s i t
.
,

d o es i n s t r a i gh t l i n es o ffe rs a go o d dea l o f o b
,

s t ru c t i o n t o t h e p e n h ow ev e r s o t h a t a real l y
, ,

go o d l i n e is i m p o s s i b l e .

T h i n l e t ter p ap e r is s o m e t i m e s reco m m e n d
-

ed fo r p e n a n d i n k wo rk c h i e fly o n acco u n t o f
,

i ts t ra n s p are n cy w h i c h o bv i a te s t h e n eces s i ty
,

o f r e d rawi n g a fte r a p rel i m i n a ry s ke tc h h as

bee n wo rk ed u p i n p e n c i l O v er t h e p e n c i l .

s tu dy a s h ee t o f t h e l e t te r p a p e r is p l a ced o n
-

w h i ch t h e fi n a l d raw i n g m a y b e m ade w i t h
m u ch del i be ra t i o n . B o n d p ap e r h o wev er , ,

p o s s es s e s th e s i m i l a r adv a n tage o f t ra n sp are n cy

b es i de s a ffo rd i n g a b e t te r t ex tu re fo r t h e p e n .
 C H A P TE R I II

T E C H N I QU E

T h e fi rs t req u i re m e n t o f a go o d p e n tech
n i qu e is a go o d I n d i v i d u a l L i n e a l i n e o f
,

fe el i n g a n d q u a l i ty I t i s u s u al l y a s u r p r i s e
.

t o t h e b egi n n e r t o b e m ad e awa re t h a t t h e in
d i v i d u al l i n e i s a t h i n g o f co n s eq u e n ce a ,
—

s u rp r i s e d u e w i th o u t do u b t to t h e ap p a re n tl y
, ,

care l es s m e t h o d s o f s o m e s u cces s fu l i l l u s t r a
t o rs I t i s t o b e b o r n e i n m i n d h ow ev e r
.
, ,

th a t s o m e i l l u s t ra to rs are s u cces s fu l i n s p i te
o f t h e i r tech n i q u e r a th e r t h a n b ecau s e o f i t ;
a n d a l s o t h a t t h e ap p a r e n tl y free a n d eas y
m a n n e r o f s o m e a d m i r ab l e t ec h n i c i a n s i s i n
r eal i ty ve ry m u c h s tu d i ed v e ry de l i b era te
, ,

a n d n o t a t al l t o b e co n fo u n d ed w i t h t he
u n s o p h i s t i cated s c ri b b l i n g o f t h e b egi n n e r .

T h e s tu d e n t is ap t t o fi n d i t j u s t a b o u t a s
e a s y t o d raw l i ke M r P e n n el l as t o w ri te l i k e
.

M r "i p l i n g T h e bes t way t o acq u i re s u c h

. .

a s u p e r b fr eedo m is t o b e v e ry v e r y care fu l
,

a n d p a i n s t a k i n g T o ap p rec i at e h o w b eau t i
.

fu l t h e i n d i v i d u al l i n e m ay b e o n e h a s b u t t o
o b s e rv e t h e r i c h d eco ra t i ve s t ro k e o f H o wa rd
,

Pyle Fig 66 o r that of M ucha Fig 6 5 the

,
.
, ,
.
,

t e n de r o u t l i n e o f B o u te t d e M o n ve l t h e tel l
,
 PEN DRAWING

FIG . 6 C . D G I BSO N
.

i n g m a s terl y s wee p o f G i b s o n o r t h e s h o r t
w it Ii
, , ,

crIs
p l i n e o f V i erge o r R i co
. C o m p a red
a n y o f t h e s e t h e l i n e o f t h e b egi n n er w i l l b e
e i t h e r feeb l e a n d te n ta t i v e o r h ars h w i ry a n d
, , ,

co ars e .

T h e s ec o n d re q u i s i t e i s V a ri e t y o f L i n e ,

n o t m e rel y v ar i e ty o f s i z e a n d d i rec t i o n b u t , ,

s i n ce each l i n e o u gh t t o ex h i b i t a feel i n g fo r
t h e p a r t i cu l a r t ex tu re wh i c h i t is co n t r i b u t i n g
t o exp re s s v a r i e ty o f ch a rac ter M r G i b
,
. .

s o n 5 m a n n e r o f p l aci n g v e ry d e l i c a te gra y
l i n es aga i n s t a s e r i es o f h e a vy b l ack s tro ke s
exe m p l i fies s o m e o f th e p o s s i b i l i t i es o f s uc h
vari e t y O b s erve i n F i g 6 w h a t a b e a u t i fu l
.
,
.
,

q u al i ty i s i m pa r ted t o t h e v i go ro u s o u tl i n e s
 PE N DRAWING
o f th e figu res by v i r tu e o f t h e fo i l o f d el i c a te
g r ay l i n e s b e h i n d t h em T h i s p ar t i cu l a r co n
.

j u n c t i o n h o wev er w a s m u c h ea r l i e r e m p l oy ed
, ,

b y M r H erbe r t R a i l to n wh o h a s m a d e a
.
,

beau t i fu l u s e o f i t i n h i s q u a i n t a r ch i tect u r al
’
s u bj ec t s M r R a il t o n s t ech n i q u e i s r em a r k
. .

ab l e a l s o fo r th e vari ed d i rec t i o n o f l i n e a n d
i t s exp res s i o n o f text u r e N o te th i s c h arac .

t e r is t ic i n h i s d raw i n g o f b u t t res s es F i g 7 ,
. .

my
E co n o T h e t h i rd el em e n t o f go o d t ec h n i qu e is
E co n o m y a n d D i r e c t n e s s o f M e t h o d A t o n e .

s h o u l d n o t b e b u i l t u p o f a l o t o f m ea n i n g '

l es s s t ro k e s E ach l i n e o u gh t s e n s i b l y a n d
.
,

d i r ec t l y t o co n t r i b u te t o t h e u l t i m a te r es u l t
,
.

T h e o l d m ec h a n i cal p r o ces s o f co n s t r u c t i n g
to n e s b y c r o s s h a tch i n g is n o w al m o s t o b s o
—

l e te I t i s s t i l l e m p l o y ed b y m od er n p e n
.

d ra u gh t s m e n b u t i t is o n l y o n e o f m a n y r e
,

s o u rce s a n d i s u s e d w i t h n i ce d i s cri m i n a t i o n
,
.

A t t i m es a c ro s s h a tch i s v e ry des i r ab l e a n d
—

v ery e ffec t i v e a s fo r exam p l e i n a ffo rdi n g a

,
—
, ,

s u bdu ed b ackg r o u n d fo r figu r es h a v i n g s m a l l ,

h i g h l i gh ts .A v e r y p re t ty u s e o f i t is s ee n ’
i n t h e t o we r o f M r G o o d h u e s d r aw i n g F i g
.
,
.

8 . O b s e r v e h e r e h o w t h e i n t i m a te t r e a tm e n t
o f th e r o o fs is e n h a n ced a n d r el i eve d b y t h e
fo i l o f cl o s el y k n i t h a tc h o n t h e to we r w a l l
- —
,

a n d h o w e ffec t i v e i s t h e l i t t l e ar ea o f i t a t t h e
b a s e o f t h e S p i r e T h e c r o s s h a tch a l s o a f
.
- e

fo rd s a s a t i s fac to ry m e t h o d o f o b t a i n i n g d eep ,
“ ”
q u i e t s h ado ws S ee t h e a rchway B i n F i g 9
. . .
F IG . 8 B . G G OOD H U E
.
24 PE N DRAWING

F IG .
9 C . D . M .

O n t h e w h o l e h o wev e r t h e s t u d e n t is a d
, ,

V iSe d t o accu s to m h i m s el f t o a v e ry sp a r i n g

u s e o f t h i s exp ed i e n t . C o m p are t h e two e f

fee t s i n F i g 9 S o m e exa m p l e s o f go o d a n d
. .

b ad c ro s s h a tch i n g a re i l l u s t ra ted i n F i g fo
—
. .

“ “
T h o s e m a r ke d I and J m a y b e se t
d o w n a s b ad b e i n g t o o c o a rs e
, . The o nl y
s a t i s fac to ry c ro s s ha tc h a t a l a rge s cal e w o u l d
“
s ee m t o b e t h a t s h o w n i n N w h ere l i n es
,

cro s s a t a s h a rp a n gl e ; a n d t h i s v a r i e t y i s
e ffec t i v el y e m p l o ye d b y figu r e i l l u s t r a to rs .

P e r h a p s n o b e t te r a r gu m e n t aga i n s t t h e n e
c e s s it fo r t h u s b u i l d i n g u p t o n es co u l d b e
y
ad d u ced t h a n th e l i t t l e d raw i n g b y M ar t i n
R i co s h o w n i n F i g I I
,
. . N o t i ce w h a t a
b e a u t i fu l t ex t u re h e gi ve s to t h e s h ad o w w he r e
FI G . I I
M A R TI N R I C O
 T E C H N I QU E
i t fal l s o n t h e s t ree t h o w i t d i ffers fro m t h a t
,

o n th e wal l s h o w d eep a n d c l o s e l y k n i t i t a l l
,

i s a n d y et t h a t t h e re is ab s o l u tel y n o c ro s s
,

h atch i n g . R e m a r k al s o h o w t h e text u r es o f
, ,

t h e wal l s a n d r o o f a n d s k y are o b tai n ed .

T h e s tu d e n t wo u l d do w el l to co p y s u ch a
d raw i n g a s t h i s o r a p o rt i o n o f i t a t l ea s t o n
, , ,

a l a rge r s cal e as m u c h ca n b e l ear n ed fro m i t

,
.

I h av e S h ow n v a ri o u s m e th o d s o f m ak i n g M e n e ac .

a to n e i n F i g 1 2 I t w i l l b e o b se rv ed t h a t [ fl ki g
. .

a n
’
R i co s s h ad ow i n F i g I I i s m ad e u p o f a
,
.
,
”
c o m b i n a t i o n o f B a n d C excep t t h a t h e ,
”
u se s B h o r i z o n tal l y a n d m ake s t h e l i n e ,

h eav y a n d d raggi n g T h e c l ea r cr i s p S h adow s

.
,

o f V i erge are a l s o wo rth y o f s tu d y fo r t h e s im

p l ic it
y o f m e th o d T h i s i.s b eau t i fu l l y i l l u s
t r a t e d i n t h e de ta i l F i g 1 3 I t wo u l d b e
,
. .

i m p o s s i b l e t o s ugges t a t m o s p h ere m o re V i
b r a t in g w i t h s u n l i gh t ; a r es u l t d u e t o t h e
t r a n s p aren cy o f t h e S h ad o ws t h e l i n es o f ,

w h i c h a re s h a rp a n d c l ea n w i t h n ev e r a s u g ,

ges t i o n o f c r o s s h a tc h N o t i ce h o w t h e l i n e s
—
.

o f t h e arc h i tec tu ra l s had ow s a re s to p p ed a b

ru t
p y l a t t im e s
g iv in,g a n em p has i s wh i ch a dd s
t o t h e b ri l l i a n c y o f t h e e ffec t T h e d raw i n g o f .

t h e b u i l d i n gs o n t h e ca n a l b y M a rt i n R i co , ,

F i g I 4 o ugh t al s o t o be ca re fu l l y s t u d i ed i n
.
,

t h i s co n n ec t i o n O b s e rv e h o w t h e s h ad o w
.

l i n es i n t h i s d rawi n g as i n t ha t p rev i o u s l y ,

m e n ti o n ed a re m ad e t o su gge s t t h e d i r ec t i o n
,

o f t h e s u n l i gh t wh i c h i s h i gh i n t h e h eave n s
, .
2
3 P E N D RAWI NG

FIG . 1 6 L ES L I E WI L L S ON

A n exa m p l e o f a l l t h a t is refi n e d a n d excel l e n t

i n p e n t ech n i qu e i s t h e drawi n g b y M r A l fred .

B re n n a n F i g 1 5 .
T
.
h e s tu de n t wo u l d do
,
 T E C H N I QU E 33

we l l t o s tu d y t h i s c are fu l l y fo r i t s m a rv e l l o u s
b e a u ty o f l i n e T h e re is l i t tl e h a tch i n g a n d
.
,

ye t t h e t o n e s are deep a n d r i c h T h e wa l l .

to n e w i l l b e fo u n d t o b e m ade u p s i m i l a rl y t o
“
A and H i n F ig 1 2 The to ne B i n
. .

t h e s a m e F i gu re i s m ad e u p o fl in e s w h i c h a re
t h i n a t t h e e n d s a n d b i g i n t h e m i dd l e fi t t i ng ,

i n t o each o t h e r i rregu l arl y a n d i m p a rt i n g a

,

t ex tu re s o m ew ha t d i ffe re n t fro m t ha t o b t a i n ed
b y t h e a b ru p t e n d i n g o f th e s t ro k es o f A .

T h i s m e t h o d i s al s o e m p l o yed b y B re n n a n ,

a n d I S a v e ry e ffec t i ve o n e A go o d exa m p l e
.

o f t h e u s e o f t h i s c h arac te r o fl in e (u n k n i t ted ,

h o wev e r ) i s t h e d raw i n g b y M r L es l i e W i l l .

s o n F i g 1 6 T h e i rregu l a r l i n e
,
. . C h as
go o d p o s s i b i l i t i e s fo r t ex tu re a n d t h e wavy
,

c h a r a c te r o f D i s m o s t e ffect i ve i n t h e
r e n de ri n g o f s had ows g i vi n g a ce r ta i n v i b ra
,

t i o n t o t h e a t m o s p h e re . E a n d F su g
ge s t a fre e r m e t h o d o f r e n de ri n g a t o n e ; w h i l e
G s h o ws a s c ri b b l i n g l i n e t ha t i s s o m e
t i m e s e m p l o y ed t o ad va n tage T h e v e ry in .

t e r e s t in tex t u re o f t h e co a t F i g 1 7 i s m ade
g ,
.
,

wi t h a h o ri z o n ta l l i n e h av i n g a s i m i l a r re t u r n
s tro k e a s m ay b e n o t i ce d w h ere t h e re n de ri n g
,

e n d s T h e re a re t i m es w h e n a n i rres p o n s i b l e
.

s o r t o f l i n e i s p o s i t i ve l y d es i rab l e s a y fo r ,
—

ro ugh fo regro u n d s u gge s t i o n o r fo r free i n g

t h e p i c tu r e a t t h e edge s .

I h av e i n va ri a b l y fo u n d t h a t wh a t p r e s e n ts
th e c h i e f d i ffi cu l t y to t h e s tu de n t o f p e n a n d
 PEN DRAWING

FIG . 1 7 D R A W I N G F R O M P H O TO G R A P H
Fr o m Ha rp e r ’
sW t a
g ax m e , by p e r ss i o
mi n . op r i
C rp e r r o er s
y g h t , 1 8 9 2 , by H a (9 ’ B th .

i n k is t h e m a n age m e n t o f t h e O u t l i n e W h e n .

Ou t /m e i t is real i z ed t h at b y m e re o u t l i n e o n e m ay , ,

exp res s t h e t ex tu re o f a co a t o r a t r ee o r a wal l

w i t h o u t a n y re n de r i n g w h a tev e r i t w i l l b e s ee n ,

t h a t n o t h i n g i n p e n d r aw i n g i s r ea l l y o f s o
m uc h i m p o rta n ce N o t i ce fo r exa m p l e t h e .
, ,

w o n de rfu l d raw i ng o f t h e d o g i n F i g 34 . .

A ga i n i f a c o n n ec ted l i n e h ad b ee n u s ed t o
,
’
de fi n e t h e co r n er s o f R a il t o n s b u t t res s e s i n
F i g 7 a l l th e t ex tu r e wo u l d h av e b ee n de
. ,
 T E C H N I QU E 5

s tro y ed I n s t ead o f t h i s h e h a s u s ed a b r o ke n
.

o u tl i n e s o m e t i m es o m i t t i n g i t al to g e th e r fo r
,

a co n s i de r a b l e s p ace O n th e l edges to o t h e
.
, ,
’

l i n e s ar e b ro ke n I n R i co s d r aw i n g F i g I I
.
,
.
,

a l l t h e o u t l i n e s m ay b e o b s e rved to h ave a
b r e a k h e re an d t h e r e T h i s b r o ke n l i n e is p a r
.

t ic u l a r l y e f
fec t i ve i n o u t do o r s u bj ec t s a s i t
—

hel p s t o s ugges t s u n l i t a t m o s p h ere a s w el l a s

t ex tu re .

A rc h i tec tu ra l o u tl i n e s h owev e r a re n o t
, ,

p ar t i cu l a rl y s u b tl e ; i t is w h e n w e co m e t o
r e n d e r a n y th i n g w i t h v agu e b o u n d a r i es s u c h ,

as fo l i age o r cl o ud s fo r exam p l e t h a t t h e c h i ef ,

d i ffic u l t i e s a re e n co u n te red F o l i a ge is a n
.

i m p o r t a n t el e m e n t o f l a n d s cap e d r aw i n g a n d
des e r v e s m o re t h a n p as s i n g c o n s i de ra t i o n T o .

m a k e a s u cces s fu l r e n d e ri n g o f a t ree i n p e n
a n d i n k t h e t re e m u s t b e fi rs t we l l d raw n i n p e n
c i l I t i s ab s o l u t e l y i m p o s s i b l e t o o b ta i n s u c h
.

a c h a r m i n g e ffec t o f fo l i a ge a s t h a t s h o w n i n
’

M r P e n n e l l s s k e tc h F i g 1 8 w i t h o u t th e
.
,
.
,

m o s t p a i n s ta k i n g p rep ara t i o n i n p en c i l T h e .

s u cces s o f t h i s r es u l t is n o t a t t ri b u t a b l e m e re
ly to the di f fe re n ce i n t ex tu re s n o r t o t h e d i ,

rec t i o n o r c h a rac te r o f t h e l i n e ; i t i s fi rs t o f
al l a m a t te r o f go o d d raw i n g T h e o u t l i n e .

s h o u l d b e free a n d s u b tl e s o a s to s u g g e s t
t h e edges o f l eafage a n d t h e h o l es n e a r t h e
,

edges s h o u l d b e acce n ted o t he rwi s e t h ey w i l l

,

b e l o s t a n d t h e t r e e w i l l l o o k s o l i d a n d c h ar
ac t e rl e ss . O b s e r ve i n t h e sa m e d rawi n g h ow
, ,
 FIG . 20
J OS E P H P E N N E LL
Fr o m H a rp e r ’
sM ag a z in e ,
by p e r m ss o
i i n . op r
C y i
g h t , 1 8 93 , by H
a rp e r 5 r
B o ers
th .
 TECH N I QU E 39

toge t h e r T h i s.

is a n excel l e n t
e x a m p l e fo r
s tu d y a s i s al s o
,

t he p o rtrai t by
R a ffa el l i F i g,
.

22 . T h e t ex
tu res i n th e l a t
te r d r aw i n g a re
w o n d erf
u ll w ell
y
c o nv e y ed the ,

h a rd b o n y face
, ,

the stubby
b eard a n d t h e
,

wo o l e n cap w i t h
i t s tas s el i n s i l
h ou ette For .

t h e exp res s i o n
o f tex tu re w i th
th e l eas t e ffo rt
th e d raw i n gs o f
V i erge a r e in
comparable
T h e a r c h it e c
tu ra l d rawi n g b y
M r G regg I n
.

F i g 50 I S we l l
.

w o r t h c a r e fu l
stud y i n t h i s
co n n e c t I o n as ,

a re al l o f H e r FIG . Z I E . D A NT A N
4o PEN DRAWING

FI G . 22 J. F . R A FF A E LL I
b e r t R a il t o n s ad m i rab l e d raw i n gs o f o l d E n g
’

l i s h h o u s e s (I reco m m e n d t h e s t u d y o f M r
. .

’
R a il t o n s wo rk w i th a go o d d eal o f r es e r
v a t i o n h o w ev e r W h i l e i t i s ad m i rab l e i n
,

res p ec t o f tex tu re s a n d fas c i n a t i n g i n it s co l

o r t h e va l u es a re l i kel y to b e m o s t u n r e a l
, ,
 T E C H N I QU E
a n d t h e m a n n e r i s m s a re s o p ro n o u n ced a n d
s o ti r e s o m e t h a t I rega r d i t a s m u c h i n fer i o r

t o t h a t o f M r P e n n el l w h o s e a rch i tec tu re a l
.
,

w ay s app ea r r a t l eas t t o h ave b ee n h o n es tl y

, ,

d r aw n o n t h e s p o t ) .

T h e h a t s I n F i g 1 0 a r e m e r el y s u gge s t i o n s
.

t o t h e s tu d e n t I n t h e s tu d y o f e l e m e n ta r y
co m b i n a t i o n s o fl in e I n exp res s i n g t ex tu re s .

A s t h e m ec h a n i c a l p ro ces s e s o f R e p r o d u c D r a aw

t i o n h av e m u c h t o do w i th d et e r m i n i n g p e n
m et h o ds t h ey b eco m e i m p o r ta n t fac to r s fo r
co n s i d e ra ti o n W h i l e t h e i r wayw ar d n es s a n d
.

i n flex i b i l i ty are th e ca u s e o f n o l i t t l e d i s t res s

t o t h e i l l u s tra to r t h e l i m i ta t i o n s o f p ro ce s s e s
,

ca n n o t b e s ai d o n t h e w h o l e t o m ak e fo r in
, ,

fe r io r s ta n da rd s i n drawi n g as w i l l b e s ee n b y
,

th e fo l l o wi n g ru l e s wh i c h t h e y i m p o s e an d fo r ,

w h i c h a s t r i c t regard w i l l b e fo u n d m o s t a d v is
ab l e .

F i rs t : M ak e each l i n e cl ea r a n d d i s t i n c t .

D o n o t p atc h u p a weak l i n e o r l eav e o n e wh i c h

h a s b ee n b ro k e n o r b l u rred b y r u b b i n g fo r h ow ,

ev e r h arm l es s o r eve n i n te re s t i n g i t m a y s ee m
i n yo u r o r i gi n al i t w i l l a l m o s t ce rta i n l y b e
n ei t h e r i n t h e rep ro d u c ti o n W h e n y o u m ake
.

m i s take s e ras e th e o ffe n s i v e pa r t c o m p l e t e II

, ,

o r i f y o u a re wo rki n g o n B ri s t o l bo a r d a n d
,

t h e a rea o f u n sa ti s fac to ri n e s s b e co n s i d e rab l e ,

p a s te a fres h p i ece o f pape r o ve r i t a n d r e

d raw .

S eco n d : "eep y o u r wo rk o p e n A im fo r
.
42 PEN DRAWING
eco n o m y o f l i n e I f a s h ad ow ca n b e re n d e r ed
.

w i t h twe n ty s t ro k e s d o n o t c ro wd i n fo r ty a s ,

y o u w i l l e n d a n ge r it s t ra n s p are n cy R e m e m .

b er th a t i n r ep ro d u c t i o n t h e l i n es te n d t o
t h i ck e n a n d s o t o cro wd o u t t h e l i gh t b e twee n
t h em T h i s i s s o d i s t res s i n gl y t r u e o f n ew s
.

p ap e r r ep ro du c ti o n t h a t in d rawi n gs fo r t h i s
p u rp o s e t h e l i n es h av e t o b e ge n e r al l y v e r y
th i n s h a rp a n d wel l ap ar t T h e ab o v e ru l e
, ,
.

s h o u l d be pa rt i c u l a rl y r ega r ded i n a l l cas e s

w he re t h e d raw i n g i s t o b e s u bj ec t t o m u ch
'

r edu c t i o n . T h e degre e o fr e d u c t io n o f w h i c h
'

p e n d raw i n gs ar e s u s cep ti b l e i s n o t a s is co m ,

m o n l y s u p p o s ed s u bj ec t t o ru l e
,
I t al l de
.

p e n ds o n th e s cal e o f t h e t ech n i q u e .

T h i rd : H av e t h e val u es few a n d p o s i t i v e .

I t i s n eces s ary t o keep t h e gr a y t o n es p re t ty

d i s t i n c t t o p rev e n t th e rel a t i o n o f va l u e s b e i n g
i nj u red fo r wh i l e th e gra y t o n es da rke n I n
,

p r o p o rt i o n t o t h e degre e o f redu c t i o n t h e ,

bl ack s ca n n o t of co u rs e gro w b l ac ke r
, ,
A .

gra y t o n e w h i c h m ay b e l i gh t a n d d el i ca te i n
t h e o ri gi n al w i l l es p ec i al l y ifit b e cl o s e l y k n i t
, , ,

da rke n a n d t h i ck e n i n t h e p r i n t i n g T h es e .

r u l e s a re m o s t s t ri c t l y t o b e o b s erv ed wh e n
d raw i n g fo r t h e ch eap e r c l as ses o f p u b l i c a t i o n s .

F o r b o o k a n d m agaz i n e w o rk h o wev e r w h e re
, ,

t h e p l a te s a re t o u ch ed u p b y t h e e n grav e r a n d ,

t h e v al u es i n a m e a s u re re s to red t h e th i rd ru l e
,

is n o t s o arb i t ra ry N eve rth el es s t h e b egi n

.
,

n er wh o h as am b i t i o n s i n t h i s d i rec t i o n w i l l
 T E C H N I QU E
d o we l l n o t t o p u t d i fficu l ti es i n h i s ow n w a y
b y s u b m i t t i n g wo r k n o t d i rec tl y p ri n ta b l e .

T h ere a re a n u m b e r o f m o re o r l es s fa n ci fu l S om e
exp ed i e n t s e m p l o yed i n m o der n p e n wo rk E x p ed ier ,

w h i c h m ay b e n o ted h e re a n d w h i c h are i l l u s
,

t ra t ed i n F i g . 10 . T he s tu de n t i s advi sed ,

h o wev er t o re s o r t t o t he m a s l i t tl e a s p o s s i
,

b l e n o t o n l y b eca u s e h e i s l i a b l e t o m ak e in
,

j u d i c i o u s u s e o f t h e m b u t b ecau s e i t i s w i se r
,

fo r h i m t o cu l t i va t e t h e l es s m e re t r i c i o u s p o s
s ib il it ie s o f t h e i n s t ru m e n t .

S p a t te r wo rk i s a m ean s o f o b tai n i n g a
del i cat e p r i n t a b l e t o n e co n s i s t i n g o f in n u m e r
,

abl e l i tt l e d o t s o f i n k s p a t te red o n t h e p ap e r
T h e p ro ces s i s a s fo l l ow s : C a r efu l l y co ver
w i t h a s h ee t o f p ap e r al l t h e d r aw i n g excep t
t h e p o rt i o n w h i c h i s t o b e s pa t te r ed t h e n take,

a to o t h b ru s h m o i s te n t h e e n d s o f t h e b r i s tl e s
—
,

co n s i s te n t l y w i th i n k h o l d t h e b r u s h b ack
, ,

d o w n wa rd s i n th e l e ft h a n d a n d w i t h a wo o de n
, ,

m a tch o r to o th p i c k ru b t h e b ri s tl es t ow a r d
—

you s o t h a t th e i n k w i l l s p ray o v er t h e pap e r .

P a rt i cu l a r ca re m u s t b e tak e n t h a t t h e b ru s h
i s n o t s o l o ad ed w i t h i n k t h a t i t w i l l s p a t te r
i n b l o t s I t i s wel l t h e refo r e t o t r y i t fi r s t
.
, ,

o n a ro u gh s he e t o f p a p e r t o r e m ov e a n y s u
,

p e rf l uous i nk . I f t h e sp a t te r i n g i s wel l d o n e ,

i t gi v es a ve ry del i ca t e to n e o f i n tere s t i n g
tex t u re b u t i f n o t cl eve rl y em p l oy ed a n d e s
, ,

e c ia l l i f t h e r e be a l a rge a rea o fit i t i s v e r y

p y ,

l i kel y to l o o k o u t o f c ha r ac te r wi t h t h e l i n e .

p o r ti o n s o f t h e d rawi n g .
'

44 PEN DRAWING
A m e t h o d s o m e t i m es e m p l o yed t o gi v e a
s o ft b l ac k e ffec t i s t o m o i s t e n t h e l o be o f t h e
t h u m b l i gh tl y w i t h i n k a n d p res s i t u p o n t h e
p ap e r T h e s e r i es o f l i n e s o f t h e s k i n m a k e
.

a n i m p re s s i o n t ha t ca n b e rep ro d u ced b y t h e
o rd i n a ry l i n e p ro ce s s es A s i n t h e c a s e o f
.

s pa t te r w o rk s u p e r flu o u s i n k m u s t b e l o o ked
a fte r b e fo re in a k in g th e i m p re s s i o n s o a s to
,

av oi d l eav i n g h a rd edges T h u m b m a rk i ngs .

l e n d t h e m s e l v e s t o th e re n de ri ng o f d ark
s m o k e a n d t h e l i ke w h e re th e edges r eq u i re
, ,

t o b e s o ft a n d v agu e a n d t h e fre e d i rec t i o n o f

,

t h e l i n e s i m p a r t a fee l i n g o f m o v e m e n t .

I n teres t i n g e ffec t s o f tex tu re a re s o m e t i m es

i n t r o du ced i n t o p e n d raw i n gs b y o b ta i n i n g
t h e I m p res s i o n o f a ca n vas gr a i n T o p ro du ce .

t h i s i t I s n ec es sa r y t h a t t h e d rawi n g b e m ad e
,

o n fa i rl y t h i n pap e r T h e mot/u: op er a nd i I s a s
.

fo l l ow s P l ace th e d raw i n g o v e r a p i ece o f

.

m o ii n t e d ca n v as o f t h e des i red co a rs e n es s o f
gra i n a n d h o l d i n g I t fi rm l y ru b a l i t h og r ap h i c
, , ,

c ra y o n v i go ro u sl y o ve r t h e s u rface o f th e
p ap e r T h e g r a i n o f t h e ca n va s wi l l b e fo u n d
.

t o b e c l ea rl y re p ro du ce d a n d a s t h e cr a y o n i s
, ,

ab s o l u tel y b l ac k t h e e ffec t 1 3 cap a b l e o f r ep ro

,

d u c t i o n b y t h e o r d i n a r y p h o t og ra p h i c p ro c
C S S CS .
 PEN DRAWING
te n t w i t h a n a tu ra l e ffec t
o fl i h t a n d s h ad e N o w
g .

t h e g r ad a t i o n fro m b l ack
t o w h i te fo r e x a m p l e i s a
, ,

p l eas i n g s c h e m e a s m ay ,

b e o b s e r v ed i n F i g 2 4 .
,

y e t t h e e ffec t i s u n n a t u
ra l s i n ce t h e s k y i s b l ack
, .

I n a p u rel y deco r a t i v e il
l u s t ra t i o n l i ke t h i s h ow ,

eve r s u c h l o gi c n eed n o t FI G 4
,
D A G R EG G
. 2 . .

b e c o n s i d e red .

