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CH 2001 Fluid Mechanics video

lectures
Module 6: Fluid flow
characterization and Nature of
Turbulence
Presented by
Dr. Sreenivasula Reddy Ramireddy,
Ph. D.
Objectives of this module
• Types of Turbulence
• Intensity and scale of turbulence
• Isotropic turbulence
• Reynolds Stresses
• Eddy Viscosity
• Internal flow and External flow
• Problems on laminar and turbulent flow
Reynolds Experiment Video
• ..\..\Books\FOX online resources for
students\Videos\ch8_thereynoldstransitionexper
iment.mov
• Demo of laminar and Turbulent flows
Types of turbulence
• Wall Turbulence is generated by contact of
flowing stream with solid boundaries
• E.g. Flow through pipes, open channels
• Free Turbulence occurs because of contact of
two layers of fluid flowing at different velocities
e.g. Water running from tap into a container of
stationary water, important in mixing
Eddies in turbulent flow
• In a turbulent flow eddies are formed when fluid flows
over obstacles, swirls around, and reverses its direction
• Fluid after passing an obstacles, especially vertical
plate, reverses its direction, and fills gap behind the
obstacle
• Momentum transfer in eddies occurs by break down of
large eddies into medium eddies and then into small
eddies, which then transfer the momentum and energy
via viscous forces
• Smallest eddies are of 10 to 100 µm in size, 1012
molecules
Video showing wake and eddies
formation
• ..\..\Books\FOX online resources for
students\Videos\ch9_stagnationpointflow.mov
Deviating velocities in turbulent flow

• Time averages of deviating velocities may become


zero
• Time averages of their mean squares are not zero
Statistical Nature of Turbulence-1
u1 ' u2 '
Ru ' =
2 2
( u1 ') ( u2 ')
• Ru’ Correlation Coefficient relating deviating velocities
in x-direction at two different points in turbulent field
• u1’, u2’ are deviating velocities in x-direction at point 1
and 2 respectively
• If y is small, both the points could be from a single
eddy and very close relationship exists and vice versa
Statistical Nature of Turbulence-2
u'v '
Ru ' v ' =
2 2
( u ') (v ')
• Ru’v’ Correlation Coefficient relating
deviating velocities in x and y-directions at
a single point in a turbulent field
• u’, v’ are deviating velocities in x-and y-
direction at a single point
Characterization of Turbulent Fields
• Characterization of turbulent fields is by
intensity of the field and scale of turbulence
• Intensity of field: The speed of rotation of
eddies and the energy contained in an eddy of
specific size
• Scale of turbulence: Measures the size of
eddies
Intensity of turbulence
( u ')2 is the average velocity in x-
100
u u direction

u = u + u' u’ deviating velocity in X- direction


u is constant net velocity in x-direction

• Root mean square of a velocity component


• Expressed as % of mean velocity
• Intensity of very turbulent fields is 5 to 10% near
turbulent producing grids
• In obstructed flow, intensities are 0.5 to 2%
Scale of Turbulence
Ly = ∫ Ru 'dy

0

u1 ' u2 '
Ru ' =
2 2
( u1 ') ( u2 ')
• Ly is the scale of turbulence or size of an eddy
• Ru’ is the correlation coefficient, is a function of y
• Y is the distance between the stations considered
• e.g. Air flowing in pipes at 12 m/s, the scale is about 10 mm
Isotropic Turbulence

( u ') = (v ') = ( w ')


2 2 2

• Averages of squares of deviating velocities in all


directions are the same
• No velocity gradient either at the center of a pipe or
beyond boundary layer
• Small eddies are isotropic
• Turbulent flow near a boundary is anisotropic
Reynolds Stresses

τ t = ρ u'v '

• Turbulent shear stresses are called Reynolds stresses


• Measured by Correlation coefficients of the type Ru’v’
Eddy Viscosity

du d ( ρ u)
τ t = Ev τt = εM
dy dy
• Ev ---Eddy Viscosity
• εM-----Eddy Diffusivity
Total shear stress in turbulent flow
du d ( ρ u)
τ = ( Ev + µ ) τ = (υ + ε M )
dy dy

• µ is the absolute Viscosity of the fluid


• ν is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid
• Ev , εM-----Eddy Viscosity & Eddy Diffusivity--- fluid
properties depend on fluid velocity, system
geometry
• These are affected by deviating velocities, sensitive to
the location
• Difficult to be measured experimentally
Summarize fluid flow
characterization
• Compressible and incompressibleÆdensity
• One-, two-, three- dimensional flows, uniform
flow-ÆVelocity or variation of fluid property in
space
• Steady and Unsteady flow-ÆTime variations of
fluid flows
• Viscous and Inviscid FlowÆviscosity
Fluid flow characterization
• Newtonian and Non-newtonian
FluidsÆViscosity, shear stress and shear rate
• Laminar and Turbulent-Æviscous and convective
forcesÆ velocity, viscosity, density and
geometry
• Internal Flow and External flows Æ Boundary
Internal Flow or duct flow
• Flows completely bounded by solid surfaces
• Flow in a faucet Æ flow inside pipe till the
faucet
• Internal flow in which duct does not flow full,
free surface subject to constant pressure Æ
open-channel flow, e.g. flow in rivers, irrigation
ditches, aqueducts
• Flow through pumps, fans, blowers is all internal
flow
External flow
• Flows over immersed bodies in an unbounded
fluid
• e.g. Flow out of a faucet
• Both internal and external flows may be laminar
or turbulent, or compressible or incompressible
In class exercise demo-1 by faculty
• Crude oil is pumped at 1.5 m/s through a pipe
line 1 m in diameter. Above what value of the
oil viscosity would laminar flow exist? Give your
answers both in SI and CGS units?
(Source: Problem 3.9. Unit Operations of chemical
engineering)
Solution
• 1) Given: V=1.5 m/s; D= 1m, 2) Find laminar
flow viscosity µ=?
• 3) Re <=2100 in pipes can be treated as
laminar, Re=2100, assume crude oil density=
ρ=900 kg/m3
• 4) Re= DVρ/ µ
• => µ=DVρ/ Re
• => µ=1*1.5*900/2100=0.643 Pa.s=643 cP
Solution continued
• Above 0.643 Pa.s or 643 cP of viscosity the
flow would be laminar. Below which Re would
be more than 2100. Notice there is an inverse
relationship between Re and viscosity.
Home work problem for additional
credit
• Problem 3.5. from Unit Operations of Chemical
Engineering
• A) Estimate the Re number for flow in an
automobile exhaust pipe if the 2-L 4- cycle
engine is operating at 3,000 rpm
• B) If the catalytic converter has 4 times the cross
section area of the exhaust pipe, how small must
the channels in the converter be to get laminar
flow?
Hints
• Assume the diameter of the exhaust pipe to be
0.05 m
• Approximate composition of exhaust gas is 15%
CO2, 10% H2O, 75% N2
• Assume the pressure to be 1.1 atm and
temperature to be 300 0C
• Get viscosity of Nitrogen at 300 0C either from
Perry’s Handbook or Appendix B in Unit
Operations of Chemical Engineering
In class exercise for students
• Air at 300C and 5 bars is flowing inside a 1/2
in schedule 40 steel pipe ( see App. 3). If the
flow is at 4.0 ft3/min at standard temperature
and pressure (00C and 1 atm), is the flow likely
to be laminar or turbulent?
(Source: Problem 3.8. Unit Operations of chemical
engineering)
References
• Chapter 3: Unit Operations of Chemical
Engineering by W.L.McCabe, J.C.Smith & Peter
Harriot, McGraw- Hill, 7th Edition.
• Online video resources for your text book

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