Designmanual Fyfe

Fyfe Co. LLC TYFO® Fibrwrap® Design Manual (Rev. 6) Property of Fyfe Co.
LLC
FYFE CO. LLC
DESIGN MANUAL
FOR THE
TYFO® FIBRWRAP® SYSTEMS
January, 2005
(Rev. 6)
Fyfe Co. LLC

Nancy Ridge Technology Center
6310 Nancy Ridge Drive, Suite #103
San Diego, CA 92121
Tel: 858-642-0694 Fax: 858-642-0947
Email: info@fyfeco.com
Web: http://www.fyfeco.com
© Copyright 2001 Fyfe Co. LLC. 7-01 Reproduction by written permission from Fyfe Co. LLC only. All rights reserved
Tyfo® and Fibrwrap® are registered trademarks for the products of Fyfe Co. LLC
Fyfe Co. LLC TYFO® Fibrwrap® Design Manual (Rev. 6) Property of Fyfe Co. LLC
Table of Contents
Introduction 2
Definition of Terms 3
General Design Considerations 5
Material Selection 7
Strain Limitations 10
Column Design Equations

Column Shear Enhancement 11
Column Axial Load Enhancement 12
Column Ductility Enhancement 13
Column Lap Splice Enhancement 14
Beam and Slab Design Equations
Beam Shear Enhancement 15
Beam Flexural Enhancement 16
Slab Flexural Enhancement 17
Wall Design Equations
In-Plane Wall Shear Enhancement 18
Out-of-Plane Wall Flexural Enhancement 19
Mechanical Anchorage 20
Literature References and Test Reports 21
Design Examples Appendix A
Typical Details Appendix B
Improved Detailing Using the Tyfo® SCH & SEH Composite Anchors Appendix C
Disclaimer
The contents of this design manual express the opinions of the manufacturer. Design recommendations
and equations are based on structural engineering principles and data gathered through extensive structural
testing. Examples and sample designs are for information only and should not be applied to a specific
project. Each project must be evaluated individually with the optimal composite system chosen and
designed based on identified structural requirements. Project engineers shall bear the responsibility to
analyze each structure independently and work with the composite manufacturer to design the composite
system best suited to satisfy identified design goals.
© Copyright 2001 Fyfe Co. LLC. 7-01 Reproduction by written permission from Fyfe Co. LLC only. All rights reserved 1
Introduction
The design equations provided in this manual are based on extensive testing and research of our
Tyfo® Fibrwrap® Composite Systems. The designs use the “Strength Design” method. Strength
reduction factors shall apply to all nominal design strengths. It is the project engineer’s
responsibility to identify existing structural capacities and new demands. This document solely
provides equations for designing a composite system to satisfy the additional demands on that
system.
The following design equations and examples are based on using a Tyfo® Fibrwrap® System as
an additional tension member. There are some design exceptions where composites can resist
compressive forces, however, these applications are unique and are beyond the scope of this
document.
Each of the various Tyfo® Fibrwrap® Composite Systems has different material characteristics.
The most important properties with respect to design are the material modulus and the cross-
sectional area of the chosen composite.
All Tyfo® Fibrwrap® Systems are essentially linear elastic, as are all advanced composite
systems. The design of Tyfo® Fibrwrap® Systems for use in civil/structural applications is
therefore based on strain compatibility and corresponding design stresses at the chosen strain
levels.
This design manual is to be considered a general guideline in the design of the Tyfo® Fibrwrap®
Composite Systems. Fyfe Co. LLC engineers are available to provide preliminary designs or
design assistance for any project at no obligation.
Definition of Terms
-SYMBOLS-
∆ = displacement (inches)
ε = allowable design strain of composite
εc = concrete strain
εcu = ultimate confined concrete strain
εs = steel strain
εu = ultimate composite strain
Φ = appropriate strength reduction factor for ultimate design methods per ACI 318
φu = ultimate curvature of section (1/in)
φy = ideal yield curvature of section (1/in)
µ∆ = desired design displacement ductility for the existing column
µφ = required curvature ductility
ρsj = volumetric confining ratio of the jacket
-A-
a = compression zone depth (inches)
A = w⋅t = area of composite (in2)
Ab = area of one longitudinal bar (in2)
Ag = gross area of column (in2)
As = area of steel reinforcement (in2)
-B-
b = section width of rectangular column (inches)
bw = effective beam width (inches)
-C-
c = neutral axis depth (inches)
CE = environmental durability reduction factor
-D-
d = depth of beam (inches)
db = diameter of longitudinal bars (inches)
dc = depth of cover concrete (inches)
D = diameter of circular column (inches)
D’ = confined core diameter of column (inches)
-E-
E = typical test value of composite tensile modulus (ksi)
EG = guaranteed design value of composite tensile modulus (ksi)
-F-
f = guaranteed design stress of the composite (ksi)
f′c = concrete compressive strength (ksi)
f′cc = confined concrete compressive strength (ksi)
f′l = 0.26 ρsj f = effective confining stress of the jacket (ksi)
f’m = masonry compressive strength (ksi)
fs = longitudinal steel stress required to be transferred (ksi)
fu = guaranteed ultimate composite stress (ksi)
fy = yield strength of steel reinforcement (ksi)
-H-
h = section depth of rectangular column (inches)
H = wall height (inches)
-J-
jd = distance from centroid of composite to centroid of compression zone (inches)
-K-
k = efficiency factor
= 2.0 when jacket is bonded to both sides and carried around a wall end
= 1.0 when jacket is bonded to one side and carried around wall ends
= 0.75 when only bonded to one face of wall
-L-
l = column length (inches)
le = effective column length (inches)
lp = column plastic hinge length (inches)
ls = length of lap splice (inches)
lw = length of wall section parallel to the applied lateral force (inches)
-M-
M = moment capacity provided by composite (kip-inches)
Mu = ultimate moment capacity of the existing section (kip-inches)
-N-
n = number of uniformly distributed reinforcing bars
-P-
p = perimeter of the crack surface forming before splice failure (inches)
P = applied axial loading (kips)
-T-
t = composite thickness (inches)
ts = slab thickness (inches)
tw = wall thickness (inches)
-V-
V = shear strength provided by composite (kips)
-W-
w = width of composite (inches)
General Design Considerations

Bond-Critical versus Contact-Critical
Advanced composite applications to civil structures will typically fall into one of two groups,
“bond-critical” or “contact-critical.” A “bond-critical” application is one that requires a bond
between the composite and the substrate to transfer loads (e.g. slabs, walls & beams). A “contact-
critical” application is one that requires intimate contact with the substrate but no special
adhesion requirements in order to perform (e.g. columns). Generally speaking, if you can’t wrap
all the way around an element then it must be a “bond-critical” application. The designer must
verify which type of application exists in order to specify the proper surface preparation and
quality control procedures.
The required field quality control testing for “contact-critical” applications is the ASTM D3039,
“Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials.” For
“bond-critical” applications we suggest both the ASTM D3039 and the ASTM D4541, “Standard
Test Method for Pull-off Strength of Coatings Using Portable Adhesion Testers.” These tests can
help ensure a proper design and proper installation.
Active and Passive Structural Members
Fiber-reinforced composite retrofit designs also fall into two general categories, active structural
members and passive structural members. Most of the advanced composites used for
strengthening applications will be for passive structural members. For these members, the
composites are designed to take tension during a specific event (e.g. seismic or blast loading).
These applications experience no strain during the majority of their service life. Passive
structural members will typically not need any special fire protection.
Some applications will use the advanced composites for active structural members (e.g. flexural
strengthening for an additional, sustained load). These types of applications need special
consideration. The allowable strains should be kept low to account for potential stress rupture, or
“creep” effects. Ultimate limit states and failure modes also need to be considered. For flexural
applications, the failure mode should be yielding of the reinforcing steel followed by crushing of
the concrete. Active structural members will typically require some type of fire protection. Fire
resistant finishes are available for the Tyfo® Systems (e.g. Tyfo® FC/F System), however local
code and general design limitations need to be considered. Designers should establish the type of
structural member that needs strengthening before determining acceptable design strains.
Detailing
The detailing of the composite system is critical to the proper design and performance of these
systems. As with any tension member, required development lengths, overlaps and end details
will affect their performance. The development lengths for “bond-critical” applications are
typically calculated by considering the total tension force taken by the composite and the bonded
area of the composite to the substrate. Special details and mechanical anchors are often used.
The available in-plane bond stress can be approximated by multiplying the direct tension bond
strength (as determined by the ASTM D4541 testing) by 2 . For concrete, it is generally
assumed that 200 psi (1.4 MPa) is an acceptable, conservative value for the available in-plane
bond shear stress.
The required overlaps in the materials will be determined somewhat by which material is
assumed for the design and how much tension force is being transferred. In general, we suggest a
minimum overlap of six inches (152.4 mm) in the primary fiber direction when splicing the
materials. End details will often be determined by the geometry of the structural member and
adjacent obstacles. How the composite is terminated can have a substantial effect on the
performance of the system. This is true of all applications but specifically relevant for wall and
beam shear applications. See pages 14 & 17 for additional design information and Appendix B &
C for some typical details.
Shear and Flexural Enhancement of Sections
When increasing the flexural capacity of a section (e.g. beams and slabs) the designer must note
the corresponding increase in shear demand. The section capacity must be checked to ensure that
there will not be a premature failure in shear. Similarly, when increasing the shear capacity of
certain sections (e.g. walls), the designer must check the flexural capacity of the section to ensure
that the new shear strength can be developed prior to a flexural failure.
In general, it is suggested to limit the amount of additional moment capacity provided to

approximately 1.5 – 2 times the members existing capacity. This restriction is essentially due to
potential failure modes. The desirable mode of failure would be a yielding of the existing
reinforcing steel followed by a concrete crushing failure. A tension failure in the composite can
be catastrophic. Using a force balance equation, the strengthened section should be checked for
both operating service strains and ultimate strains. Figure 1 shows a typical force balance
diagram for a strengthened section.
ecu
Neutral Axis C
a
c
fy
T
et Tj
fj = (e t - eo )Ej
Figure 1: Force Balance Diagram of a Strengthened Section
Material Selection
Advanced composite materials are all essentially linear elastic and may be described by Hooke’s
Law (f = Eε), where “E” is the tensile modulus, “ε” is the strain, and “f” is the corresponding
material tensile stress. Figure 2 shows the stress-strain behavior of grade 60 steel along with
three, typical wet lay-up Tyfo® Fibrwrap® Systems.
Figure 2: Stress-strain behavior of composites versus steel
The material properties of any advanced composite material may be categorized as “Typical Test
Values,” and “Guaranteed Design Values.” The “Typical Test Values” are those received from
ASTM D3039 test results performed on the cured composite in ideal conditions. The
“Guaranteed Design Values” are those that have considered exposure to the environment for the
life of the repaired structure. These “Guaranteed Design Values” can be determined by
multiplying the “Typical Test Values” by an environmental durability reduction factor, CE. The
following factors are relevant for most exposure conditions (extreme exposure conditions may
require additional design considerations):
Composite System Reduction Factor, CE

Glass, wet lay-up 0.8
Carbon, wet lay-up 0.85
Pull-formed, pre-cured laminate 0.9
These environmental reduction factors should be considered when using the materials elastic
modulus and/or ultimate tensile strength in a design. When the design is governed by strain
limitations, as is often the case, the property most relevant is the tensile modulus. Once the
design allowable strains are known (e.g. 0.004 for shear strengthening), simply multiply the
guaranteed design modulus by the allowable strain to get the allowable design stress. Table 1
describes some of the various Tyfo® Systems and their properties.
Each of the Tyfo® Fibrwrap® Systems is designed to provide the optimum performance at the
lowest possible cost. The best way to know which advanced composite system to use for a
particular type of project is to accumulate design, installation and estimating experience. The
design engineers at Fyfe Co. LLC will provide technical support at no obligation.
Table 1: Material Selection Chart
Typical Test Values Guaranteed Design Values

Ultimate Tensile Tensile Modulus, Ultimate Tensile Tensile Modulus, Composite
System Name* Description Strength, f E Strength, f 1 EG Thickness
Primary glass fiber,
83,400 psi 3.79 x 106 psi 66,720 psi 3.03 x 106 psi 0.05 in.
Tyfo® SEH 51 0° with aramid fiber
(575 MPa) (26.1 GPa) (460 MPa) (20.9 GPa) (1.3 mm)
90°
Primary glass fiber,
® 83,400 psi 3.79 x 106 psi 66,720 psi 3.03 x 106 psi 0.05 in.
Tyfo SEH 51A 0° with glass fiber
(575 MPa) (26.1 GPa) (460 MPa) (20.9 GPa) (1.3 mm)
90°
Primary carbon fiber,
Tyfo SCH 41 0° with glass fiber
(986 MPa) (95.8 GPa) (834 MPa) (82 GPa) (1.0 mm)
90°
Primary carbon fiber,
Tyfo SCH 41S 0° with aramid fiber
(876 MPa) (72.4 GPa) (745 MPa) (61.5 GPa) (1.0 mm)
90°
Primary glass fiber, 44,800 psi 2.80 x 106 psi 35,840 psi 2.24 x 106 psi 0.01 in.
Tyfo® WEB
0°/90° (309 MPa) (19.3 GPa) (247 MPa) (15.4 GPa) (0.25 mm)
Primary glass fiber, 40,500 psi 2.70 x 106 psi 32,400 psi 2.16 x 106 psi 0.034 in.
Tyfo® BC
±45° (279 MPa) (19.0 GPa) (223 MPa) (15.2 GPa) (0.864 mm)
Primary carbon fiber, 104,000 psi 10.8 x 106 psi 88,400 psi 9.18 x 106 psi 0.034 in.
Tyfo® BCC
±45° (717 MPa) (74.5 GPa) (609 MPa) (63.3 GPa) (0.864 mm)
Unidirectional pull-
405,000 psi 22.5 x 106 psi 364,500 psi 20.3 x 106 psi
Tyfo® UC Strips formed carbon/epoxy varies
(2.79 GPa) (115.1 GPa) (2.51 GPa) (103.6 GPa)
composite
Unidirectional pull-
130,000 psi 6.0 x 106 psi 117,000 psi 5.4 x 106 psi
Tyfo® UG Strips formed glass/epoxy varies
(896.3 MPa) (41.4 GPa) (806.7 MPa) (37.3 GPa)
composite
1
Guaranteed Design Strength, f, is at the ultimate strength of the material. Most designs are governed by strain limitations. See page 7, “Material Selection”
*
Additional Tyfo® Products are available for custom designs (e.g. prefabricated sections, underwater systems, etc.) Please contact Fyfe Co. LLC for assistance.
Strain Limitations
It is important to limit the maximum design strains to acceptable limits so as to avoid the limit state that may occur if the composites are loaded until
they rupture. In many applications, the design strain limits may also be limited by the spalling of the concrete or masonry, or by the need to minimize
the dilation of cracks to achieve acceptable structural performance.
Table 1.1 provides recommended strain limits for the Tyfo® FibrWrap® system when used in various applications. As can be seen from the table, the
performance of the composites can be improved by confining the structural element with composite that has the main fibers aligned perpendicular to
the longitudinal axis of the element. This is because the confinement provided by the composite eliminates the possibility of concrete spalling and
enables the composite to remain attached to the concrete surface at larger strains.
Table 1.1 Limiting Strains of Tyfo® Fibrwrap® Composite Materials
Considered Loads
Element completely confined Sustained Live
using composite with main fibers Loads Temporary
aligned perpendicular to Intermittent
Live Loads Loads
longitudinal axis or mechanically or
(Earthquake or
anchored (< 100 psf)
Live Loads ≥ Wind)
100 psf
Flexural Yes 0.002 0.004 0.006

Enhancement No 0.002 0.004 0.004
®
Shear Yes, or FibrAnchors used 0.004 0.004 0.004
Enhancement No 0.0015 0.0015 0.0015
Axial Load Yes 0.002 0.004 0.006

Enhancement No - - -
Lap Splice Yes (Circular columns) 0.0015 0.0015 0.0015

Ductility Yes N/A N/A As Calculated

Column Shear Enhancement
Nominal shear strength of circular and rectangular sections can be enhanced by fiber-reinforced
composite materials with fibers oriented perpendicular to the members’ axis, acting at an
allowable design strain of 0.004. For rectangular sections, corners must be rounded to a radius
not less than ¾ inch (19mm) before placement of the fiber. The required number of layers
required for shear strengthening shall be carried up the full height of the column, or as required
based on sectional demands and capacities.
Nominal shear strength enhancement provided by the composite (kips), V:
Rectangular Sections Circular Sections

ΦV = Φ2.86 f t h ΦV = Φ2.25 f t D
Composite Properties:
EG = guaranteed design modulus (ksi), see page 9
ε = 0.004 (max. allowable design strain for shear per ICC AC125)
f = EGε = corresponding guaranteed design stress of the composite (ksi)
Member Properties:
h = section depth parallel to the applied lateral force for rectangular
column (inches)
Φ = 0.85 for shear applications per ACI 318
Column Axial Load Enhancement
Fiber-reinforced composite material may be applied to external surfaces of concrete members to

enhance axial load capacity. Depending on the section shape, axial load capacity enhancement
may be provided by longitudinal and/or transverse orientation of the fiber for tensile and
compressive enhancement, respectfully.
All sections with a rectangular aspect ratio not greater than 1.5 may have axial compression
capacity enhanced by the confining effect of fiber-reinforced composite material placed with
fibers oriented perpendicular to the members’ axis.
To determine the enhancement of the column axial load capacity, calculate the confined concrete
compressive strength, f’cc (psi):
Circular Sections
⎛ 7.94f 'l 2f 'l ⎞

f 'cc = f 'c ⎜ 2.25 1 + − − 1.25 ⎟
⎜ f 'c f 'c ⎟
⎝ ⎠
where:
ρsj = 4 t / D = volumetric confining ratio of the jacket
Member Properties:
f’c = concrete compressive strength (ksi)
Rectangular Sections
⎛ 1.64ρ sj f ⎞
f ' cc = f ' c ⎜⎜1 + ⎟
⎟
⎝ f 'c ⎠
where:
ρsj = 2 t (b+h) / bh = volumetric confining ratio of the jacket
ε = 0.002 (max. allowable design strain for rectangular sections)
Member Properties:
b = section width (inches)
h = section depth (inches)
Column Ductility Enhancement
Fiber-reinforced composite material oriented transversely to the members’ axis may be used to
enhance flexural ductility capacity of both circular and rectangular sections where the aspect ratio
does not exceed 1.5. The enhancement is provided by increasing the effective ultimate
compression strain capacity of the concrete. For rectangular sections, section corners must be
rounded to a radius not less than ¾ inch (19mm) before placement of the fiber.
The number of layers required for plastic hinge confinement shall extend a minimum length of
0.25 le, the effective column length, but is not required to extend beyond a length of the greater of
b or h (D for circular sections). The extent of this confining jacket shall be from the point of
fixity; from the footing for single bending or from the footing and deck for double bending cases.
Ultimate concrete compressive strain with the addition of composite strengthening, εcu:
Circular Sections
2.5ρ sj f u ε u
ε cu = 0.004 +
f ' cc
where:
f′cc = confined concrete compressive strength ≅ 1.5f’c (ksi)
fu = ultimate guaranteed composite stress (ksi)
Member Properties:
Rectangular Sections
1.25ρ sj f u ε u
ε cu = 0.004 +
f ' cc
where:
ρsj = 2 t (b+h) / bh = volumetric confining ratio of the jacket
f′cc = confined concrete compressive strength ≅ 1.5f’c (ksi)
fu = ultimate guaranteed composite stress (ksi)
Member Properties:
b = section width (inches)
h = section depth (inches)
Column Lap Splice Enhancement
Composite jackets can prevent bond failure in lap splices of circular columns by confining the
section. Rectangular columns can be effectively confined to prevent bond failure but may require
changing the column to a circular or elliptical cross section.
The volumetric confining ratio of the column with composite strengthening, ρsj:
1.4A b f s
ρ sj =
pl s f
where:
p = perimeter of the crack surface forming before splice failure (inches)
Use the lesser of the following values:
⎛ πD' ⎞
p1 = ⎜ ⎟ + 2( d b + d c ) or p 2 = 2 2 (db + dc)
⎝ 2n ⎠
ε = 0.0015 (max. allowable design lateral dilation strain)
Member Properties:
Ab = area of one longitudinal bar (in2)

fs = longitudinal steel stress required to be transferred (ksi)
ls = length of the lap splice (inches)
D′ = confined core diameter of column (inches)
n = number of uniformly distributed reinforcing bars
db = diameter of longitudinal bars (inches)
dc = depth of cover concrete (inches)
Note that the lap splice length, ls must be greater than or equal to the quantity = (0.025dbfy)/√f’c
The required composite thickness to achieve this volumetric confining ratio is:
Rectangular Sections Circular Sections
⎡ bh ⎤ ρ sj D
t = 0.5ρ sj ⎢ ⎥ t=
⎣b + h ⎦ 4
Member Properties:

b = section width of rectangular column (inches)
h = section depth of rectangular column (inches)
Beam Shear Enhancement
Shear strength of rectangular sections can be enhanced by fiber-reinforced composite materials

with fibers oriented perpendicular to the members’ axis, acting at an allowable design strain of
0.004. Where the performance of the composite material depends on bond, the bond strength of
the fiber-reinforced composite material to the substrate shall be a minimum of 200 psi (1.4 MPa).
If the bond strength is lower, special design considerations must be taken. Bond stress shall be
calculated based on the tension forces in the composite that are to be developed over the bond
area.
The following equations are limited for bw/d ratios less than or equal to 0.75. Special design
considerations must be taken for beams dimensions that exceed this ratio.
This equation applies to sectional shear strength and is not applicable to shear capacity between
perpendicular end sections. These provisions do not apply to shear strength enhancement for
flanged sections requiring placement of fiber around re-entrant corners. In these cases an
effective beam depth shall be used between re-entrant locations.
The use of anchors to mechanically attach the fiber-reinforced composite material at the section
edges is effective in transferring the design fiber stress as well as promoting thermal compatibility
and long-term durability. (See page 19 for more information on mechanical anchorage.)
Section edges must be rounded to a radius not less than ¾ inch (19mm) before placement of the
fiber. Structural testing has shown that mechanical anchorage along the top edge may be required
to fully develop a design strain of 0.004 in/in.
Vsj = 2t f f j H sin2 θ
where,
tf = Nominal thickness of composite

fj = Stress in composite, which is given by εjEj 0.75 fju
Ej = Modulus of composite (Guaranteed Design Value)
εj = Effective strain in shear composite 0.004
H = Effective depth of shear composite
θ = Inclination of composite to longitudinal axis of member = 90 degrees
Design Procedure:
1. Calculate Existing Shear Capacity of Beam without Composites

2. Calculate Allowable Hoop Stress in Composite Layer
3. Calculate the Required Number of Composite Layers
Beam Flexural Enhancement
Fiber-reinforced composite material may be bonded to surfaces of beams to enhance the design
flexural strength of sections by acting as additional tension reinforcement. In such cases, section
analysis shall be based on force equilibrium and strain compatibility between the substrate,
reinforcement and composite material.
Where the performance of the composite material depends on bond, the bond strength of the fiber
reinforced composite material to the concrete or masonry shall be a minimum of 200psi (1.4
MPa). If the bond strength is lower, special design considerations must be taken. Bond stress
shall be calculated based on the tension forces in the composite that are to be developed over the
bond area.
It is suggested that anchors or transverse fibers be utilized at termination points of longitudinal

fiber to ensure the development of the design strain and to enhance the long-term durability of the
bonded application. It is also suggested that the enhanced design strength of the section does not
exceed 1.5 – 2 times the existing strength of the section and that serviceability requirements are
checked.
Nominal flexural strength enhancement provided by the composite (k-in), M:
ΦM = ΦA f (jd)
Member Properties:
jd = d – a/2 = distance from centroid of composite to centroid of
compression zone (inches)
d = beam depth (inches)
Φ = 0.9 for flexural applications per ACI 318
Design Procedure:
1. Calculate Existing Capacity

2. Calculate Strains Under Existing Loads
3. Estimate Required Number of Composite Layers
4. Check Moment Capacity of Strengthened beam
a) At Limit State for Ultimate Compressive Concrete Strain (Concrete Crushing at
0.003)
b) At Limit State for Maximum Allowable Composite Tensile Strain (see Table 1.1)
Slab Flexural Enhancement
Fiber-reinforced composite material may be bonded to surfaces of concrete slabs to enhance the
design flexural strength of sections by acting as additional tension reinforcement. In such cases,
section analysis shall be based on force equilibrium and strain compatibility between the
concrete, reinforcement and composite material.
The bond strength of the fiber reinforced composite material to the concrete or masonry shall be a
minimum of 200psi (1.4 MPa). If the bond strength is lower, special design considerations must
be taken. Bond stress shall be calculated based on the tension forces in the composite that are to
be developed over the bond area.
It is suggested that anchors be utilized at termination points of longitudinal fiber to ensure the
development of the design strain and to enhance the long-term durability of the bonded
application. It is also suggested that the enhanced design strength of the section does not exceed
1.5 – 2 times the existing strength of the section and that serviceability requirements are checked.
Allowances need to be made for vapor transmission from walls, slabs and other elements where
the pressure potential will be in excess of 3 psi. This pressure can be measured in the field with
simple equipment. If the pressure is in excess of 3 psi, allow 30% of the surface area to be clear
for vapor transmission. The area climatic conditions and field conditions should also be
considered.
Nominal flexural strength enhancement provided by the composite (k-in), M:
ΦM = ΦA f (jd)
Member Properties:
jd = ts – a/2 = distance from centroid of composite to centroid of
ts = slab thickness (inches)
Design Procedure:

8. Check Moment Capacity of Strengthened Slab
0.003)
b) At Limit State for Maximum Allowable Composite Tensile Strain (see Table 1.1)
In-Plane Wall Shear Enhancement
In-plane shear strength can be enhanced by fiber-reinforced composite bonded to surfaces of

walls with fibers oriented parallel to the applied shear force.
Where the performance of the composite material depends on bond, the bond strength of the fiber
reinforced composite material to the concrete or masonry shall be a minimum of 200psi (1.4
MPa). If the bond strength is lower, special design considerations must be taken. Bond stress
shall be calculated based on the tension forces in the composite that are to be developed over the
bond area.
It is suggested that anchors be utilized at termination points of longitudinal fiber at wall ends to
ensure the development of the design strain and to enhance the long-term durability of the bonded
application.
considered.
An efficiency factor, k, is used in the design of in-plane wall shear to account for the optimum
placement of the composite to the wall surface. The most efficient design is to carry the
composite around the wall ends and completely bond the material to both sides of the wall. This
case will allow an efficiency factor of k = 2.0. If the composite can be carried around the wall
ends, but only bonded to one side of the wall, the efficiency factor is k = 1.0. The least efficient
option is to bond the composite to only one face of the wall, resulting in k = 0.75. Typical details
are provided in Appendix B.
ΦV = Φk f t lw
ε = 0.004 (max. allowable design strain for shear per ICC AC125)
k = efficiency factor (see above)
Member Properties:
lw = length of wall section parallel to the applied lateral force (inches)
Φ = 0.85 for shear applications per ACI 318
Out-of-Plane Wall Flexural Enhancement
Fiber-reinforced composite material may be bonded to surfaces of walls to enhance the design
flexural strength of sections by acting as additional tension reinforcement. In such cases, section
analysis shall be based on force equilibrium and strain compatibility between the substrate,
reinforcement and composite material.
The bond strength of the fiber reinforced composite material to the concrete or masonry shall be a
minimum of 200 psi (1.4 MPa). If the bond strength is lower, special design considerations must
be taken. Bond stress shall be calculated based on the tension forces in the composite that are to
be developed over the bond area.
It is suggested that anchors be utilized at termination points of longitudinal fiber at strip ends to
ensure the development of the design strain and to enhance the long-term durability of the bonded
application. It is also suggested that the enhanced design strength does not exceed 1.5 – 2 times
the original strength of the section and that serviceability requirements are checked.
considered.
Nominal flexural enhancement provided by the composite (k-in), M:
ΦM = ΦA f (jd)
Member Properties:
jd = tw – a/2 = distance from centroid of composite to centroid of
tw = wall thickness (inches)
Mechanical Anchorage
Tyfo® SCH & SEH Composite Anchors are an exclusive development from Fyfe Co. LLC that
can transfer tensile forces and improve the overall efficiency of many different types of
strengthening systems. FibrAnchors® are suggested for use in “bond-critical” applications such
as beams, slabs and walls.
Tyfo® SCH & SEH Composite Anchors are applied by first drilling holes at designated locations
during the surface preparation stage. The holes are cleaned along with the prepared surface prior
to anchor installation. The fully hand-saturated anchors are installed and the hole is filled with
Tyfo® WS or TC epoxy. The free fibers are splayed out and troweled with additional Tyfo® WS
or TC epoxy. The required layers of the Tyfo® Fibrwrap® System is then applied as per the
specifications. See Appendix C for a typical anchor details. FibrAnchors® are designed and
installed as per each individual project requirement.
In addition to the Tyfo® SCH & SEH Composite Anchors, conventional mechanical anchorage
systems may be used to achieve similar design goals. Consult with Fyfe Co. LLC design
engineers if any questions arise concerning the use of Tyfo® FibrAnchors® or conventional
anchorage in conjunction with the Tyfo® Fibrwrap® Systems.
Literature
1. ICC Interim Criteria for Concrete and Reinforced and Unreinforced Masonry
Strengthening Using Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composite Systems, AC125, June,
2003.
2. Priestley, M.J.N., Seible, F., Calvi, G.M., Seismic Design and Retrofit of Bridges, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1996.
3. Paulay, T., and Priestley, M.J.N., Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete and Masonry
Buildings, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1990.
4. Priestley, M.J.N., Seible, F., Column Seismic Retrofit Using Fiberglass/Epoxy Jackets,
Department of Applied Mechanics and Engineering Sciences, University of California
San Diego, 1994.
5. Priestley, M.J. Nigel, Seible, F., UCSD. Seismic Assessment & Retrofit of Bridges, July
1991.
6. ACI 440.2R-02, Guide for the Design and Construction of Externally Bonded FRP
Systems for Strengthening Concrete Structures, October, 2002.
7. Construction Productivity Advancement Research (CPAR) Program, US Army Corps of

Engineers, Construction Engineering Research Laboratories, Fiber-Reinforced Polymer
Composite Materials Systems to Enhance Reinforced Concrete Structures, February
1998.
Test Reports
Column Shear Enhancement:
1. SEQAD Consulting Engineers. Rectangular Shear Column Test. Mar. 1992.
2. SEQAD Consulting Engineers. Repair of Shear Columns Using Fiberglass/Epoxy

Jackets. 1993.
3. SEQAD Consulting Engineers. Shear Column Test No.1. May 1991.
4. SEQAD Consulting Engineers. Shear Column Test No. 2. July 1991.
5. Priestley, Assessment & Retrofit of Concrete Columns for Seismic Performance. UCSD,
July 1993.
6. SEQAD Consulting Engineers. Repair of Shear Column Using Fiberglass Epoxy Jacket.
July 1993.
7. Ohtaki, Benzoni/ UCSD. Seismic Performance of a Full Scale Bridge Column. Nov.
1996.
8. SEQAD Consulting Engineers. High Strength Fiber Rectangular Column Shear & No
Lap-Splice Flexural Test. March 1992.
9. University of Canterbury, New Zealand. Retrofitting of Reinforced Concrete Members

Using Advanced Composite Materials.1999.
10. University of California at Irvine, Structural Qualification Testing of Composite Jacket

Circular and Rectangular Columns. Oct. 1999.
Column Axial Load Enhancement:
1. SEQAD Consulting Engineers. Axial Load Characteristics of Rectangular Columns

Wrapped with TYFO® S Jackets. Feb. 1996.
2. K.W. Neale, INC. Axial Load Capacity of Wall Type Concrete Columns. April 1997.
3. USC. Full Scale Testing of a Typical Parking Structure Column. Oct.1995.
4. Texas D.O.T. Compression Test of Failed Concrete Cylinders Wrapped with TYFO®
Fibrwrap System. Oct.1995.
5. Kachlakev et. al, Oregon D.O.T., FHWA, Behavior of Concrete Specimens Reinforced
with Composite Materials – Laboratory Study, SPR-387., Feb. 2000.

Column Ductility Enhancement:
1. Pennsylvania D.O.T. Fiber Column Wrap-Seismic retrofit System. Nov. 1998.
2. Priestley, Seible. Design of Seismic Retrofit Measures for Concrete & Masonry. Mar.
1995.
July 1993.
July 1993.
6. Priestley / UCSD. Seismic Assessment & Retrofit of Bridge Columns.
7. Ohtaki, Benzoni/ UCSD. Seismic Performance of a Full Scale Bridge Column. Nov.
1996.
8. University of Toronto. Repair & Strengthening of Columns with Fiber. Mar 1998.


Column Lap Splice Enhancement:
1. SEQAD Consulting Engineers. High Strength Fiber Circular Column Lap Splice
Flexural Test Project. May 1991.
2. SEQAD Consulting Engineers. Seismic Retrofit of Bridge Columns Using High Strength
Fiberglass/ Epoxy Jackets. Aug. 1993.
Beam Shear Enhancement:
1. Kheled R. Saleh / Lawrence Technical University. Strengthening of Two- Span

Continuous Girders Using Fyfe FRP Sheets. 1997.
2. ISIS / University of Manitoba. Shear Strengthening of the Maryland Bridge Using CFRP
Sheets SCH-41. July 1997.
3. University of Alberta. Shear Rehabilitation of Type G Girders Using ACM.
4. A & M Texas University. Tests of Concrete Beams with Externally Bonded Glass Fiber
Fabric Web Reinforcement. 1999.
5. University of Canterbury, New Zealand. Recent Development in the Use of Advanced

Composite Materials for Seismic Retrofitting. 1999.

7. University of Canterbury, New Zealand. Increase of Load Carrying Capacity of Beams

by Means of Advanced Composite Material Plates. 1999.
8. Kachlakev and McCurry, Oregon D.O.T., FHWA, Behavior of Concrete Specimens

Reinforced with Composite Materials – Laboratory Study, SPR-387. Feb. 2000.
Beam/Slab Flexural Enhancement:
1. Kheled R. Sleh. / Lawrence Technical University. Strengthening of Two-Span

Continuous Girders Using Fyfe FRP Sheets.1997.
2. Georgia D.O.T. Flexural Test of Concrete Beams Wrapped with TYFO® S Fibrwrap.
Feb. 1994.
3. University of Pennsylvania. FRP Jacketed Concrete Under Flexure & Combined

Flexure. Feb. 1995.
4. Grace, Sayad, Saleh. Strengthening Reinforced Concrete Beams Using Fiber Reinforced
Polymer (FRP) Laminates. Oct. 1999.
5. A&M Texas University. Tests of Concrete Beams with Externally Bonded Glass Fiber
Fabric WEB Reinforcements.

Using Advanced Composite Materials.
7. University of Canterbury, New Zealand. Increase of Load Carrying Capacity of Beams

by Means of Advanced Composite Material Plates.
8. Mc Maser University. Repair of Beam Column Joints Using GFRP Sheets. Oct. 1999.
9. Kachlakev and McCurry, Oregon D.O.T., FHWA, Behavior of Concrete Specimens

Reinforced with Composite Materials – Laboratory Study, SPR-387. Feb. 2000.
10. Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center, Navy Advanced Composite Technology in
Waterfront Infrastructure, SP-2046-SHR. December 1998.
11. Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center, Waterfront Repair and Upgrade, Advanced
Technology Demonstration Site No. 2, Pier 12 Naval Station, San Diego, SSR-2419-SHR.
November 1998.
In-Plane Wall Shear Enhancement:
1. UCSD. Seismic Repair & Retrofit of a Full-Scale Five Story Masonry Building. Oct.
1993.
2. UCSD. Seismic Repair & Retrofit of Masonry Walls with Carbon Overlays. 1995.
3. PMR Enterprises/UC Irvine. TYFO® JT System Full Scale Structural Test Program.
Nov. 1996.
4. US Army Corps of Engineers. Upgrade & Monitoring of Unreinforced Masonry. Nov.

1997.
5. US Army Corps of Engineers. Masonry Bearing & Shear Walls Retrofitted with Overlay
Composite Material . Dynamic Test. Jun. 1998.
6. State University of New York, Buffalo. Evaluation of TYFO® W Fibrwrap System for In-
Plane Strengthening of Masonry Walls. March 1995.
Out-of Plane Wall Flexural Enhancement:

1. Portland State University. Full Scale Tests of Retrofitted Hollow Clay Tile Walls. Jun.
1998.
2. US Army Corps of Engineers. Upgrade & Monitoring of Unreinforced Masonry. Nov.

1997.
3. US Army Corps of Engineers. Masonry Bearing & Shear Walls Retrofitted with Overlay
Composite Material. Dynamic Test. June 1998.
4. State University of New York, Buffalo. Evaluation of TYFO® W Fibrwrap System for
Out-of-Plane Strengthening of Masonry Walls. March 1995.
5. See, “Beam/Slab Flexural Enhancement” for additional supporting reports.
Mechanical Anchorage:
1. University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. Retrofit of Reinforced Concrete

Using Advanced Composite Materials. 1999.
2. University of Canterbury, New Zealand. Increase of Load Capacity of Beams by Means

of Advanced Composite Plates. 1999.
3. J. Neuner & R. Falabella. Composite Anchor System – Flatwise Tensile & Shear Testing.
June 1996.
4. Accu-Test Engineering Laboratories. Results of Flatwise Tension, Shear and Torque

Tests on Concrete Specimens bonded with Carbon Fiber Composite. 2000.
APPENDIX A
DESIGN EXAMPLES
Column Shear Design Example
Design Goal: Supplement original transverse reinforcement to provide increased shear strength
and improve earthquake performance of the structure. The target additional shear
strength is 120 kips.
1) Existing Column Properties:
h = b = 24” (column width and depth)

l = 19.33’ (column length)
f’c = 3000 psi (concrete compressive strength)
fy = 60 ksi (yield strength of reinforcement)
Transverse reinforcement: #3 bars @ 8” o.c.
2) Properties of Tyfo® SEH 51 Glass Composite System:
ε = 0.004 (allowable design strain for shear)

E = 3790 ksi (typical test value for tensile modulus)
CE = 0.8 (environmental reduction factor)
EG = CEE = (0.8)(3790 ksi) = 3032 ksi (guaranteed design modulus)
f = ε EG = (0.004)(3032 ksi) = 12.1 ksi (guaranteed design stress)
t = 0.05” (composite thickness)
3) Shear enhancement with one layer of composite:
ΦV = Φ2.86 f t h
where:
Φ = 0.85 (reduction factor for shear)
ΦV = (0.85)(2.86)(12.1 ksi)(0.05”)(24”) = 35.3 k
Shear enhancement provided by one layer of the Tyfo® SEH System.
4) Calculate required number of layers of composite:
The required additional shear force the columns must carry is, Vreq = 120 kips.
Therefore, the number of layers required is:
Vreq / V = 120 k / 35.3 k per layer = 3.4 ≈ 4 layers
5) Conclusions:
Providing 4 layers of the Tyfo® SEH 51 System will enhance the shear capacity of the
column to carry the additional shear force of 120 kips. See Appendix B for typical
details.
Column Axial Load Design Example
Design Goal: Use Tyfo® SCH composite to provide 300 kips of additional ultimate axial
capacity to existing columns. The additional capacity is required during a
seismic event and is not considered to be a sustained load.
diameter = 13” (column diameter)

2) Properties of Tyfo® SCH 41 Carbon Composite System:
ε = 0.002 (allowable design strain)

EG = CEE = (0.85)(13900) = 11900 ksi (guaranteed design modulus)
f = ε EG = (0.002)(11900) = 23.8 ksi (guaranteed design stress)
3) Calculate confined concrete compressive strength:
⎛ 7.94f 'l 2f 'l ⎞

f 'cc = f 'c ⎜ 2.25 1 + − − 1.25 ⎟
⎜ f 'c f 'c ⎟
⎝ ⎠
where:
Assume two layers of SCH 41 carbon composite:
ρsj = 4 t / D = 0.0246
f′l = 0.26 ρsj f = 0.152 ksi
f’cc = 3941 ksi
4) Calculate additional axial load capacity:
Assume that the steel does not provide significant additional axial capacity to the column
at levels in excess of the original design.
The original axial capacity of the column was:
ΦP0 = Φ f’c Ag
where:
Φ = 0.85 (reduction factor for axial load)
Ag = 132.6 in2 (gross area of column)
ΦP0 = (0.85)(3.0 ksi)(132.6 in2) = 338.13 kips
The new axial capacity with two layers of the Tyfo® SCH Composite System is:
ΦPcomp = Φ f’cc Ag = (0.85)(3.941 ksi)(132.6 in2) = 444 kips
This corresponds to an increased axial load of: 444 k – 338 k = 106 kips
5) Conclusions:
Two layers of the Tyfo® SCH 41 Composite System provide an additional 106 kips of
axial capacity to the existing column.
The two-layer Tyfo® SCH 41 System must extend over the column’s full clear height.
See Appendix B for typical details.
Note that axial load enhancement of rectangular sections requires changing the cross-
sectional shape to a circle or ellipse. This can be accomplished with pre-cast bolsters or
by forming and pouring.
Column Ductility Design Example
Design goal: Provide a composite system for the existing circular column that allows a
displacement ductility of six times the yield displacement of the section.
P = 212 kips (applied axial loading)

f'c = 5000 psi (concrete compressive strength)
D = 24” (diameter of column)
l = 12’ = 144” (column height)
fy = 60 ksi (yield strength of steel reinforcement)
db = 0.75” (diameter of longitudinal bars)
Longitudinal reinforcement: 6-#6 bars
Transverse reinforcement: #3 hoops at 14” on center
Assume a fixed-fixed boundary condition, so le = (0.5) l = (0.5)(144”) = 72”
2) Results from Moment-Curvature Analysis of the existing section:
Fyfe Co. LLC engineers can provide a complete moment-curvature analysis for engineers
use if given the information listed in the “Existing Column Properties” section of this
example.
Mu = 4437.8 kip-in (moment capacity of the existing section)

c = 6.1” (neutral axis depth at ultimate moment)
φy = 0.000184 1/in (ideal yield curvature)
εu = 0.022 (ultimate composite strain)