S i n ce a s I sai d b e fo r e co l o r is t h e fac to r
, ,

w h i c h m ake s fo r t h e u n i ty o f t h e res u l t t h e ,

fi rs t p ri n c i p l e t o b e r ega r ded i n i t s arra n gem e n t

i s t h a t o f P r i n c i p al i t y t h e re m u s t b e s o m e
,

do m i n a n t n o t e I n t h e re n d e r i n g T h ere s ho u l d .

n o t fo r i n s ta n ce b e two p r i n c i p al dark s p o ts
, ,

o f eq u a l v al u e i n t h e sa m e d r a w i n g n o r two ,

e qu al l y p ro m i n e n t a reas o fw h it e T h e V i e rge .

d raw i n g F i g 2 5 a n d t h a t b y M r P e n n e l l F i g
,
.
,
.
, .

5 ,
a re n o excep t i o n s t o t h i s ru l e ; t h e b l a c k fig
u re o f t h e o l d m a n co u n t i n g a s o n e n o t e i n t h e
fo r m e r a s d o t he d ar k a rc he s o f t h e b r i dge i n
,

t h e l a t te r T h e wo r k o f bo t h t h e s e a r ti s t s i s
.

e m i n e n tl y wo rt h y o f s tu d y fo r t h e k n ow i n g
m a n n e r i n w h i c h t h ey d i s p o s e t h e i r v al u es .

y T h e n e x t t h i n g t o b e s o u gh t i s V ar i e ty .

T o o o b v i o u s o r p o s i t i v e a s ch em e wh i l e p o s ,

s ib l
y n o t u n s u i tab l e fo r a co n ve n t i o n al d eco
r a t iv e d raw i ng m a y n o t b e wel l a dap ted t o a
,
 ALUES 47

F IG . 2
5
DA N I EL I ER
V GE

p e rs p ec t i v e s u bj ec t
. T h e l arge co l o r a rea s
s h o u l d b e ec h oed by s m al l e r o n e s t h ro u gh o u t
th e p i c t u re T ake fo r e x a m p l e t h e V i erge
.
, ,

d raw i n g s h o w n i n F i g 2 6 O b s e rv e h o w t h e
. .

m a s s o f s h ad o w i s rel i ev ed b y th e two l i gh t
h o l es s ee n t h ro u gh t h e i n n d o o r W i th o u t
.
48 P E N DRAWING

FI G . 26 D A N IEL I ER GE
V

t h i s rep e t i t i o n o f t h e w h i t e t h e d raw i n g w o u l d
l o s e m u ch o fit s ch arac te r I n R i c o s d r a wi ng
.
’

F i g 1 1 a t i n y w h i te s p o t i n th e s h adow cas t
.
,

o v e r t h e s t r ee t wo u l d I v e n t u re t o t h i n k
, ,

b e h el p fu l b e a u t i fu l l y c l ea r a s i t is ; a n d t h e
,

b l ac k a re a a t t h e e n d o f t h e wa l l s ee m s a d efec t
a s i t co m p e tes i n v al u e w i t h t h e d a r k fig u r e
'
.
 VALUE S 49

L as t l y B r e a d t h o f E ffec t h as t o b e
,
co ns id
e r ed I t i s r eq u i s i t e t h a t h o weve r n u m e ro u s
.
,

t h e t o n e s a r e (a n d t h ey S h o u l d n o t b e to o n u
m e r o u s ) t h e ge n e ra l e f
,
fec t s h o u l d b e S i m p l e
a n d h o m oge n eo u s T h e co l o r m u s t co u n t to
.

ge t he r b r o a d l y a nd n o t b e cu t u p i n to p a tc h es
,

I t i s i m p o r ta n t t o re m e m b e r t h a t t h e ga m u t
fro m b l ac k t o w h i te i s a s h o r t o n e fo r t h e p e n .

O n e n eed o n l y t ry to fai t h fu l l y r e n de r th e h i gh
l i gh t s o f a n o r d i n ary tab l e gl as s s e t aga i n s t a
gr a y backg r o u n d t o b e as s u red o f i t s l i m i
,

t a t io n s i n th i s re
s p ec t T o rep re s e n t
.

e ve n a p p r o x 1 m a t e
l y t h e s u b tl e v al u e s
wo u l d req u i re so
much i nk that
nothi ng short of a
pos i tively blac k
backg r o u n d wo u l d
s u ffice t o g i v e a
se m b l a n ce o f t h e
d el i ca te t ra n sp a re n t
e ffec t o f t h e gl as s a s
a w h o le . T h e gray
backgro u nd wo ul d ,

t h ere fo re b e l o s t
, ,

a n d i f a rea l l y b l ack
o bj e c t w e r e a l s o
pa rt o f t h e p i c tu re
FI G 7 2 H A R R Y
P E NN
I t co u l d n o t b e rep
.
 50 P E N DRAWING
r e se n ted a t al l O bs e rve i n F i g 2 7 h o w j u s t
.
, .
,

s u c h a p ro bl e m h as b ee n wo r k ed o u t by M r
H arry F e n n .

I t w i l l b e m a n i fe s t t h a t t h e s tu de n t m u s t
l e a r n t o t h i n k o f t h i ngs i n t h e i r b ro ad rel a
t i o n T o b e S p ec i fic
. i n th e exam p l e j u s t
,

co n s i de red i n o rde r t o i n t ro du ce a b l ac k o b
,

e c t th e sc h e m e o f co l o r wo u l d h av e n eed ed
j
b ro ade n i n g s o t h a t t h e gra y backgro u n d co u l d
b e g i ve n i t s p ro p e r v al u e th u s d e m a n d i n g
,

t h a t t h e el ab o ra te v al u e s o f t h e gl as s b e I g
n o red a n d j u s t e n o u gh s u gges ted t o giv e t h e
, :
ge n e ral e ffec t T h i s reas o n i n g w o u l d e q u al l y
.

ap p l y we re t h e l i gh t o bj ec t i n s tead o f a gl a s s
, ,

s o m e t h i n g o f i n t r i ca t e d es i gn p rese n t i n g p o s i
,

t i v e s h ado ws J u s t s o m u c h o f s u ch a d es i g n
.

s h o u l d b e re n de red as n o t to dark e n t h e o b
e c t b el o w i ts p ro p e r r el a t i v e val u e a s a wh o l e
j .

I n t h i s facu l ty o f s u gges t i n g t h i n gs w i t h o u t
l i te ra l l y re n d e r i n g t h e m co n s i s t s t h e s u b t l e ty
o f p e n d raw i n g .

I t m ay b e s ai d t h e re fo re t h a t l arge l i gh t ,

areas r e s il l t in g fro in t h e n eces sa ry e l i m i n a t i o n

,

o f val u es ar e ch a r ac t er i s t i c o f p e n d rawi n g .

T h e degree o f s u c h el i m i n a t i o n dep en d s o f ,

c o u r s e u p o n t h e c h a racte r o f t h e s u bj ec t t h i s
, ,

be i ng e n t i rel y a m a t te r o f rel a ti o n T h e m o r e .

b l ack t h e re is i n a d raw i n g t h e g r ea te r t h e
n u m b e r o f v al u e s t h a t ca n b e re p r es e n ted .

G e n e ral l y s p eak i n g th ree o r fo u r are a l l t h a t

,

ca n b e m a n aged a n d th e b egi n n er h ad b e t te r
,
 VALUE S

FIG . 2 8 R EG I N A L D BI R C H
ge t al o n g wi t h th ree ,
bl ack h al f to n e a n d
,
—
,

wh i te .

W h i l e i t i s t ru e th a t e ve r y s u bj ec t i s l i ke l y V r s a i ou

t o co n tain s o m e m o t i v e o r s u g g es ti o n fo r i t s $52 22;

ap p ro p r i ate co l o r s ch em e I t s t I l l h o l d s t h at
—
, ,

m a n y t i m es a n d e s pec i al l y i n th o se ca ses
,

wh e re t h e i n tro du c ti o n o f fo regro u n d fea tu res

a t co n s i d e rabl e scal e i s n eces sa ry fo r t h e i n ter
es t o ft h e p i c tu r e a n a r ti fic i al a rra n ge m e n t h as
,

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.
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52 P E N DRAWING
co m b i n at i o n s T h e m o s t b r i l l i a n t e ffec t i n
.

b l ac k a n d w h i te d raw i n g i s t h a t o b t a i n ed by
p l ac i n g t h e p ro m i n e n t b l ac k aga i n s t a w h i te
a rea s u r r o u n d ed b y gray T h e w h i te s h ows .

w h i te r b eca u s e o f t h e gray a ro u n d i t s o t h a t ,

t h e co n t ras t o f t he b l ac k aga i n s t i t i s ext re m e l y

v i go ro u s a n d tel l i n g T h i s m a y b e s a i d to b e
.

’
t h e i l l u s t ra t o r s t our d e for ce W e h av e i t il .

’
l u s t r a ted b y M r R egi n al d B i rc h s d r aw i n g
.
,

F i g 2 8 O b s e rv e h o w t h e co n t ras t o f b l ac k
. .

a n d wh i te i s fra m ed i n by t h e gray m a d e u p o f
t h e s k y t h e l e ft S i d e o f t h e b u i l d i n g th e h o rs e
, , ,

a n d t h e k n i gh t I n t h e d raw i n g b y M r P e n
. .

n el l F i g 2 9 w e hav e t h e s a m e s c h e m e o f
,
.
,

co l o r N o t i ce h o w t h e t ree s a re d a r k e s t j u s t
.

w h e re t h ey a re req u i re d t o te l l m o s t s t ro ngl y
agai n s t t h e wh i te i n t h e ce n tre o f t h e p i ctu re .

A n a d m i r a b l e i l l u s t ra t i o n o f t h e e ffec t i ve n e s s
o f t h i s co l o r s c he m e i s s h o w n i n t h e B ecke t
-

p o s te r b y t h e Be g g a r s t a ff B ro t h ers F i g ,
.

A n o t he r s c h em e 1 3 t o hav e t h e p ri n c i p al b l ac k
i n th e gray a r ea a s i n th e V i e rge d rawi n g F i g ,
.

2 6 a n d i n R i c o 3 s k e tc h
,
Fig 1 1 ,
. .

S t i l l a n o t h e r a n d a m o re r es tfu l s ch e m e i s
t h e ac tu al grada t i o n o f co l o r T h i s g r ada t i o n .
,

fro m b l ac k t o w h i te w h e r e i n t h e w h i t e o c c u
,

p i es t h e ce n tre o f t h e p i c tu re i s to b e n o ted ,

i n F i g 2 0 O b s e r v e h o w t h e da r k s i de o f t h e
. .

fo r egro u n d t r e e tel l s a ga i n s t t h e l i g h t s i d e o f
t h e o n e b ey o n d wh i ch i n i t s tu rn i s y e t s o
, , ,

s t ro ngl y S h ad ed a s to co u n t b r i l l i a n tl y aga i n s t
FIG .
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0 B . G GO O D H U E
.
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FIG .
31 J OS E H
P PENNELL
t h e w h i te b u i l di n g S t i l l aga i n i n M r G o o d
.
,
.

h u e s d rawi n g F i g 30 n o te h o w t h e t ra n s i t i o n
,
.
,

fro m t h e b l ac k t re e o n t h e l eft to t h e w h i te
b u i l d i n g i s pl eas i n gl y s o fte n ed b y t h e gra y
s h ad o w N o ti ce to o h o w t h e b r i l l i a n c y o f
.
, ,

t h e d raw i n g is h ei g h te n ed b y t h e g ra d u a l e m
p h as i s o n t h e s h ad ow s a n d t h e o p e n i n gs a s
t h e y a p p ro a ch th e ce n tre o f t h e p i c tu r e Y e t .

a n o th e r exa m pl e o f t h i s co l o r s ch e m e i s t h e
-

d r a wi n g b y M r G regg F i g 50 T h e grad a
.
,
. .
56 P E N DRAWING
t i o n h e re i s fro m th e t o p o f t h e p i c t u re d o w n
wa rd s T h e s ke tc h o f t h e co s te r wo m e n b y
.

M r P e n n el l F i g 3 1 s h ow s t h i s gr a d a t i o n r e
.
,
.
,

v e rs ed .

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.
,

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.
,

color scheme
—
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,

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,

u p p e r s i de l eav i n g i t t o tel l s t r o n gl y aga i n s t

,

t h e w h i te b el o w N o t i ce h o w l u m i n o u s is
.

t h i s s a m e re l a t i o n o f co l o r w h e re i t o ccu r s i n
th e V e n e t i a n s u bj ec t b y R i co F i g 1 4 T h e ,
. .

s h ad o w o n t h e wa te r q u al i fies t h e b l a ck n es s o f
t h e go n do l a b el o w p er m i t t i n g a b r i l l i a n t co n
,

t ras t w i t h t h e w h i te wal l s o f t h e b u i l d i n g a b o ve .

I t i s i n te re s t i n g t o o b s e r ve h ow V i e r ge a n d
P e n n el l b u t ch i e f
,
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o fd ir e c t s h ado w w i th o u t a n y l o cal co l o r
,
T hi s .

m ay b e s ee n i n t h e V i e rge d raw i n g F i g 33 ,
. .

O b s erv e i n t h i s a s a co n s eq u e n ce h o w b r i l
, ,

l ia n t l y t h e t i n y b l ac k co u n t s i n t h e l i t t l e fi gu re
i n t h e ce n t re N o t i ce t o o i n t h e d r a w i n g o f
.
, ,

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.
,

i s v e ry l i t tl e b l ac k ; a n d ye t s e e h o w b r i l
l i a n t i s th e e ffec t ow i n g l a rgel y to th e fi gu re s
,

be i n g p e r m i t ted t o s t a n d o u t aga i n s t a w h i te
gro u n d i n w h i ch n o t h i n g is i n d i c a ted b u t t h e
sk —
y l i n e o f t h e l arge b u i l d i n g i n t h e d i s ta n ce .
F IG .
3 2 L . R A EN H I LL
V
 CH A P TER V

P RACTICAL P R O BLE M S

I h av e t h o u gh t i t adv i sab l e i n t h i s c h ap te r t o
s e l ect a n d t o w o rk o u t i n s o m e d e ta i l a few
, ,

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,

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t i o n o f s o m e o f t h e p r i n ci p l e s p rev i o u s l y l a i d
d ow n .

I n t h e fi rs t exa m pl e t h e p h o tograp h F i g ,
.

35 ,
s h o ws th e p o rc h o f a n o l d E n gl i s h co u n t r y
ch u rc h L e t u s s e e .

h ow t h i s s u bj ec t h a s
b ee n i n t erp r e ted i n
pen and i n k by M r .

D A G reg g F i g
. .
,
.

3 6 . I n re s p ec t t o
t h e l i n e s t h e o ri g ,

i nal co mpos i t i o n
p res en ts n o th i ng
e s s e n t i al l y u n p l e a s
ant . W here t h e
s t r o n g acc e n t o f a
p i c t u re o ccu r s i n th e
ce n t r e h o wev er i t
, ,

is ge n e r al l y d e s ir a
b l e t o a V O I d m u C h F I G 35 . M FRO A P H OTOG R A P H
 PEN DRAWING
t o gi ve i t a fa i n t gray to n e s u ffi c i e n t t o r el i ev e
i t fro m t h e wh i t e wal l T h e l o w co l o r o f t h e .

gra s s we re i t re n de red l i teral l y w o u l d m a ke

, ,

t h e d raw i n g t o o h eavy an d u n i n te r es t i n g a n d ,

t h i s I s t he re fo re o n l y s u gges ted I n t h e s ke tch .

Th e ro o f o f t h e m a i n b u i l d i n g b e i n g eq u al l y ,

o bj ect i o n ab l e o n acco u n t o f it s m as s o f l ow
t o n e i s s i m i l arl y t rea ted M r G r egg s excel
,
. .
’

l e n t h a n d l i n g o ft h e o l d wo o dwo rk o f t h e p o r c h
is wel l w o r t hy o f s tu dy .

