WHAT IS A BIBLIOGRAPHY?

A bibliography is a list of all of the sources you have used (whether referenced or
not) in the process of researching your work. In general, a bibliography should
include:

Author. The person who wrote the thought, book or website. The resource
may have one or more authors (a person or entity may be cited as the
author). Sometimes, there is no author is listed.

Title. This is the title of the book or article. The title of a Web page may be
harder to determine. If there is a title, it is usually at the beginning of the
page.
Date. For print material, the copyright date will do. For electronic material,
use the date you last accessed the site. Since the Internet changes so
frequently, with pages and sites disappearing, your last access is important.
Publisher, publication, or URL. For books, include the publisher. For
journals and magazines, use the name of the publication. For electronic
references, include the URL.

There are basically two main formats used today. The Modern Language
Association (MLA) is often used for literature and humanities. The American
Psychological Association (APA) is used for social science and scientific
research. The differences between these two styles are in the punctuation. Both
styles have specific formats for citing references in your text as well as in your
bibliography.

MLA Bibliography Format

The formatting for the MLA bibliography uses:

 Exact spacing
 Five spaces indentation for second and following lines
 Double spacing between the citations
 Alphabetized list by author or title (if no author)
Books:

Author(s). Title: Subtitle. Place: Publisher, Date.

Love, Susan M.
Dr. Susan Love's Breast Book. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1995.

Journal:

Author(s). "Article title." Journal Title Volume. Issue (date): start page - end
page.
Pollan M, P. Gustavsson, and B. Floderus.
"Breast cancer, occupation, and exposure to electromagnetic fields among
Swedish men."American Journal Indian Medicine. 39.3 (2001): 276-285.

Online database:

Author (if given). "Title of material." Name of database. Sponsor. Access date
<URL>.
Pollan M, P. Gustavsson, and B. Floderus.
"Breast cancer, occupation, and exposure to electromagnetic fields among
Swedish men." PubMed. National Library of Medicine. December 5, 2001.
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi>

Sample MLA Bibliography

Evans, Dana. "Cancer Statistics."
Librarians' Index to the Internet. Library of California. December 5, 2001
<http://lii.org/>
Love, Susan M.
Dr. Susan Love's Breast Book. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1995.
Pollan M, P. Gustavsson, and B. Floderus.
"Breast cancer, occupation, and exposure to electromagnetic fields among
Swedish men." PubMed. National Library of Medicine. December 5, 2001.
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi>
Stafford, Bob. Breast Cancer in Men: Yes It Happens.
December 5, 2001 http://interact.withus.com/interact/mbc/
APA References Format

The formatting for an APA style reference list requires:

 Exact spacing
 The first line of each citation is indented five spaces
 Each author's last name is followed by first and middle initials.
Corporate authors names are listed completely. Add "Ed." for editors.
 The title of the book, journal, newspaper etc. is underlined or italicized.
Include the volume (not issue number). Add the page numbers.

Books:

Author (date). Title (edition). Place: Publisher.

Love, S. M. (1995) Dr. Susan Love's Breast Book (2nd ed.). Reading,
Mass.: Addison-Wesley.

Journal:

Author(s) (date). Article title. Journal Title, Volume, pages.

Pollan M, Gustavsson, P., & Floderus, B. (2001). Breast cancer,

occupation, and exposure to electromagnetic fields among Swedish
men. American Journal Indian Medicine, 39, 276-285.

Online Database:

Entry Title.
Retrieved date from SOURCE/PUBLISHER database (name of database) on
the World Wide Web: http://www.url.com

Pollan M, P. Gustavsson, and B. Floderus. "Breast cancer, occupation, and

exposure to electromagnetic fields among Swedish men."
Retrieved December 5, 2001 from NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE
(PubMed) on the World Wide Web:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi

Sample APA Reference List

 References

Love, S. M. (1995) Dr. Susan Love's Breast Book (2nd ed.). Reading, Mass.:
Addison-Wesley.

Pollan M, P. Gustavsson, and B. Floderus. "Breast cancer, occupation, and

exposure to electromagnetic fields among Swedish men."
Retrieved December 5, 2001 from NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE
(PubMed) on the World Wide Web: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi