Professional Documents
Culture Documents
lectures
Module 6: Fluid flow
characterization and Nature of
Turbulence
Presented by
Dr. Sreenivasula Reddy Ramireddy,
Ph. D.
Objectives of this module
• Types of Turbulence
• Intensity and scale of turbulence
• Isotropic turbulence
• Reynolds Stresses
• Eddy Viscosity
• Internal flow and External flow
• Problems on laminar and turbulent flow
Reynolds Experiment Video
• ..\..\Books\FOX online resources for
students\Videos\ch8_thereynoldstransitionexper
iment.mov
• Demo of laminar and Turbulent flows
Types of turbulence
• Wall Turbulence is generated by contact of
flowing stream with solid boundaries
• E.g. Flow through pipes, open channels
• Free Turbulence occurs because of contact of
two layers of fluid flowing at different velocities
e.g. Water running from tap into a container of
stationary water, important in mixing
Eddies in turbulent flow
• In a turbulent flow eddies are formed when fluid flows
over obstacles, swirls around, and reverses its direction
• Fluid after passing an obstacles, especially vertical
plate, reverses its direction, and fills gap behind the
obstacle
• Momentum transfer in eddies occurs by break down of
large eddies into medium eddies and then into small
eddies, which then transfer the momentum and energy
via viscous forces
• Smallest eddies are of 10 to 100 µm in size, 1012
molecules
Video showing wake and eddies
formation
• ..\..\Books\FOX online resources for
students\Videos\ch9_stagnationpointflow.mov
Deviating velocities in turbulent flow
u1 ' u2 '
Ru ' =
2 2
( u1 ') ( u2 ')
• Ly is the scale of turbulence or size of an eddy
• Ru’ is the correlation coefficient, is a function of y
• Y is the distance between the stations considered
• e.g. Air flowing in pipes at 12 m/s, the scale is about 10 mm
Isotropic Turbulence
τ t = ρ u'v '
du d ( ρ u)
τ t = Ev τt = εM
dy dy
• Ev ---Eddy Viscosity
• εM-----Eddy Diffusivity
Total shear stress in turbulent flow
du d ( ρ u)
τ = ( Ev + µ ) τ = (υ + ε M )
dy dy