L e t u s take a n o th e r e x a m p l e T h e p h o to .

grap h i n F i g 37 s h ow s a m o a t h o u s e i n N o r
.
—

m a n dy ; a n d excep t th a t t h e l o w to n e s o f th e
,

fo l i age a re exaggera ted b y t h e ca m era t h e co n ,

d it io n s are p rac t i c a l l y t h o s e w h i c h w e w o u l d
h ave t o co n s i de r were we m ak i n g a s ke tc h o n
t h e sp o t F i rs t o f al l t h e n d o es t h e s u bj ec t
.
, , ,

fro m t h e p o i n t o fv ie w a t w h i c h t h e p h o togr a p h
i s tak e n co m p o s e wel l
,
I t ca n n o t b e s ai d
th a t i t do es T h e ve r t i cal l i n es m ad e b y t h e
.

two t owe rs a re u n p l eas a n tl y e m p h as i z ed b y

th e t ree s b e h i n d t h em T h e t re e o n t h e l eft .

we re m u ch b e t t e r r edu ce d i n h e i gh t a n d p l a ced
s o m ewh a t t o t h e r i gh t s o t h a t t h e t o p s h o u l d ,

fi l l o u t t h e awk w a rd a n g l e s o f t h e r o o f fo r m ed
b y t h e j u n c t io n o f t h e to we r a n d th e m a i n b u i l d
mg . T h e t rees o n th e r i gh t m i gh t b e l o we r ed
al s o b u t o t h e r w i s e p e r m i t ted t o r e ta i n t h e i r
,

p res e n t rel a t i o n T h e g r o w t h o f iv y o n t h e
.

"Th e st ud e n t i s ad v is e d to r e ad Bu r n e t
’
s P ra c t i c a l H i n t s on Com
p osi t i o n .
 PRACTICAL PR O BL E MS 63

FIG .
37 FROM A P H O TO G R A P H

t o we r ta kes a n u gl y o u tl i n e a n d m i gh t be
m a de m o re i n te res t i n gl y ir r e g il l a r I n fo r m
,

T he n ext co n s i de r a ti o n i s t h e d i s p o s i t i o n
o f t h e v a l u e s I n th e p h o tograp h th e w h i te s
.

ar e c o n fi n ed t o t h e r o adwa y o f t h e b ri dge a nd
64 P E N DRAWING
t h e b o t to m o f t h e t owe r T h i s i s ev i d e n tl y
d u e h o weve r t o l o cal c o l o r ra t h e r t ha n t o th e
, ,

d i rec t i o n o f t h e l i gh t w h i c h s t ri ke s t h e n e a re r
,

towe r fr o m t h e r i gh t t h e r es t o f t h e w a l l s b e
,

i n g i n s h ado w W h i l e t he b l ac k a r eas o f t h e
.

p i c tu re a r e l arge e n o u gh t o ca rry a m a s s o f
gray w i t h o u t s acri fic i n g t h e s u n ny l o o k s u c h ,

a s c he m e w o u l d b e l i kel y t o p r o d u ce a l ab o r ed
e ffec t T w o a l te r n a t i ve s c h e m e s r ead i l y s u g
.

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,

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, ,

h al f t o n e fo r t h e r o o f a n d a da r ke r e ffec t fo r
,

t h e t r ees o n th e r i gh t O r s ec o n d to m a ke
.
, ,

th e s e t rees th e m s e l v e s t h e p ri n ci p a l d ar k a s ,

s u gges t ed b y t h e p h o tograp h a l l ow i n g t h e m,

t o co u n t ag a i n s t t h e g r ay o f t h e r o o f a n d t h e
i v y o f t h e t o we r T h i s l a t te r s c h e m e i s t h a t
.

wh i c h h a s b ee n ad o p ted i n t h e s ke tc h F i g 38 ,
. .

I t wi l l b e n o t i ced t h a t t h e trees a r e n o t
n ea rl y s o d ark a s i n t h e p h o to g rap h I f t h ey .

we re t h ey wo u l d b e o ve rp o we r i n g I n s o l a r ge
,

a n a rea o f w h i te I t w as t h o u gh t b e t te r al s o , ,

t o c h a n ge t h e d i rec t i o n o f t h e l i gh t s o t h a t th e ,

da rk i vy i n s tead o f act i n g co n t rad i c to ri l y to

,

t h e e ffec t m i gh t l e n d c h arac te r t o t h e s h aded

,

s i de T h e l o we r p o r t i o n o f t h e n e a re r to we r
was t o n ed i n p a rtl y t o q u a l i fy t h e v e rt i cal l i n e
,

o f t h e t owe r wh i c h wo u l d h ave b ee n u n p l e a s
,

a n t i f t h e s h a d i n g we re u n i fo r m a n d p ar tl y t o
,

ca rr y t h e g r ay a ro u n d to t h e e n t r a n ce It .

wa s t h o u gh t adv i s a b l e a l s o t o c u t fro m th e
, ,
 PRACTICAL PR O BL E MS 65

( i n v

FI G .
38
c . D . M .

fo regro u n d ra i s i n g t h e u p p e r l i m i t o f t h e p i c
,

tu re co rre s p o n d i n gl y (I t i s fa r fro m m y ih
.

te n t i o n h o weve r to co n vey t h e i m p re s s i o n
, ,

t h a t a n y l i b e r t i es m ay b e take n w i th a s u bj ec t
i n o rde r t o p e r s u ad e i t i n to a p art i cu l a r s ch e m e
o f c o m p o s i t i o n ; a n d i n t h i s v e ry i n s ta n ce a n
a rt i s t i c p h o tograp he r co u l d p ro ba b l y h av e d i s
 PEN DRAWING
co ve red a p o s i t i o n fo r h i s ca m era w h i c h w o u l d
have o b v i a te d th e n eces s i ty fo r a n y c ha nge
wh at eve r ; a n ea r —

e r v i ew o f t h e b u i l d
i n g fo r o n e t h i ng
, ,

wo u l d h av e c o n s id
e rab l l owe re d t h e
y
t r e es ) .

W e wi l l co n s i d e r
s t il l a n o t h e r s u b e c t
j .

T h e p h o tograp h ,

F i g 39 s h o ws a
.
,

s tree t i n H o l l a n d .

I n t h i s c a s e t h e fi rs t,

t h i n g we h av e to
d e te r m i n e i s wh e re
t h e i n te res t o f t h e
s u bj ec t ce n t res I n .

s u c h a p ers p ec t i v e
t h e s al i e n t p o i n t o f
39 F
FIG R O M A P H OTO G R A P H
t h e p i c tu r e o fte n .

l i es I n a fo r egro u n d b u i l d i n g o r I f t h e s t reet
,

b e m e r e l y a s e t t i n g fo r t h e r ep res e n tat i o n o f
s o m e i n c i d e n t i n a gro u p o f fo regro u n d fig
,

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.

pl aced i n t h e fo regro u n d t h e di s ta n t v a n i s h i n g
,

l i n e s o f t h e s t r e e t b e i n g re n de red m o re o r l e s s
vagu el y I n t h e p res e n t s u bj ec t h oweve r t h e
.
, ,

co n ve r g i n g s k y a n d s t ree t l i n es a r e b ro ke n b y
t h e q u a i n t c l o ck to we r T h i s a n d t h e bu i l d i n gs
.

u n der n ea t h i t ap p eal t o u s a t o n ce a s t h e m o s t
 PRACTICAL PR O BL EMS 67

i m p o r ta n t e l e m e n t s o f t h e p i c tu re T h e n ea r e r
.

b u i l d i n gs p res e n t n o t h i n g i n t r i n s i ca l l y i n ter
es t i ng a n d t h e refo r e s e r v e n o b e t te r p u rp o s e
,

t h a n t o l ead t h e e ye t o t h e ce n tre o f i n te re s t .

W h a tev e r a c tu al v al u es t h es e i n te r m ed i at e
b u i l d i n gs hav e t ha t w i l l h i n d er t h e i r u s e fu l
n es s i n t h i s r ega r d c a n t h e refo re b e ch a n ged
, ,

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t e r it y o f t h e s ke tc h o r cau s i n g a n y p a n gs o f
g
co n s c i e n ce .

T h e b u i l d i n g o n t h e ex t r e m e l eft s h o ws v ery
s t ro n g co n t r a s ts o f c o l o r i n t h e b l ac k s h ad o w
o f t h e eav e s a n d o f t h e s h o p fro n t b el o w —
.

T h e s e co n t ras ts co m i n g a s t h e y d o a t t h e edge
,

o f t h e p i c t u re a re b ad T h ey wo u l d ac t l i ke
,
.

a s h o wy fra m e o n a del i ca t e d r a wi n g keep i n g ,

t h e ey e fro m t h e r eal s u bj ect I t m ay b e o b

.

e c t e d h o weve r t h a t i t i s n atu ra l t h a t t h e co n
j , ,

t r a s t s s h o u l d b e s t ro nge r i n t h e fo r eg r o u n d .

Y e s ; b u t i n l o o k i n g s t rai gh t a t t h e cl o c k to we r
o n e d o e s n o t s ee a n y s u c h d a r k s had o w a t t h e
t o p o f t h e v e ry u n i n teres ti n g b u i l d i n g i n t h e
l eft fo regro u n d T h e ca m e ra s aw i t b ecau se
.
,

t h e c a m e r a w i t h i ts h u n d red e yes s ee s eve ry

th i n g a n d d o e s n o t i n te res t i ts el f ab ou t a n y
,

o n e th i n g i n pa rt i cu l ar B es i d es i f t h e keep e r
.
,

o f t h e s h o p h ad t h e b ad ta s te t o p a i n t i t da rk
we a r e n o t b o u n d t o m ake a reco rd o f th e fac t ;
n o r n eed w e as su m e t h a t i t was d o n e o u t o f
r ega rd t o th e p i c to r i a l p o s s i b i l i t i es o f t h e
s t ree t W e d eci de t h e re fo re t o re n de r a s
.
, , ,
 PEN DRAWING
fa i t h fu l l y as w e m ay t h e v a l u es o f t h e cl o c k
,

t o we r a n d i t s i m m ed i a t e s u rro u n d i n gs a n d to ,

d i s reg a rd t h e d i s co rda n t el e m e n t s a n d we h ave

n o h es i ta t i o n i n s el ec t i n g fo r p ri n ci p al e m p h a
s is i n o u r d raw i n g ,
F i g 4 0 t h e s h ado w u n d e r
.
,

t h e p roj ec t i n g b u i l d i n g T h i s d ar k a cce n t w i l l
.

co u n t b r i l l i a n tl y a ga i n s t t h e fo r egro u n d a n d
th e wal l s o f t h e b u i l d i n gs w h i c h w e w i l l t r ea t
,

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,

e n c e s I n va l u e s h ow n I n t h e p h o tograph We .

re ta i n h o wev er t h e l i te r a l v al u e s o f t h e cl ock
, ,

t owe r a n d t h e b u i l d i n gs u n de r n e a t h i t a n d ,

exp re s s a s n earl y as w e c a n t h e i r i n te r es t i ng
vari a t i o n s o f tex t u re T h e b u i l d i n gs o n t h e
.

r i gh t a r e t o o b l ac k i n th e p h o tog r ap h a n d ,

t h es e as wel l a s t h e s h a d o w t h ro w n ac ro s s t h e
,

s t ree t we w i l l co n s i d e rab l y l i gh te n A fte r

,
.

s o m e e x p e ri m e n t we fi n d t h a t th e b u i l d i n g o n
,

t h e e x t re m e l eft i s a n u i s a n ce a n d w e o m i t i t
,

E ve n t h e n t h e o n e wi th t h e b al co n y n ex t to
,
.

i t re qu i res t o b e t o n ed d o w n i n i t s s t ro n g
va l u es a n d s o t h e s h a do ws h ere a re m ade
,

m u c h l igh t er t h e w al l s b ei n g k ep t w h i te I t
,
.

w i l l b e fo u n d t h a t a ny t h i n g l i k e a s t ro n g e m
p h as i s o f t h e p roj ec t i n g eave s o f t h e b u i l d i n g
o

wo u l d d e t rac t fro m t h e e ffec t o f th e to we r s o ,

t h a t t h e s h adow u n d e r t h e eav e s is t h e r efo r e , ,

m ad e graye r t h a n i n th e p h o t o grap h w h i l e ,

t h a t o f t h e b al co n y b e l o w i s m ade s tro n ge r
th an th e S h ado w o f t h e eav es b u t i s l i gh te n ed
,

a t t h e edge o f t h e d raw i n g to t h ro w t h e e m y

p has i s t o wa rd t h e ce n t re .
70 P E N DRAWING
T o a dd i n te r e s t t o t h e p i c tu r e a n d m o r e
,

e s p ec i a l l y t o gi v e l i fe t o t h e s h ad ows s ever a l
,

figu r es a re i n t r o d u ced I t w i l l b e n o t i ced t ha t

.

th e ca r t i s i n s e r ted a t t h e fo cal p o i n t o f t h e
d ra w i ng t o b e t te r a s s i s t t h e p e r s p ec t i v e
.
 CHA P TE R V I

ARCH ITECT URAL D RAWING

’
I t is b u t a few y ea rs s i n ce arch i tec ts p e r s p e c
t iv e s w e re b u i l t u p ( i t wo u l d b e a m i s tak e
“
to s a y d raw n by m ea n s o f a T s q u a re a n d —

t h e r u l i n g p e n ; a n d i f a rc h i tec tu ra l d raw i n g
h a s n o t q u i te k ep t p ace w i t h th a t fo r ge n e r a l
i l l u s t ra t i o n s i n c e a b ackwa rd gl a n ce ov e r t h e
,

p r o fes s i o n al m ag a z i n es e n co u rage s a feel i n g o f

co m p a r a t i v e co m p l ace n cy T h a t s o h i gh a .

s ta n d a r d o r s o a rt i s t i c a c h a r a c te r i s n o t o b s e r v
a b l e in a rc h i tec tu ral a s i n ge n e ra l i l l u s t rat i o n
i s I t h i n k n o t d i fficu l t to exp l a i n V e ry few
, ,
.

o f t h e c l ev e r a rc h i tec tu ra l d rau gh t s m e n a re
i l l u s t r a to r s b y p ro fe s s i o n F ew e ve n o f t h o se
.
‘

w h o a re ge n e r a l l y k n o w n as i l l u s t r a to rs are ,

a n y t h i n g m o re —
I s h o u l d p e rh ap s s a y a n y
t h i n g [err —
th a n v e rs a t i l e a rch i tec ts ; a n d ye t
M r P e n n el l w h o wo u l d ap pea r t o as s u m e I n
.
, ,

h is b o o k o n d raw i n g th a t t h e p o i n t o f V i ew o f
,

t h e a rc h i tec t i s n o r m al l y p i c t o ri al s eem s a t a ,

l o s s t o e x p l a i n w h y M r R o be r t B l u m fo r in
.
,

s ta n ce ca n i l l u s t ra te a n a rc h i tec tu ral s u bj ec t
,

m o re a rt i s t i cal l y t h a n a n y o f t h e d rau g h t s m e n
i n t h e p ro fe s s i o n . W i th o u t accep t i n g h i s
p re m i s es i t i s r e m a rkab l y c red i tab l e to a rch i
,
 PEN DRAWING
tec tu r e t ha t i t co u n ts a m o n g i t s m em b e r s i n
t h i s co u n t ry s u c h m e n a s M r B G G o o d hu e . . .

a n d M r W i l so n E y re Jr a n d i n E n gl a n d
.
,
.
,

s u c h t h o ro u gh ar t i s t s a s M r P re n t i ce a n d .

M r E r n es t G eo rge
. m e n k n o w n eve n t o
—

d i s ti n c ti o n fo r t h ei r s k i l l a l o n g l i n es o f p u r el y
a r ch i tec tu ral p rac ti ce y e t a n y o n e o f w h o m
,

wo u l d I ve n tu re t o say ca u s e co n s i de ra b l e d is
, ,

p l ace m e n t d i d h e i n v ade t h e r a n k s o f m agaz i n e

i l l u s t ra t o rs M o r eo ve r (a n d t h e s u gges ti o n
.

i s n o t u n k i n d l y o ffered ) we re th e a rch i tec ts

,

a n d th e i l l u s t r a to r s 't o c h a nge p l ac es a r c h it e c
tu re wo u l d s u ffer m o s t by t h e p r o ces s .

T h a t t h e ave rage a r c h i tec t s h o u l d b e in

cap ab l e o f ar t i s t i ca l l y i l l u s t r a t i n g h i s o w n d e
S i gn o u gh t I t h i n k t o b e l es s a n o cc a s i o n fo r
, , ,

s u r r I s e t h a n t h a t few p a i n te rs w h o s e p o i n t o f
p ,

V i ew i s e s s e n t i al l y p i c t o ri al ca n m ake eve n a
,

t o l erab l e i n te rp re ta ti o n i n l i n e o f t h e i r o w n
p ai n t i ngs B e i t re m e m b e r e d th a t t h e p i ct u r e s
.

m ade b y t h e a rch i tec t a re s el do m t h e r eco r ds

o f ac tu al i t i es T h e b u i l d i n gs t h e m se l v e s a re
.

m e rel y co n te m p l a ted a n d th e i l l u s t r a t i o n s
,

a re wo rked u p fro m geo m e t r i cal el ev a t i o n s

i n t h e o ffi ce v e r y v e r y fa r fr o m N a tu re
, ,
.

M o r eo ve r t h e s u bj ec ts are n o t i n fr eq u e n t l y
,

s u c h a s l e n d t h e m s el ves w i t h a n i l l grace t o
p i c tu res q u e i l l u s t ra t i o n T h e s t ru c tu re t o b e
dep i c ted m ay fo r i n s ta n ce b e a h eav y cu b i ca l
, ,

m as s w i t h a bal d u n i n t e r es t i n g s ky l i n e ; o r i t -

m a y b e a tal l o f fice b u i l d i n g i m p o s s i b l e t o ,
 ARCH ITECTURAL DRAWING 73

r eco n ci l e w i th n a t u ral acce s s o ri e s e i th e r i n p i c

t o r ia l s cal e o r i n co m p o s i ti o n T h e s e n a t u r al
.

c c e s s o r ie s to o t h e d rau gh ts m a n m u s t w i t h
, , ,

a n o ccas i o n al reco u rs e to h i s p ho tograp h a l

b u m evo l v e o u t o f h i s i n n e r co n s c i o u s n es s
, .

W h e n i t i s fu rt h e r co n s i de red th a t s u c h s t ru e
t u re s eve n wh e n ac tu al i t i e s are u n co m p r o m i s
, ,

in g l y s t i f f a n d i m m ac u l at e i n t h e i r n ew n es s ,

p r e s e n t i n g ab s o l u tel y n o n e o ft h o s e i n teres t i n g
acc i de n t s s o d ea r to th e ar t i s t a n d p er h a ps w i t h
,

n o t h i n g wh a tev e r ab o u t t h e m o f p i c tu res q u e
s u gges t i o n we h av e a p ro b l e m p res en ted wh i c h
,

i s s o m ewh a t a n al ogo u s t o t ha t p res e n ted b y

t h e s c u lp t u re s q u e p o s s i b i l i t i es o f fas h i o n abl e
t ro u s er i n g . T h a t wi t h s u ch u n i n s p i ri n g co n
,

d it io n s a rc h i tec tu ral i l l u s t ra t i o n do es n o t de
,

v elo
p s o i n te res t i n g a c h a rac te r n o r a t ta i n to
so
'
h i gh a s ta n da rd as d i s t i n gu i s h es ge n eral
i l l u s t ra t i o n i s n o t t o b e wo n de red a t I t is .

r a t h e r a n o ccas i o n fo r s u rp r i se t h a t i t e x h i b i t s
s o l i t tl e o f t h e a r t ific ia l it y o f t h e fa s h i o n p l ate —

a fte r al l a n d t h a t t h e b e t te r pa r t o f i t a t l eas t
, , ,

i s n ot m o re u n wo r th y t h a n figu r e i l l u s t ra t i o n
wo u l d b e we re i t d en i ed t h e i n val u ab l e a i d o f
t h e l i v i n g m odel S o m u c h b y way o f ap o l og y
.

T h e a rc h i tec t u ral pe rs p ect i v e h o weve r I s TI

, ,
.

A
n o t t o b e regard ed p u re l y fro m t h e p i c to ri al g gy;
"
p o i n t o f V i ew I t i s a n i l l u s t r a t i o n fi rs t a V e
.
,
i w

p i c t u re a fte rwa r d s a n d a l m o s t i n va ri ab l y deal s

,

w i t h a n i nd i v i d u a l b u i l d i n g w h i c h i s t h e e s
,

s e n t ia l s u bj ec t . I h is b u i l d i n g ca n n o t t h e re
,
74 P E N DRAWING
fo re b e m ad e a m ere fo i l fo r i n te r e s t i n g p i c
,

t u r e s u e r ie s n o r s u b o rd i n a ted to a n y
q , sc e n I c

e ffec t o f l a n ds cape o r C h i a ro s cu r o N a t u r a l .

acces s o ri es o r i n te re s t i n g b i t s o f s t r ee t l i fe m ay
b e add ed t o gi v e i t a n a p p r o p r i a te s e t t i n g ;
b u t t h e r es u l t m u s t c l earl y r e a d B u i l d i n g ,
”
w i t h l a n d scap e n o t L a n ds c a p e w i t h b u i l d
, ,

In
g .

M u c h s ugges t i o n fo r t h e s y m p a t h e t i c h a n d
l i n g o f p ar t i cu l a r s u bj ec ts m ay b e fo u n d i n
t h e c h a ract e r o f t h e a rc h i tec tu re i ts el f T h e .

i l l u s t ra t o r o u gh t t o e n t e r i n to t h e s p i r i t o f t h e
d es i gn e r o u gh t t o fee l j u s t w h a t n a t u ra l a c
,

c e s s o r ie s l e n d t h e m s el ve s m o s t h ar m o n i o u sl y

t o t h i s o r t h a t p a r t i cu l a r ty p e I f t h e a rc h i
.

tec t u re b e q u a i n t a n d p i c t u res q u e i t m u s t n o t
h ave p ro s a i c s u rro u n d i n gs I f o n t h e o t h e r
.
,

h a n d i t b e fo rm a l o r m o n u m e n tal t h e ch a r
, ,

ac te r a n d s ca l e o f t h e acce s s o r i es s h o u l d b e
”
acco rd i n gl y s e ri o u s a n d d i gn i fi ed T h e t e n
d e r i n g o u gh t a l s o t o v a ry w i th t h e s u bj ec t ,

a free p i c t u res q u e m a n n er fo r t h e o n e a m o r e ,

s t u d i ed a n d res p o n s i b l e h a n dl i n g fo r t h e o t h e r .

T ec h n i q u e i s t h e l a n gu age Of a r t a n d a s t i ff
,

p o m p o u s p h ras e o l o gy w i l l acco rd i l l w i t h a
s t o ry o f q u a i n t h u m o r o r p a t h o s wh i l e t h e
,

h o m el y d i c t i o n t ha t m i gh t a n s we r v e ry we l l
wo u l d b e s u re t o s tru ggl e a t a d i s a dv a n tage
‘

wi t h t h e s ta te l y m ea n i n gs a n d d i p l o m a t i c s u b
t l e t ie s o f a s t a te d o cu m e n t .
 A R C H I T E C T U R A L D R AW I N G 75

I t w o u l d b e we l l fo r t h e s tu de n t befo r e ,

v e n tu r i n g u p o n wh o l e s u bj ec t s to l ea r n t o ,

re n de r d e ta i l s s u c h a s w i n d ows co r n i ces e tc
, , ,
.

W i n d o ws are a m o s t i m p o rta n t fea tu re o f t h e

a rch i tec t u ra l d raw i n g a n d t h e b egi n n er m u s t
,

s t u d y t h e m carefu l l y exp e ri m e n t i n g fo r t h e
,

m e t h o d w h i c h w i l l b e s t rep res e n t t he i r gl as s y
s u rface s N o m a te ri al giv e s s u c h p l ay o fl ig h t
.

a n d s h ad e a s gl as s do es O n e w i n dow 1 3 n ev e r
.

ab s o l u tel y l i ke a n o t h e r ; s o t h a t w h i l e a cer ta i n
u n i fo r m i t y i n th e i r v a l tie m ay b e req u i red fo r
b read t h o f e ffec t i n t h e d raw i n g o f a b u i l d i n g ,

t h ere i s p l e n t y o f o p p o r tu n i ty fo r i n c i d e n ta l
va r i e ty i n t h e i r t rea t m e n t .

A few p rac t i ca l h i n t s o n t h e re n deri n g o f

w i n do ws m ay p rov e s erv i ceab l e A l way s e m .

p h a s iz e th e sa s h W . h e r e t h ere i s n o r eces s ,

a s i n w o od e n b u i l d i n gs s tre n gth e n t h e i n n e r
,

l i n e o f s as h a s i n F i g 4 1
,
. I n m as o n ry b u i l d
.

i n gs t h e fra m e a n d s as h ca n b e gi v e n t h e i r
p ro p e r v al u es t h e a rea o f wo o d b e i n g t rea ted
,

b ro ad l y w i t h o u t r egard to t h e i n d i v i du a l
,

m e m b e rs T h e w o o d m a y h o wev e r b e l eft
.
, ,

w h i t e i f r eq u i red a s wo u l d b e t h e cas e i n C o
,

l o n ia l d es i g n s I n e i t h e r c as e t h e da r k s h ado w
.

w h i c h t h e s as h cas t s o n t h e gl a s s s h o u l d b e
s ugge s ted i f t h e s cal e o f t h e d rawi n g b e s u c h
,

a s t o p er m i t o f i t D o n o t try t o s h o w t o o
.

m uc h O n e i s a p t t o m ake a fu s s y e ffec t i f
.
, ,

fo r i n s ta n ce o n e i n s i s t s o n a l wa y s s had i n g t h e
,

s o ffi t o f t h e m as o n r y o pe n i n g e s p ec i a l l y i f t h e
,
76 P E N DRAWING
s cal e o f t h e d raw i n g b e s m al l B es i d es a w h i te
.
,

s o ffi t i s n o t a fa l s e b u t m e rel y a fo rce d v al u e ,

a s i n s t r o n g su n

l i gh t t h e r e flec te d
l i gh t i s c o n s i de ra
bl e I f th e fra m e
.

b e l eft w h i te h o w
,

e v e r t h e s o ffi t
,

o u gh t to b e s h aded ,

o t h erw i s e i t w i l l
b e d i ffi cu l t t o k eep
t h e v a l u es d i s t i n c t.

I n r e s p e c t o fw o o d
e m b u i l d i n gs t h e re

i s n o n eed t o a l
way s co m p l e te t h e
m o u l d i n gs o f th e
arc h i t rav e N o t i ce
.

i n F ig 4 1 that i n
.
,

t h e w i n do w wi t h
o u t th e m u n t i n s , FIG
4 , 1 CM . R .

t h e m ou l d i ngs
h av e b ee n ca rr i ed r o u n d th e t o p t o gi v e c o l o r ,

b u t t h a t i n th e o t h e r t h ey a re m e rel y s ugge s ted

a t t h e c o r n e rs s o a s t o a v o i d co n fu s i o n C are
.

s h o u l d b e ta ke n t o av o i d m ech a n i ca l r e n deri n g
o f t h e m u n t i n s F o r t h e gl a s s i ts el f a u n i
.
,

fo r m l y fla t to n e i s t o b e av o i ded T h e t o n es
.

s h o u l d s o fte n vagu el y I t wi l l b e fo u n d t o o
.
, ,

t h a t i t is n o t adv i s ab l e t o h a v e a s t r o ng da r k
e ffec t a t t h e t o p o f t h e w i n d ow a n d a n o t h e r a t
t h e b o t to m ; o n e s h o u l d p r e d o m in a t e f
78 P E N DRAWING
i t T o o b ta i n fo r t h i s
.

s h ado w th e v ery d i s
t i n c t val u e wh i c h i t
o u gh t t o h av e h o w ,

ever do es n o t req u i re
,
.

t h a t t h e ro o f b e kep t
al way s m u ch l i gh te r
t h a n i t I n th e gab l e
.

r o o f i n F i g 57 t h e .
,

to n e o f t h e ro o f i s
s h aded l i gh te r a s i t
ap p ro ach es t h e eav e s ,

so t ha t t h e S h ado w
m a y co u n t m o re em
p h a ti cal l y T h i s o r
.

de r m ay b e r eversed ,

a s i n t h e cas e o f a
b u i l d i n g w i t h dar k L _ ‘

r o o fa n d l i gh t wal l s i n ,

w h i c h cas e t h e s h ado w
m ay b e graye r t h a n
t h e l o wer p o rt i o n o f
“
t h e ro o f a s i n B i n
,

Fig 44. .

B u t t h e b eg i n n e r
s h o u l d n o t y e t h u rry
o n t o wh o l e s u bj ec ts FI G 2 G E O R G E F N E WT O N
.

4 . .

A c h u rc h p o r ch a s i n ,

F i g 3 5 o r a d o r m e r w i t h it s s h a do w cas t o n
.
,

a ro o f a s i n F i g 4 3 wi l l b e j u s t a s b e n e fic i al
, .
,

a s t u dy fo r h i m a s a n e n t i re bu i l d i n g a n d ,
 A R C H I T E C T U R A L D R AW I N G 79

w i l l a ffo rd q u i te a s go o d a n o p p o r t u n i ty fo r
t es t i n g h is k n o w l e d g e o f t h e p r i n c i p l es o f
p e n d raw i n g w i t h t h e
,

a dded a dva n tage t h a t

e i t h er o f t h e s u bj ec t s
m e n ti o ned can be
m a p p ed o u t i n a few
m i n u tes a n d t h a t a
,

fa i l u r e o r two t h e r e
,

fo r e w i l l n o t p ro v e s o
,

d i s co u ragi n g a s i f a
m o r e i n t r i ca te s u bj ec t
h ad t o b e r e d raw n I .

h av e k n o w n p ro m i s
i n g b egi n n e r s to g i v e
u p pe n a n d i n k d r a w
i n g I n d es p ai r becau s e
t h ey fo u n d t h e m s el ve s
u n e q u a l t o s u bj e c t s
wh ich wo u l d h ave
p r e s e n ted n o t a few
d i ffi cu l t i e s to th e ex
e r ie n c e d i l l u s t r a to r
p .

VV h e n t h e b e g i n n e r
g r o w s fa i n t h ea rted FI G 3
-

,
C D M
.
4 . . .

l e t h i m s ee k co n s o l a
t i o n a n d e n co u rage m e n t i n t h e t h o u gh t th a t
we re p e n d rawi n g s o m e t h i n g to b e m as te red
i n a wee k o r a m o n t h t h e re w o u l d b e s mal l
m e ri t i n t h e acco m p l i s h m e n t.

I t i s a c o m m o n fau l t o f s tu de n ts t o d i ve
 PEN DRAWING
i n to t h e p i c tu re u n t h i n k i n gl y b egi n n i ng a n y
,

Ge e r l wh ere
n a w i t h o u t t h e vagu es t p l a n o f a ge n e ra l
,
Sys e m
t
e ffec t w h e re as i t i s o f t h e u t m o s t i m p o r ta n ce
,

t h a t ev ery s tro k e o f t h e p e n b e m ad e w i t h in
t e l l i e n t r eg a rd t o t h e u l t i m a te r es u l t T h
g e .

fo l l o w i n g ge n eral m e t h o d w i l l b e fo u n d v a l u a
ble.

P e n ci l t h e o u tl i n e o f t h e e n t i re s u bj ec t b e
fo r e b egi n n i n g t h e p e n wo r k I t w i l l n o t d o
.

t o s t a r t o n t h e re n d er i n g as s o o n a s th e b u i l d
i n g a l o n e is p e n cil l ed o u t l eav i n g t h e acce s
,

s o r i e s t o b e pu t I n as o n e go e s a l o n g The
.

adj ace n t b u i l d i n gs t h e fo l i age a n d ev e n th e

, ,

figu res m u s t b e d raw n —

care fu l l y d raw n
b e fo re t h e p e n i s ta ke n u p T h e w h ol e su b
.

j e c t fr o m th e v ery b egi n n i n g s h o u l d b e u n de r

co n tro l a n d t o t h a t e n d i t b eco m e s n eces s ar y

,

t o hav e al l t h e e l e m en t s o f I t p re arra n ged .

N ex t s c h e m e o u t th e v al u es Th i s is th e
.

t i m e t o d o t h e t h i n k i ng D o n o t s tar t ou t
.

r a s h l y a s s o o n a s ev e ry th i n g i s o u t l i n ed i n
p e n ci l co n fide n t I n t h e b el i ef t h a t al l Wi n do ws
, ,

fo r i n s t a n ce a re da rk a n d t h a t yo u m a y a s
, ,

wel l m ak e t h e m s o a t o n ce a n d b e d o n e w i t h
t h e m T h i s w i l l b e o n l y to co u r t d i s as te r
. .

B es i des al l w i n dows a re n o t da r k ; t h ey m ay
,

b e v e r y l i gh t i n d eed T h e co l o r val u e o f
.

n o t h i n g i s a b s o l u t e A s hado w m ay s ee m a l
.

m o s t b l a ck t i l l a figu r e p as s e s i n to i t w h e n i t
,

m a y b eco m e q u i te gray b y co m pari s o n S o a .

w i n d o w w i th t h e s u n s h i n i n g fu l l u p o n i t o r ,
 A R CH I T E C T U R A L D R AW I N G 81

eve n o n e i n s h ade o n w h i c h a re flected l igh t

,

i s ca s t m ay b e b ri l l i a n tl y l i gh t u n t i l th e n ex t
,

i n s t a n t a c l o u d sh ad o w i s re flec te d i n i t m a k ,

i n g i t de n s el y b l ac k A rra n ge t he va l u es
.
,

t h e r efo re w i t h re fe ren ce t o o n e ge n era l e ffec t

, ,

d ec i d i n g fi rs t o f al l o n th e d i rec t i o n o f th e
l i gh t S h o u l d th i s b e s u c h a s t o th ro w l arge
.

a re a s o f s h ado w t h es e m as s e s o f gray w i l l b e
,

i m p o rta n t el e m e n t s i n t h e co l o r sc he m e A n—
.

exce l l e n t way to s tu d y val u es i s t o m ake a

t rac i n g pap e r co p y o f t h e l i n e d raw i n g a n d t o
-

exp e r i m e n t o n t h i s fo r t h e co l o r w i t h c h arco al ,

m a k i n g s ev e ral s k e tc h e s i f n eces s a r y A fte r .

h a v i n g d e te rm i n ed o n a s at i s fac to ry s ch em e ,

p u t fix a t ifo n t h e ro ug h s ke tch a n d keep i t i n

s i gh t O th erw i s e o n e is l i ab l e e s p ec i al l y i f
.
, ,

t h e s u bj ec t i s a n i n t ri ca t e o n e t o b e l ed as t r ay
,

b y l i t tl e o p p o r tu n i t i e s fo r i n te r es t i n g e ffec ts
h e re a n d t h e re o n l y t o d i sco ve r wh e n t o o l at e
, , ,

t h a t th es e e ffec t s d o n o t h a n g t oge t h e r a n d
t h a t t h e d r a w i n g h as l o s t it s b read t h T h e .

ro u gh s ke tch i s to t h e d rau gh t s m a n wh a t m a n
u sc r i t n o te s are to t h e l ec t u re r
p .

D o n o t b e o ve r c o n s c i o u s o f d e ta i l
-
It .
Tr ea t mer
D e ta t
i s a co m m o n wea k n es s o f t h e a r c h i tectu ra l
d rau gh ts m a n t o b e to o s op h i s t i cated i n h i s
p i c t o ri al i l l u s t rat i o n H e k n o ws s o m u c h
.

ab o u t t h e b u i l d i n g t ha t n o m a t te r h o w m a n y
t h o u sa n d y a r d s away fro m i t h e m ay s ta n d h e
wi l l se e t h i n gs t h a t wo u l d n o t rev e a l th e m
s el ve s to a n o t h e r w i t h t h e a s s i s ta n ce o f a fie l d
82 PEN DRAWING
gl a s s H e is co n s c i o u s o f t h e fa c t th at t h e r e
.

a re j u s t s o m a n y b r i c k co u r s e s to th e fo o t ,

th a t t h e cl a p b o a rd s a re l a i d j u s t s o m a n y
i n ch es t o th e wea t h e r t h a t th e re a re j u s t s o
,

m a n y m o u l d i n gs i n t h e b el t co u rs e that ,

eve ry th i n g i n ge n e ral i s v e ry v ery m a t h e ,

m a t ic a l T h i s is n o t b ec a u s e h is p o i n t o f
.

v i ew i s to o bi b u t b ecau s e i t i s t o o s m a l l
g ,
.

H e w h o s ees s o m u c h n eve r b y a n y c h a n ce
s ees t h e w lool e bu ild ing L e t h i m t ry to t h i n k
.

b ro ad l y o f t h i n gs E v e n s h o u l d h e s u cceed
.

i n fo rge t t i n g s o m e o f t h es e fa ct i t i o u s de t a i l s ,

t h e r es u l t w i l l s t i l l b e s t i ff e n o ugh s o h ar d is ,
’
i t t o r e adj u s t o n e s a t t i tu d e a fte r m a n i p u l a t i n g
-

t h e T S q u are I s t ro n g l y reco m m e n d a s a n
-
.
,

i n val u ab l e a i d t o ward s u c h a r e a dj u s t m e n t th e ,

h ab i t o f s k e tch i n g fro m N a t u re ,
fro m t h e
figu r e d u r i n g t h e w i n te r ev e n i n gs a n d o u t o f ,

d o o rs I n s u m m e r .

T h e b egi n n e r i s ap t t o fi n d h i s e ffec ts a t
fi rs t ra th e r h a rd a n d m ech a n i cal a t t h e b es t ,

b ecau s e h e h as n o t y e t a t ta i n ed th a t fr ee
d o m o f h a n d l i n g w h i c h i g n o res u n i m p o r ta n t
d e ta i l s s u gges t s rat h er t ha n s t a t es g i v e s I n
, ,

t e r e s t in v ariati on s o f l i n e a n d t o ne a n d
g ,

d i ffere n t i a te s tex tu re s A go o d p a r t o f t h e
.

u n p l ea sa n t n es s o f e ffec t w i l l u n do u b ted l y b e
fo u n d t o b e du e t o a m i s t a k e n r ega r d fo r
accu r a cy o f s t a t e m e n t i n d i v i d u a l m o u l d i n gs
,

b e i n g l i n ed in a s d e l i b e r a te l y a s i n t h e geo
m e t r i cal o ffice d raw i n gs a n d n o t a n egg n o r a
,
 A R C H I T E C T U R A L D R AW I N G 83

d ar t s l i gh t ed T a ke fo r exa m p l e th e c a s e of
.
, ,

a n o l d C o l o n i a l b u i l d i n g w i t h i t s w h i t e co r
n i ce o r a n y b u i l d i ng w i t h w h i te t ri m m i n gs
,
.

S ee t h e e f fec t o f s u c h a o n e i n a n e l eva t i o n
”
wh e r e a l l t h e de t a i l is d r a w n a s i n A F i g
, ,
.

44 . O b s e r v e t h a t t h e a m o u n t o f i n k n ece s

Gu m

FI G .
44 C . D . M .

s ar y to exp r e s s t h i s de tai l h a s m ade th e co r

n i ce d a r k e r t h a n t h e r es t o f t h e d r aw i n g a n d ,

ye t t h i s is q u i te t h e r eve r s e o f t h e v a l u e wh i ch
i t wo u l d h av e i n t h e a c t u al b u i l d i n g s e e B
,
.

T o o b t a i n t h e t ru e v a l u e t h e d i ffe r e n t m o u l d
i n gs wh i ch m a k e u p t h e co r n i ce s h o u l d b e
m e r e l y s u gges ted W h e r e i t i s n o t a q u e s t i o n
.

o f l o ca l c o l o r h o wev e r t h i s m a t te r o f el i m i n a
, ,

t i o n i s l a rge l y s u bj ec t to t h e ex i ge n ci e s o f r e
p r o d u c t i o n ; th e m o re p rec i se l y a n d i n tim a te l y
o n e a t te m p t s to re n d e r d e ta i l t h e s m a l l e r t h e
,

s c a l e o f th e t ec h n i q u e r eq u i r es to b e a n d th e
,
86 PEN DRAWING

H A R R Y A LL A N J A C OB S
el s e fo r t h a t m a t te r i n qu i te t h e sa m e w a y
, ,

a n d s o I ca n n o t p res e n t a n y a u th o r i ta t i ve
fo r m u l a fo r do i n g s o T h i s s u bj ec t h a s b e e n
.

t rea ted h o wev e r i n a p r e v io u s ch ap te r a n d

, , ,

n o th i n g n eed b e added h e re excep t t o c a l l a t

te n t i o n t o a n em p l oy m e n t o f fo l i age p ecu l i a r
 A R C H I T E C T U R A L D R AW I N G 87

t o a rch i tec tu ra l draw i n gs T h i s i s t h e b ro ad

.

s u gges t i v e r e n d e ri n g o fdar k l ea fage a t t h e s i des

o f a b u i l d i n g t o g i v e i t rel i ef T h e exa m p l e
,
.

s h ow n I n F i g 4 7 i s fro m o n e o f M r G regg s
. .

d r aw i n gs .

T h e r e n de r i n g o f t h e h u m a n figu re n eed n o t
b e d ea l t w i th u n d e r t h i s h ead a s figu re s i n a n
,

arc h i tec tu ra l s u bj ec t a re
o f n e c e s s i t y r e l a t i vel y
s m al l a n d t h e refo re h av e
,

to be ren dered very

b ro a dl y C a refu l d raw
.

i n g i s n o n e t h e l es s e s
s e n t ia l,
h owev e r i f t h e i r ,

“
u h

FI G .
47 D . A G R E GG
.

p re s e n ce i s to b e j u s t i fied ; a n d b adl y d raw n fig

u res fu r n i s h a tem p t i n g ta rge t fo r t h e c ri t i c of
a rch i tec t u ral p i c tu res C e r ta i n l y i t i s o n l y to o
.
,

ev i de n t t ha t th e p e o pl e u s u a l l y s ee n i n s u c h
p i c tu re s a re u t te rl y i n cap ab l e o f tak i n g th e
s l i gh te s t i n te re s t wh a teve r i n a rch i tec t u re o r i n ,

a n y t h i n g el se ; a n d n o t i n freq u e n t l y t h ey s ee m
88 PEN DRAWING
t o b e eve n m o re i m m ov a b l e o bj ec ts t h a n th e
b u i l d i n gs t h em s el ves s o fixed a n d i n flex i bl e a r e
,

t h ey S u c h figu res a s t h es e o n ly d e t ract fro m

.

t h e i n teres t o f t h e d raw i n g i n s tead o f a dd i n g

,

t o i t a n d th e d rau gh ts m a n w h o h a s n o s p ec i a l
,

ap t i tu d e is w i s e I n e i t h e r o m i t t i n g t h e m a l
t oget h er o r i n u s i n g v ery few a n d is p e rh a p s
, ,

s t i l l w i s e r i f h e e n t r u s t s t h e d raw i n g o f th es e
t o o n e o f h is a s s o c i a te s m o re acco m p l i s h e d i n
t h i s s p ec i al d i rec t i o n .

T h e fi rs t t h i n g t o deci d e i n t h e m a t te r of
figu r e s i s t h e i r a r r a n ge m e n t a n d gro u p i n g a n d ,

w h e n t h i s h a s b ee n d ete rm i n e d t hey s h o u l d b e
s ke tch ed i n l i gh tl y i n p e n c i l I n t h i s co n n ec
.

t i o n a fe w wo rd s b y way o f s u gges t i o n m a y b e
fo u n d u s efu l B e ca r efu l t o a v o i d a n y t h i n g
.

l i ke a n e qu a l s p ac i n g o f t h e figu res G ro u p t h e .

p eo p l e i n tere s t i n gl y I h ave s ee n a s m a n y a s
.

t h i rt y i n d i v i d u a l s i n a d raw i n g n o two o fw h o m
,

s ee m ed to b e acq u a i n t ed ,
a
—
ve ry u n h ap p y
co n d i t i o n o f a ffa i rs eve n fro m a p u rel y p i eto
r i a l p o i n t o fv ie w D o n o t ov e r em p h as i z e t h e
.

b as e o f a b u i l d i n g b y s t ri n gi n g a l l t h e figu re s
a l o n g t h e s i dewal k s . T h e l i n es o f th e c u rb s
w o u l d t h u s co n fi n e a n d fr a m e t h e m i n u n p l e a s
an tl B reak t h e co n t i n u i ty o f th e s t ree t l i n es
y .

w i t h figu res o r carr i ages i n t h e ro adwa y as i n ,

F i g 5 5 A fter t h e figu res h ave b ee n s a t is fa c

. .

t o r il y a r r a n ged ,
t h e y o u gh t t o b e c ar efu l l y
d r a w n a s to o u tl i n e I n d o i n g s o take p ai n s
.
,

t o va r y t h e p o s tu re s gi v i n g th e m ac t i o n a n d
, ,
90 P E N DRAWING
arch i tec tu ral p e n m a n fo r t h e s tu d y o f p r i n c i
—

p l es t h a n M r G regg A rch i tec tu ra l i l l u s t r a

. .

t i o n i n A m e ri ca o we s m u c h t o h i s i n fl u e n ce

FI G .
48 D . A G R EG G
.

a n d i n deed h e m ay b e sa i d to h av e fu r n i s h ed
, ,

i t w i th a gra m m ar T ak e h i s d raw i n g o f th e
.

E ngl i s h co t tage s F i g 50 I t i s a m as te rl y
,
. .

p i ece o f p e n wo rk T h e re i s n o t a feeb l e o r
.
-

t e n ta t i v e s t ro k e i n th e w h o l e o f i t T h e co l o r
.

i s b ri l l i a n t a n d th e tex t u re s a re exp res s ed w i t h

wo n derfu l s k i l l T h e s t u de n t o ugh t t o care
.

fu l l y o b s erv e t h e re n de ri n g o f t h e va ri o u s ro o fs .

N o t i ce h o w t h e ch arac te r o f th e t h a tc h o n t h e
s eco n d co t tage d i ffe rs fro m t ha t o n t h e fi rs t ,

a n d h o w rad i ca l l y t h e m e t h o d o f re n der i n g o f
e i t h e r va ri es fro m t h a t u s ed o n t h e s h i n gl e
ro o f a t th e e n d o f t h e p i ctu re C o m p are al s o
.

t h e two n ea res t ch i m n ey s w i t h eac h o t he r a n d

wi t h t h a t s ee n o ver t h e to p s o f t h e t rees H e r e .
 A RC H I TE CTU RAL D R A W I N G 9 1

F IG .
H E R B ER T R A I L TO N
i s a d raw i n g by a n arc h i tec tu ral d rau gh ts m a n
o f a n arch i tec t u ra l a c t u a l ity a n d n o t o f a n a r t i
fic ia l ab s t rac t i o n
.
T h i s i s a fai re r gro u n d o n
wh i c h to m ee t t h e i l l u s t ra t o rs o f t h e p ic t u r
CS UC
q .
 PEN DRAWING

FIG .
50 D . A G R EG G
.

’
ru mp l es M r C a m p b el l s draw i n g
.
, 5 1 ,
i s a v e r y
go o d exa m p l e o f t h e re n de ri n g o f s to n e tex
t u res T h e o l d m as o n ry i s cap i tal l y exp res s ed
.

b y t he s h o r t i rregu l a r l i n e T h e s tu de n t is
.
94 PE DRAWING

FIG .
52 H E R B E R T R A I L TO N
adv i s ed t o s el ec t s o m e p o rt i o n o f th i s a s wel l
,

a s o f t h e p reced i n g e x a m p l e to co p y u s i n g , ,

n o m a t ter h ow s m al l t h e d rawi n gs h e m a y
m ake a p e n n o t s m al l e r t h a n n u m b e r 30 3
,

I k n o w o f n o arc h i tec tu ra l i l l u s t ra t o r w h o h i ts
s to n ewo rk o ff q u i te s o cl eve rl y as M r G o od .

h u e N o t i ce i n h i s d rawi n g o f th e m as o n ry
.
, ,

i n F i g 8 h ow th e s to n e s are p i ck ed o u t a n d
.
,

re n de re d i n d i v i du al ly i n p l ace s a n d h o w t h i s
i n t i m a te t rea t m e n t i s co n fi n e d t o t h e to p o f
9 6 P E N D RAWING

FI G .
54 C . F B R A G DO N
.

t h e t o we r w h e re i t tel l s aga i n s t t h e te x tu re s o f
th e va ri o u s r o o fs a n d h o w i t is t h e n m erged
i n a b ro ad gra y to n e wh i ch is ca rri ed t o th e
s tre e t M r R a il t o n s s k e tch es are fu l l o f
. .
’

cl eve r s ugges t i o n fo r t h e a rch i tec tu ra l i l l u s

t rato r i n t h e way o f te x t u re F i gs 7 a n d 5 2
. .

s h o w h is free re n de r i n g o f m as o n ry T h e l a t
.

ter i s a n es p ec i al l y ve ry go o d s u bj ec t fo r s t u dy .

O b s erve h o w wel l th e tex tu re te l l s i n t h e h i gh

p o r ti o n o f t h e a b u t m e n t b y r eas o n o f th e t h i ck ,

b ro ke n l i n es F o r a d i s ta n t e ffec t o f s to n e
.

t extu re t h e d rawi n g b y M r Ja c c a c i F i g 53 i s a
,
.
,
.
,

fi n e exa m p l e I n t h i s t h e r e n de ri n g i s co n fi n ed
.

m e rel y t o t h e o rga n i c l i n es o f t h e arch i tec tu re ,

a n d y e t th e tex t u re is cap i t al l y exp res s ed b y

98 E N DRAWING

FI G .
56 C . E . M A LLo w s

t h e q u al i t y o f t h e s t ro k e wh i ch i s l o o s e a n d
,

m u ch b ro ke n T h e ge n e ral res u l t is ext re m e l y

.

c ri s p a n d p l eas i n g F o r b ro ad re n der i n g o f
.

b ri c k tex tu re s p e rhap s th ere i s n o o n e wh o

,

sh o ws s u ch a m a s te rl y m e th o d a s M r G regg . .

A s m a y be s ee n i n h i s s ke tch o f th e b l ack s m i th
'

s h o p F i g 4 8 h e e m p l o y s a n i rregu l a r d rag
,
.
,

gi n g l i n e w i t h a grea t dea l o f fee l i n g T h e .

b ri ck p a n el b y M r B ragd o n F i g ,
. a n ea t
i ece o fw o r k T h ere 1 3 excel l e n t tex tu re to o
p .
, ,

I n t h e p i c t u re s q u e d raw i n g b y M r H a rv ey .

E l l i s F i g 55
,
. o b se rve t h e re n de ri n g o f t h e
ro u gh b r i ck s u rface a t th e l eft s i de o f t h e bu i l d
 A R C H I T E C T U R A L D R AW I N G 99

i ng A m o re i n t i m a te t re a t m e n t i h t i l l u s
. s t a

t r t d i n t h e d e ta i l b y M r
a e C E M al l ows . . .
,

th e E n gl i s h d ra ugh t s m a n F i g 56 I n th i s
,
. .

d r a w i n g h oweve r th e edge s o f t h e b u i l d i n g
, ,

a r e u n p l easa n tl y h a rd a n d a re s o m ewh a t o u t
,

o f c h arac te r w i t h t h e q u a i n t re n de ri n g o f t h e
s u rfaces M r G o o dh u e u s es a s i m i l ar t rea t
. .

m e n t a n d I t h i n k ra t h e r m o re s u cce s s fu l l y
, , ,

.O n t h e wh o l e t h e b ro ade r m e t h o d wh e re th e
, ,

text u re i s carr i ed o u t m o re u n i fo r m l y i s m o re ,

t o b e c o m m e n ded a t l eas t fo r t h e s tu d y o f t h e
,

b egi n n er S o m e exam p l e s o f s h i ngl e a n d s l a te

.

tex t u r es a re i l l u s t ra ted b y F i g 5 7 I t i s a d . .

v i s a b l e t o e m p l o y a l arge r p e n fo r t h e s h i ngl e ,

so as t o e n s u r e t h e req u i s i te c o a rse n es s o f
e ffec t .

T o favo rab l y i l l u s t ra te a n a rch i tec tu ral s u b

j e c t i t w i l l b e fo u n d ge n e ral l y exp ed i e n t to
g i ve
p ro m i n e n ce t o o n e p art i c u l a r e l eva t i o n i n t he
p e r s p ec t i ve t h e o t h e r b ei n g p e rm i t ted t o va n
,

is h s h a r p l y F i g 5 8 m ay be sa i d t o b e a
. .

fa i rl y ty p i cal p ro b l e m fo r t he a rch i tec tu ral p e n

m a n T h e ol d b u i l d i n g o n t h e ri g h t i t m u s t
.
,

b e u n d e rs to od i s n o t a m ere acces s o ry b u t i s
, ,

a n es se n t i al p a r t o f t h e p i c t u re T h e m at te r .

o f s u r ro u n d i n gs i s t h e fi rs t we h ave t o dec i de
u p o n a n d t h es e o u gh t al way s t o b e d i s p o s ed
,

w i t h r e fe re n ce t o th e pa rt i c u l a r fo rm o f co m
p o s i t i o n w h i c h t h e s u bj ec t m a y s ugges t W e re .

we d eal i n g w i t h t h e fo regro u n d bu i l d i n g a l o n e
t h e r e wo u l d b e n o d i f ficu l t y i n adj u s t i n g th e
I02 PEN DRAWING

FIG .
59 C . D . M .

fo r t h e c o n v e rgi n g l i n e s o f s i dewal k a n d ro o f ,

t h u s q u al i fy i n g t h e v e r t i ca l e ffec t o f t h e b u i l d
i n g o n th e righ t A s t h e o b l i q u i ty o f th e
.

c o m p o s i t i o n i s s t i l l o bj ec t i o n abl e we dec i de
,

to i n t ro du ce a fo regro u n d figu re wh i ch w i l l
b reak u p t h e l i n e o f t h e l o n g s i dewal k an d ,

p l ace i t s o t h a t i t w i l l i n creas e t h e i n l
f u e n ce o f
s o m e co n t ra ry l i n e s e e F i g 59 W e fi n d th a t
, , .

b y p u t t i n g i t a l i t t l e to t h e ri gh t o f th e e n
t ran ce a n d o n a l i n e w i th th a t o f th e l eft s i de
wal k th e p i c t u re i s p l eas i n gl y b al a n ced
,
.

W e a re n o w ready to co n s i d e r th e d i s p o s i
t i o n o f t h e v al u es A s I h av e s a i d befo re
.
,

t h es e a re d e te rm i n ed b y th e s ch e m e o f l i gh t
 A R C H I T E C T U R A L D R AW I N G 1 0
3

a n d s hade F o r t h i s reas o n a n y gi ve n s u bj ec t
.

m ay b e va r i o u s l y trea ted W e d o n o t n e c e s
.

s ari l y s ee k t h e s ch em e w h i ch w i l l m a ke t h e
m o s t p i c t o r i al e ffec t h o weve r b u t t h e o n e
, ,

w h i c h w i l l s e rv e t o s et o ff t h e b u i l d i n g t o t he
b es t a dva n tage I t I S ap pa re n t th a t t h e m o s t
.

i n te l l i gi b l e i dea o f t h e fo r m o f t he s t ru c tu re
w i l l b e g i v e n b y s h ad i n g o n e s i d e a n d as t h e, ,

fro n t i s t h e m o re i m p o r ta n t a n d t h e m o re in
t e r e s t in e l eva t i o n o n w h i c h we n eed s u n l i gh t
g ,

t o g i v e exp re s s i o n t o t h e co m p o s i t i o n i t i s ,

n a tu ra l to s h ade t h e o th e r t h u s a ffo rd i n g a
,

fo i l fo r t h e b r i gh t e ffec ts o n t h e fro n t T h i s .

b ri gh t e ffec t w i l l b e fu rt h e r e n h a n ced i f we
as s u m e t ha t t h e l o ca l co l o r o f t h e r o o fis darke r
t h a n t h a t o f t h e wal l s s o t ha t w e ca n gi v e i t a
,

gra y t o n e wh i ch w i l l a l s o m ake t h e m ai n b u i l d
'
,

in g s t a n d awa y fro m th e o th e r I f h oweve r

”
, ,

we we re t o l i k ewi s e as s u m e t ha t t h e ro o f o f
t h e o th e r b u i l d i n g w e re da rke r t h a n it s wal l s ,

we s ho u l d b e o b l i ged t o e m p h a s i z e t h e o bj e c
t io n a b l e r o o f l i n e a n d a s i n a n y cas e we w a n t
, , ,

a dark e ffec t l o we r d o w n o n t h e wal l s t o gi ve

r e l i e f to o u r m ai n b u i l d i n g we w i l l as s u m e
,

tha t th e l ocal co l o r o f t h e o l d e r wa l l s i s d arke r

t h a n t h a t o f t h e n ew T h e s h ado w o f t h e m ai n
.

co r n i ce w e wi l l m ak e q u i t e S t ro ng e m p ha s i s ,

b ei n g p l aced o n t h e n ea re r co rn e r w h i c h i s ,

m ad e al m o s t b l ack T h i s co l o r i s rep e a ted i n

.

t h e w i n d o ws wh i ch co m i n g a s t h e y d o i n a
, ,

gro u p a re s o m e o f t h e m m o re fi l l ed i n t h a n
,
1 04. P E N DRAWING
o t he rs t o av o i d a n e ffec t o f m o n o to n y T h e
, .

s tro n g n o te o f t h e d rawi n g i s th e n gi v e n by
t h e fo regro u n d figu re .

A n o th e r s ch em e fo r t h e t rea t m e n t o f t h i s
s a m e s u bj ec t is i l l u s t r a ted b y F i g 6 0 H e r e
. .
,

FI G . 60 c . D . M .

b y t h e i n tro d u ct i o n o f t h e t r ee a t t h e r i gh t o f
th e p ic t u r e a t r i a ngu l a r co m p o s i ti o n i s a do p ted
,
.

O b s e rve t h a t t h e S i d ew a l k a n d ro o f l i n es a t t h e
l eft s i de o f t h e b u i l d i n g r ad i a t e t o t h e b o t to m
a n d to p o f t h e t ree r es p ec t i v el y
.
. T h e S had o w
o f t h e t r ee h el p s to fo r m t h e b o t to m l i n e o f
th e t ri a ngl e I n t h i s c a s e t h e fo regro u n d fig
.

u r e is o m i t ted a s i t wo u l d h a v e m ad e t h e t r i
,

a ngu l a ri ty to o o b v i o u s .I n t h e co l o r s ch e m e
-

t h e t ree i s m ade t h e p r i n ci p al d ar k a n d t h i s
,
 C HA P TE R VI I

D E CO RATI VE D R AW I N G

I n al l m o de r n deco ra t i ve i l l u s t ra t i o n a n d , ,
in

deed in a l l d ep ar t m e n ts o f deco ra t i v e d es i gn
, ,

th e i n flu e n ces o f two v e ry d i ffe re n t a n d d is

t i n c t p o i n t s o f v i ew a re n o t i cea b l e ; t h e o n e
dem a n d i n g a real i s t i c t h e o t h e r a p u r e l y co n
,

ve n t i o n al a r t T h e l ogi c o f t h e fi r s t i s t h a t
.
,

a l l go o d p i c to r i a l a r t i s e s s e n t i al l y d eco ra t i v e ;
t ha t o f t h e s eco n d th a t t h e d eco r a t i v e s u bj ec t
,

m u s t b e d es i g n ed i n o rga n i c r e l a ti o n to t h e
s pace w h i c h i t I s t o o cc u p y a n d b e s o tre a ted
,

th at th e d e s i g n w i l l p r i m a r i l y fu l fil a p u rel y
o r n a m e n tal fu n c ti o n T h a t i s to s a y w ha t
.
,

eve r o f d ra m a t i c o r l i te ra ry i n te res t t h e d eco

r a t iv e des i g n m ay p o s s e s s m u s t b e as i t w e re , ,

wo v e n i n to i t s o t h a t t h e ge n e ral e ffec t s h a l l
,

p l ea s e a s i n s ta n t l y as d i rec tl y a n d a s i nd e
, ,

p e n d e n tl y o f t h e m ea n i n g a s th e pa t te r n o f
,

a n O r i e n tal r u g T h e fo rm e r i t w i l l b e s ee n
.
, ,

i s a n i m i ta t i ve t h e l at te r a n i n v e n t i ve a r t I n
,
.

th e o n e t h e e l e m en ts o f th e s u bj ec t a re re n
,

d e re d w i t h al l p o s s i b l e ii a t u r a l is m ; wh i l e i n ,

th e o th e r e ffec ts o f a t m o s p h e re a n d t h e acc i
,

de n tal p l ay o fl ig h t a n d s h ade are sac ri ficed t o

a co n v e n t i o n a l re n deri n g b y w h i c h t h e d es i gn
,
 DEC O RATIVE DRAWING 1 07

i s kep t fl a t u p o n t h e p ap e r o r wal l O n e .

r ep r es e n ts t h e p o i n t o f V i ew o f t h e p ai n te r a n d
t h e p i c to r i a l i l l u s t ra to r t h e o t h e r t h a t o f th e
d es i g n e r a n d t h e a rc h i tec t T h e s eco n d o r
.
,

co n ve n t i o n a l i d ea h a s n o w co m e t o b e w i del y
,

a ccep ted a s a t r u e bas i c p r i n c i p l e i n deco ra t i v e

art .

T h e i de a i s n o t b y a n y m ea n s n ov e l ; i t ha s Tb N c et

al way s b ee n t h e fu n dam e n ta l p r i n ci p le o fJa p g/22 De

"
s
’

a n es e a r t ; b u t i t s g en es i s w a s n o t I n J apa n .

T h e i m m ed i a t e i n s p i r a t i o n o f t h e n ew D eco ra
t i v e s ch o o l a s far a s i t i s co n ce rn e d w i t h t h e
,

dec o r a ti o n o f bo o k s a t l eas t was fo u n d i n t he

, ,

a r t o f D ii r e r H o l bei n a n d t h e G e r m a n e u
, ,

grave r s o f t h e s i x tee n t h ce n tu r y i n t ere s t i n

,

w h i c h p er i o d h a s b ee n l a te l y s o s t i m u l a ted b y
t h e A rt s a n d C raft s m o ve m en t i n E n gl a n d .

T h i s m o v e m e n t wh i c h m ay fai rl y b e rega rded

,

a s o n e o f t h e m o s t p o we rfu l i n flu e n ce s i n l a t
te r day a rt wa s b egu n w i t h t h e ai m o f res to r
-

i n g t h o s e h eal t h y co n d i t i o n s w h i c h o b ta i n ed
b efo re t h e a r ti s t a n d t h e c rafts m a n ca m e t o b e
two d i s t i n c t a n d ve r y m u ch e x t r a n g e d wo rk
e r s T h e a c t i v i ti e s O f t h e m o vem e n t we re a t
.

fi rs t m o re d i rec tl y co n ce r n ed w i t h t h e a r t o f
go o d b o o k m a k i n g wh i c h fr u c t ifie d i n th e fa
-

m o u s "e l m s co t t P res s (a n i n s t i t u t i o n wh i c h ,

w h i l e n ece s s a ri l y u n d e m o c ra t i c h as exe r ted a

,

t re m e n d o u s i n flu e n ce o n m o d e r n p ri n t i n g ) ,

a n d t o day t h e re i s s ca r cel y a n y s p h e re o f ih
—

d u s t r ia l a r t w h i c h h as n o t b ee n i n fl u e n ced by
t h e A rt s a n d C ra ft s i m p e tu s .
 PEN DRAWING
T h i s m od e r n d eco ra t i v e r e n a i s s a n ce h as a
"
r i t icisms r o o t i n s o u n d a r t p ri n c i p l es wh i ch p ro m i s es,

f t be
o
fo r I t a v i g o r o u s V i ta l i ty ; a n d p e rh ap s th e o n l y
36 11 0 01
s e ri o u s c r i t i c i s m w h i c h h a s b ee n d i rec ted aga i n s t
i t is t h a t i t e n co u rages a rch a i c c ru d i t i es o f tec h
,

n i q u e w h i c h i g n o re t h e h i gh deve l o p m e n t o f
t h e r ep ro du c t i v e p ro ces s e s o f th e p rese n t day ;
a n d m o reo v e r t h a t i t s sy m p at h i es te n d to wa rds
, ,

m ed i aeva l l i fe a n d feel i n g W h i l e s u c h a c r i t
.

ic is m m i gh t r eas o n ab l y b e s u gges ted by t h e

w o rk o f s o m e o f i t s i n d i v i d u al adh e re n t s i t ,

d o e s n o t t o u ch i n t h e l eas t t h e es s e n t i al p ri n
c i l e s o f th e s ch o o l A r t ca n n o t b e s ai d t o
p .

sco u t m oder n i t y b ecau s e i t refu s e s t o adj u s t '

i ts el f to t h e eve ry cap ri ce o f S c i e n ce T h e .

arch i tec t r a t h e r de s p i s es t h e m ec ha n i cal l y p er

fe c t b r i c k (ve ry m u c h to t h e s u rp r i s e o f th e
m a n u fac t u r e r ) a n d t h o ugh t h e ca m e ra ca n r e
co rd m o re t h a h t h e p en c i l o r t h e b r u s h ye t
,

t h e a r t i s t i s n o t t r y i n g t o s e e m o re th a n h e
eve r d i d b efo re T h e re a re to o m a n y dec
.
, ,

o r a t iv e i l l u s tra to rs wh o w h i l e v ery d i s ti n c tl y
,

co n fes s i n g t h e i r i n deb ted n e s s to o l d exam p l es ,

a re y e t p erfec tl y ecl ec t i c a n d i n d i v i d u al b o th ,

i n t h e c h o i ce a n d d e v e l o p m e n t o f m o t i ve
‘

T ak e fo r exa m p l e t h e v e r y m od er n s u bj ec t
, ,

o f t h e cycl i s t b y M r A B F ro s t F i g 6 1
. . .
,
. .

T h e r e a re no a rch a i s m s i n i t w h a tev e r T h e .

d r aw i n g i s a s n atu ral i s ti c a n d j u s t a s ca r efu l a s

i f i t we re des i gn ed fo r a p i c tu re T h e s had .

o ws t o o a re cas t gi v i ng a n e ffec t o f s tro n g

, , ,
 PEN DRAWING
t h o s e c a rt o o n s w h i c h a r e dev o i d o f p h ys i ca l
cari c a tu re (a n d t h e y are ge n eral l y fre e fr o m
t h i s ) we s e e a t a gl a n ce t h a t i t is t h e p o l i t i ca l
,

a n d n o t t h e p e r s o n a l rel a t i o n s o f t h e p ers o n a:
th a t a re r ep re s e n ted ; w h ereas i n t h e n a tu ral
is t ic c a r to o n s o f P u ck fo r exa m p l e o n e c a n n o t
, ,

r es i s t t h e feel i ng t h a t p e r s o n al i t i e s are b e i n g
r o u gh l y h a n d l ed .

A c h i ef p ri n c i p l e i n al l deco ra t i v e d es i g n
R cl a rio n a n d t re a t m e n t i s t h a t o f R el a t i o n I ft h e s p a ce
.

t o b e o r n a m e n ted b e a b o o k p age t h e des i gn

a n d t r e a t m e n t m u s t b e s u c h a s t o har m o n i z e
w i t h t h e p ri n t i n g T h e typ e m u s t b e c o n s id
.

e r ed a s a n e l e m e n t i n t h e de s i gn a n d a s t he , ,

e ffec t o f a p age o f t yp e i s b ro ad a n d u n i fo rm l y
fl a t t h e o r n a m e n t m u s t b e m ad e t o co u n t a s
,

b ro a d a n d fl a t l i k ew i s e T h e sam e p r i n ci p l e
.

h o l ds e q u a l l y i n m u ra l d eco r a ti o n T h ere t h e.

d es i gn o ugh t t o b e S u b o rd i n a te t o t h e ge n eral
e ffec t o f t h e a rch i tec tu re T h e wal l i s n ot t o
.

b e c o n s i d e red m e rel y a s a co n v e n i e n t p l a ce o n
w h i c h t o p l as te r a p i c tu re i t s s tru c tu ral p u r
,

p o s e m u s t b e reg a rded a n d t h i s c a n n o t b e
,

exp re s s ed i f t h e d e s i g n o r t r ea t m e n t b e p u r el y
p i c to r i al
—
i f v a gu e p e r s p ec t i v e d i s t a n ces a n d

s t ro n g fo regro u n d acce n t s b e u s ed w i t h o u t
s y m m e t r y o r o rd e r excep t t h a t o rder wh i ch
,

go ve r n s i ts el f al o n e I n o t h er w o r ds t h e dec
.
,

o ra t i o n m u s t b e o rg a n i c .

D eco r a t i ve i l l u s tr a t i o n s m ay b e b ro a d l y
cl as s i fi ed u n der t h ree h ead s as fo l l o ws : F i rs t ,
FI G . 62 A L F R E D G J O N ES
.
 PEN DRAWING
t h o s e w here i n t h e co m p o s i t i o n a n d t h e trea t
m e n t are b o t h co n v e n t i o n al as fo r exa m p l e , , ,

i n t h e ex l i b ri s by —

M r A G J o n es F i g
. . .
,
.

6 2 S eco n d w h ere th e
.
,

co m p o s i t i o n is n a tu
r a l is t ic a n d th e t reat
,

m e n t o n l y is c o n v e n
t io n a l as i n M r
,
.

F r o s t s d es i gn T h i rd
’

.
,

wh ere t h e co m p o s i
t i o n i s d eco rati v e b u t
n o t co n v e n t i o n a l a n d ,

t h e t rea t m e n t i s s e m i
n a t u r a l a s i n t h e d raw
,

i n g b y M r W al te r .

A p p l e to n C l a rk F i g ,
.

63 .
(T h e l a t te r s ub

e c t i s o f s u c h a c h ar
j
ac te r as t o l e n d i ts el f
w i t h o u t co n ve n t i o n t o FI G 6 CLA R"
w A P P L ET 0 N
3 . .

a d e c o r a t i v e e ffe c t ;
a nd al t h o ugh th e fi gu re i s m o del e d a s i n a
,

p i c to r i a l i l l u s t r a t i o n t h e o rg a n i c l i n e s a re s o
,

e m p h a s i z ed t h ro u gh o u t a s t o p res erv e t h e d ec
o r a t iv e c ha ra c te r a n d t h e wh o l e k eep s i t s p l ace
,

o n th e p age ) U n d e r t h i s t h i r d h ead wo u l d
.

b e i n cl ud ed t h o s e s u bj ec t s o f a p i c to r i al n a tu r e
w h o s e c o m p o s i t i o n a n d v al u e s are s u c h a s t o
m ak e t h e m r eco n c i l a b l e t o a deco r a t i ve u s e b y
m e a n s o f b o r de rs o v e r y defi n ed edges as i n
r
,
1 14 PEN DRAWING
h e a vy a n d y e t b e r i ch a n d feel i n g as m ay b e s ee n
, ,

i n t h e M u c ha des i gn F i g 6 5 G e n e ra l l y s p e a k
,
. .

i n g t h e l i n e o u gh t
,

n o t t o b e m ad e w i t h
a n e rv o u s s t ro ke b u t ,

ra t h e r w i th a s l o w ,

del i be r a t e d rag T h e
.

n a tu ral wav e ri n g o f
t h e h a n d n e ed o cca
s i o n n o a n x i e ty a n d
, ,

i n deed i t i s o fte n
,

m o re h el p fu l to t h e
l i n e t h an o t h e rwi s e .

P e rh ap s th e re i s
n o m o re d ifli c u l t ‘

t h i n g to d o wel l t h a n
t o m od e l th e figu r e MUCHA
wh i l e s t i l l p r e s e r v m g
t h e d eco ra t i ve o u tl i n e S eve ra l e x am p l e s o f
.

t h e s k i l fu l acc o m pl i s h m e n t o f t h i s p r o bIe m
are i l l u s t ra ted h e re O bs e rve fo r i n s ta n ce
.
, ,

h o w i n t h e q u a i n t D u re r l i ke d es i gn b y M r —
.

H o wa rd P yl e F i g 6 6 t h e edges o f t h e
,
.
,

d rap e ry fo l d s are e m p h as i z ed i n th e s h ado w

b y keep i n g t h e m w h i t e a n d s e e h o w wo n de r
,

fiil l y e ffec t i v e t h e r es ul t 1 3 T h e s am e d ev i c e
.

i s a l s o t o b e n o t i ced I n t h e b o o k p l a t e des i gn -

by M r A G J o n e s F i g 6 2 a s wel l a s i n th e
. . .
,
.
,

m o re co nv e n t i o n al t rea t m e n t o f t h e b l ack fig
u re i n t h e B rad l ey p o s te r F i g 6 7 ,
. .

I n t h e re n d e ri n g o f d eco ra t iv e s u bj ec t s t h e ,
FI G . 66 H O W A R D YL E
P
FIG . 67 WI LL H B R A D L E Y
.
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T h e co l o r s c h em e o ugh t t o b e s i m p l e a nd
—

b ro a d N o s e t r u l es ca n b e l a i d d ow n to g o v
.

er n i t s d i s p o s i t i o n ,

w h i c h m u s t a l ways
h a ve r efe re n ce t o t h e
w h o l e de s ign T h e .

i m p o rta n ce o f e m
pl o yi n g s u c h a b ro ad
and s i mpl e scheme
i n d ec o r a t i v e d raw
i n g n eed s n o b e t te r
a rgu m e n t t h a n t h e
e ffec t i ve p o s te r d e
s i gn b y t h e B eggar
s t a fi B ro th e rs Fig ,
.

69 and that by M r
,
.

P e n fie l d F i g 70 O f
,
. .

co u rs e t h e m o re co n
v e n t io n a l t h e d es i g n

t h e l e s s rega rd n ee d
b e p ai d to a n y th i n g 69 F IG R OT E R S
.
“
B E GG A R S T A F F B H

l i k e a l ogi cal d i s p o s i t i o n o f co l o r A figu re .

m ay b e s e t agai n s t a bl ac k l a n dscap e w i t h w h i te
t ree s w i th o u t fea r o f c ri t i c i s m fro m reas o n ab l e
p eo pl e p rov i ded i t l o o k s e ffect i ve t h e re
,
.

A wo rd o r two i n co n cl u s i o n co n cer n i n g
, ,

s o m e o f t h e m o de r n d eco ra t i v e d rau gh ts m e n .

O f t h o s e wh o w o rk i n t h e s i x teen t h ce n tu ry
m a n n e r M r H o wa r d P y l e i s u n q u es t i o n a bl y
,
.

th e s u p e ri o r tec h n i c i a n H i s l i n e m as terl y
.
,

i n it s s u re n es s i s r i ch a n d ch a rged w i t h feel
,
 DEC O RATIVE DRAWING I I 9

E DW A R D P E NFI E L D

ing . H O s p o v a t o n e o f t h e y o u n ge r
.
,

gro u p o f E n gl i s h deco ra to rs h a s al s o a c h ar m
,

i n g t ech n i q u e ra t he r fre e r t ha n th a t o f M r
,

P yl e a n d y e t re m i n d i n g o n e o fit
,
M r Lo u i s
. .

R h ead is a n o t h e r o f t he s a m e s c h o o l wh o s e ,

d es i gn s a re d e se rv i n g o fs t u d y T h e e x a m p l e
.

o f h i s w o rk s h o w n i n F i g 71. excel l e n t b o t h
—
1 20 PEN DRAWI N G
i n co l o r a n d i n d raw
i ng —
i s o n e o f h is
earl i e r des i gn s M r . .

J . W S.i m p s o n i n ,

t h e b o o k p l a te F i g
-

,
.

2 s h o w s t he b road
7 ,

e s t p o s s i b l e d eco
r a t iv e m e th o d ; a
m e th o d w h ic h w h il e
l '
,

t o o b ro ad fo r a n y
th i n g b u t a p o s te r
o r a b o o k l ab e l i s
—

j u s t wh a t t h e s t u
de n t s h o u l d a i m a t
b e i n g a b l e t o at ta i n .

S o m e o f t h o s e FI G 7 . 1 L O U I S J R H EA D
.

deco ra t o rs wh o s e
wo r k s h o ws a J apa n es e i n fl u e n ce h ave a m o s t
e x q u i s i te m e th o d .

O f t h es e th a t t e
“

m a rkab l e d rau gh ts
m a n M B o u te t de
,
.

M onvel ,
eas il y
take s th e fi rs t p l ace .

T h o s e wh o h av e
h ad th e go o d fo r
t u n e to s e e h i s o ri g
i n al d raw i ngs w i l l
n o t eas i l y fo rge t t h e
del i ca te b eau ty o f
FIG .
7 2 J W .S I M PS
'
. O N o u tl i n e n o r t h e w o n