EG = CEE = (0.8)(3790 ksi) = 3032 ksi (guaranteed tensile modulus)
fu = εu EG = (0.022)(3032 ksi) = 66.7 ksi (guaranteed ultimate composite stress)
4) Ductility Calculations:
Determine the plastic hinge length, lp:
lp = (0.08)le + (0.15)f y d b = (0.08)(72" ) + (0.15)(60ksi)(0.75" ) = 12.5"
The required curvature ductility, µφ is:
⎡ ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ µ∆ − 1 ⎥
µφ = 1 +
⎢ ⎛ l p ⎞⎛ 0.5lp ⎞ ⎥
⎢ 3⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎥
⎣⎢ ⎝ l ⎠⎝ l ⎟⎠ ⎦⎥
where the target design ductility, µ∆ = 6.
⎡ ⎤
⎢ 6 −1 ⎥
µφ = 1 + ⎢ ⎥ = 11.5
⎢ ⎛ 12.5" ⎞⎛ (0.5)(12.5" ) ⎞ ⎥
⎢ 3⎜ 72" ⎟⎜1 − 72"
⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠⎦
Therefore, the ultimate curvature, φu is:
φu = µφφy = (11.5)(0.000184) = 0.00212
and the ultimate confined concrete strain to reach this ultimate curvature, εcu:
εcu = φu c = (0.00212)(6.1”) = 0.0129
5) Determine thickness of composite required:
First, the volumetric confining ratio of the composite jacket, ρsj is:
0.8(εcu − 0.004)(f 'cc )

ρsj =
fuεu
where:
f’cc ≅ 1.5 f’c = (1.5)(5 ksi) = 7.5 ksi
0.8(0.0129 − 0.004)(7.5ksi)
ρsj = = 0.0364
(66.7 ksi)(0.022)
The required composite thickness to achieve this confinement is:
ρsj = 4 t / D
∴ t = ρsj D / 4 = (0.0362)(24”)/4 = 0.2172”
# of layers = 0.2172”/0.05” per layer = 4.3 ≈ 5 layers
6) Conclusions:
Five layers of the Tyfo® SEH 51 System are needed to enhance the displacement ductility
of the column to six times the yield displacement of the longitudinal steel.
For axial load ratios of P/f’c Ag < 0.3 the composite thickness, t, must extend from the
critical section a length of 25% of the effective column height, le, or the column diameter,
D, whichever is greater.
Corresponding shear forces at the calculated ultimate levels for ductility should be
checked to ensure that the column is not prone to shear failure.
The ductility requirements for columns can also be stated in required drift, ultimate
displacements, plastic rotation or curvature ductility. These values can be transformed
into individual multiples of the displacement ductility described in this example in the
“Ductility Calculations” section. If you require any assistance, please contact the Fyfe
Co. LLC engineers.
Column Lap Splice Design Example
Design Goal: Provide sufficient clamping force to existing inadequate lap splice length to
allow continuous column performance.
D = 30” (diameter of column)

dc = 2” (depth of cover concrete)
fs = fy = 40 ksi (steel stress required to be transferred)
Longitudinal reinforcement: 12-#9 bars
db = 1.128” (diameter of longitudinal bars)
n = 12 (number of longitudinal bars)
Ab = 1.0 in2 (area of longitudinal bars)
D’ = 30” – (2)(2”) – .375” = 25.6” (confined core diameter of column)
ls = 16” (length of lap splice)
Note that ls = 16” ≥ (0.025dbfy)/√f’c = 15.8” OK
2) Properties of Tyfo® SCH 41S Carbon Composite System:
ε = 0.0015 (allowable design strain for lap splices)

EG = CEE = (0.85)(10500) = 8925 ksi (guaranteed design modulus)
f = ε EG = (0.0015)(8925) = 13.39 ksi (guaranteed design stress)
3) Calculate the volumetric confining ratio of the composite:
1.4A b f s
ρ sj =
pl s f
where:
p = perimeter of the crack surface forming before splice failure (inches).
Use the lesser of the following values:
⎛ πD' ⎞
p1 = ⎜ ⎟ + 2( d b + d c ) or p 2 = 2 2 (db + dc)
⎝ 2n ⎠
⎛ π( 25.6" ) ⎞
p1 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + 2(1.128"+2" ) = 9.61” or p 2 = 2 2 (1.128"+2" ) = 8.85”
⎝ 2(12) ⎠
∴p = 8.85”
Therefore,
1.4(1.0in 2 )(40ksi)
ρsj = = 0.0295
(8.85" )(16" )(13.39ksi)
4) Calculate required number of layers of composite:
The required thickness of composite to achieve this confinement is:
t = ρsj D / 4 = (0.0295)(30”)/4 = 0.221”
# of layers = 0.221”/0.04” per layer = 5.5 ≈ 6 layers
5) Conclusions:
Use 6 layers of the Tyfo® SCH 41S carbon composite to effectively clamp the existing
insufficient lap splice. At a minimum, the composite jacket should be extended the full
length of the existing lap splice.
Note that rectangular sections with insufficient lap-splice detailing will often require
changing the cross-sectional shape to circular or elliptical prior to wrapping. This can be
accomplished using pre-cast bolsters or by forming and pouring.
Beam Shear Design Example
Beam Shear Strength Enhancement Using Tyfo® Fibrwrap® Fiber-Reinforced

Composite System
Due to rehabilitation of an existing building, the beam shown in Figure E2-1 is required to resist a factored
dead and live load shear of 175 kips. The effective depth of the reinforcement is 35 inches. The existing
slab is 8 inches deep and so the clear depth of beam face is 30”. Use fiber-reinforced composites to provide
additional shear capacity.
20”
8”
38” d = 35”
#4 @ 16” o.c.
Figure E2-1. Beam Shear Reinforcement Layout
Beam and Stirrup Properties:
Concrete compressive strength, f ‘c = 3000 psi

Effective depth of beam, d = 35 inches
Specified steel yield stress of stirrups, fy = 40 ksi
Elastic modulus of steel, Es= 29000 ksi
Stirrup spacing, s = 16 inches
Steel area in shear for each stirrup, Av = (2 legs) 0.2 =0.4 in2
Material Properties of Fiber-Reinforced Composite:
Use TYFO® Fibrwrap® System, SEH-51
Ultimate tensile strength fuj = CEfG = 0.8(83.4) = 66.7 ksi

Elastic modulus Ej = CEEG = 0.8(3790) = 3030 ksi
Allowable strain for shear in composite, εj = 0.004 (per ICC report AC125)
Thickness per layer, tj = 0.05 inches
Angle of primary fiber orientation, θ = 90 degrees
Design Procedure:
4. Calculate Existing Shear Capacity of Beam without Composites

5. Calculate Allowable Hoop Stress in Composite Layer
6. Calculate the Required Number of Composite Layers
1. Calculate Existing Shear Capacity of Beam without Composites:
Calculate shear capacity of beam using following equation:
Av f y d
Vn = 2 f ' c bw d +
s
2 3000 (20)(35) (0.40)(40)(35)

Vn = + = 112 kips < 175 kips (Target Capacity)
1000 16
The existing beam does not have adequate capacity to resist the anticipated shear.
2. Calculate Allowable Hoop Stress in Composite Layer:
From ICC report AC125 allowable shear stress in the composite layer is determined using
following equation, which is based on an effective strain of 0.004 in the shear-enhancing
composite:
f j = 0.004E j ≤ 0.75 f uj
= 0.004 × 3030 = 12.1 ksi < 0.75 × 66.7 = 50 ksi
fj =12.1 ksi
Note that the effective strain of 0.004 can only be attained if the shear enhancing composites are
bonded effectively to the beam. This can be achieved by wrapping the composites around the
entire cross-section. If the presence of a slab prevents the composites from being wrapped around
the entire section, anchors should be used at the edges of the composite to ensure effective bond
between the composite and the beam web. See the “Appendix C” for typical anchor details.
3. Calculate Required Thickness of Composite Layer:
The enhancement of shear strength by composites applied to a beam is given by:

Vsj = 2t f f j H sin2 θ
where,
tf = Nominal thickness of composite = 2×0.05 = 0.10 inches for two layers

fj = Stress in composite, which is given by εjEj 0.75 fju
Ej = Modulus of composite (Guaranteed Design Value) = 3030 ksi
εj = Effective strain in shear composite 0.004
H = Effective depth of shear composite = 30 inches
θ = Inclination of composite to longitudinal axis of member = 90 degrees
The nominal thickness of composite required is therefore given by:
Vu / φ − Vn 175 / 0.85 − 112

t j,required = = = 0.129 ”
2 f j H sin2 θ 2 (12)(30)(1)
and the number of layers required is given by:
t j,required 0.129
n= = = 2.58 ~ 3
tj 0.05
Use 3 layers of TYFO® Fibrwrap® System, SEH-51 (Anchors are required to ensure the design
strain can be developed)
Slab Flexural Design Example
Slab Flexural Strength Enhancement Using the Tyfo® FibrWrap® Fiber-Reinforced

Composite System
Due to rehabilitation of an existing building, the slab shown in Figure E1-1 is required to
resist a factored dead and live load moment of 240 kip-in due to additional intermittent
live load. Using fiber-reinforced composites, provide additional moment capacity.
Assume 50% of the bottom face of the slab will be covered with composite layers (For
example, 12-inch strips as a 12-inch spacing). The existing dead load moment in the slab
is 84 kip-in.
12”
d = 9.3”
11.5”
#5 @ 12” o.c.
Figure E1-1. Slab Section
Slab Dimensions:
Assumed effective slab width, b = 12 inches

Slab depth, h = 11.5 inches
Effective depth of Slab, d = 9.3 inches
Reinforcing Steel, As = 0.31 in2/ft (#5 @ 12” o.c.)
Material Properties of Slab:
Specified concrete strength, f ’c = 3000 psi

Elastic modulus of concrete, Ec = 57 f ' c = 57 3000 = 3122 ksi
Specified steel yield stress, fy = 60 ksi
Elastic modulus of steel, Es= 29000 ksi
Material Properties of Fiber-Reinforced Composite:
To account for the effect of exposure to the environment during the life of the structure, the
“Typical Test Values” for the composites are modified by the Environmental Durability Factor
CE to obtain the “Guaranteed Design Values” that are used in design. If we use carbon TYFO®
SCH-41S Fibrwrap® System, the Environmental Durability Factor is equal to 0.85. For TYFO®
SCH-41S:
Ultimate tensile strength, fuj = fGCE = 127(0.85) = 108 ksi

Elastic modulus, Ej = EGCE = 10500(0.85) = 8900 ksi
Ultimate strain, εuj = 108/8900 = 0.012 (Per ICC report AC125 maximum strain in
composite layer shall not exceed 0.75εuj = 0.009. In addition,
since there is no confinement of the concrete at the bottom of the
slab, we can limit the tensile strain to 0.004)
Nominal thickness per layer, tj = 0.04 inches
Nominal cross Sectional Area per Layer = (0.5) (0.04) (12) = 0.24 in2/Layer
Design Procedure:

12. Check Moment Capacity of Strengthen Slab
0.003)
b) At Limit State for Maximum Allowable Tensile Strain (0.004)
1. Calculate Moment Capacity of Existing Slab Section without Composites:
Figure E1-2 illustrates the force diagram in slab section at the ultimate state.
0.85fc’ab
a
d
Asfy
Figure E1-2. Equilibrium in the Slab at Ultimate State (Without Composite Layer)
The moment capacity is calculated using following equation:
Mn = A s f y (d − a / 2)
where:
a = depth of concrete compressive stress block
=
As f y
=
(0.31)(60) = 0.608 inches
0.85 f ' c b 0.85(3)(12)
Thus:
Mn = (0.31)(60)(9.3 − 0.608 / 2) = 167.3 kip-in < 240 kips-in
The existing slab does not have adequate capacity to resist the anticipated moment.
The composite material will be applied to the slab while it is still subjected to the existing dead
loads. Thus, the strain at the bottom of the slab due to the existing loads needs to be calculated.
This existing strain will be subtracted from the strain at the bottom of the slab at ultimate loads to
obtain the effective strain in the composite material.
The existing moment of 84 kip-in is much less than the capacity of the slab. Therefore, we can
assume that the concrete stresses are low and a cracked section with triangular stress block will
develop as shown in Figure E1-3.
b
εc fc
0.5fc’bkd
kd
nAs εs
εt Asfy
Strain
Figure E1-3. Equilibrium in the Slab Under Existing Load (Without Composite Layer)
The depth of uncracked concrete (neutral axis depth) is given by:
k = 2ρn + (ρn) − ρn
2
where:
k = ratio of the depth of cracked portion to the effective depth, d

As 0.31
ρ= = = 0.00278
bd (12)(9.3)
Es 29000
n= = = 9.289
Ec 3122
k = 2(0.00278)(9.289) + (0.00278 × 9.289) − (0.00278)(9.289) = 0.203

2
Therefore the depth of the neutral axis is:
kd = 0.203 × 9.3 = 1.89 ”
Tensile stress in reinforcing steel:
M 84
fs = = = 31.25 ksi
A sd (1 − k / 3) (0.31)(9.3)(1 − 0.203 / 3)
Compressive stress in concrete:
2M 2(84)
fc = = = 0.86 ksi
kd (d − kd / 3) (0.203)(9.3)(9.3 − 1.89 / 3)
Maximum strain in reinforcing steel:
f s 31.25
εs = = = 0.00108
Es 29000
and by similar triangles from Figure E1-3, the existing stain in the concrete at the bottom
at the bottom fiber is given by:
h − kd 11.5 − 1.89
εi = εs = (0.00108) = 0.0014
d − kd 9.3 − 1.89
We can assume a moment arm of 0.75h to calculate the additional moment contributed by
the composite layers as shown in Figure E1-4. This is an approximation of the moment
arm in a typical reinforced concrete beam.
C’c = Tj
~0.75h
Tj
Figure E1-4. Assumed Moment Arm in Slab Section
The target moment (Mu) in the section is then expressed as follows:
Mu = Me + 0.75hT j
M u − Mn
Tj =
0.75h
T j = A j f j = xbtj f j = 0.5(12)(0.004-0.0014)8900tj = 139tj
where
Mn= Moment capacity of the unit width of the slab (167.3 kips-in)
x = Percentage of the bottom face of the slab being covered with composite
layers.
Rearranging the equations yields the following expression for the thickness of composite
layer:
M u − Mn 240 − 167.3
tj = = = 0.061 inches
(
0.75h x b f j ) 0.75 (11.5)(139)
Try two layers of TYFO® SCH-41S (Thickness = 0.080 inches).
4. Check Moment Capacity of Strengthened Beam
To calculate the moment capacity of slab section we need to check that the maximum
strains at the ultimate capacity do not exceed the limiting strains in concrete, steel or the
fiber composites. Figure E-1-5 shows the strain and stress diagram at various stages of
loading for the cross-section.
b
εc fc 0.85fc’
a Cc
kd Cc
Ts Ts
εt = εi + εj εj Tj Tj
(a) (b) (d)
Figure E1-5 (a) Slab Section with Composite Layer, (b) Strain Diagram, (c) Stress Diagram in
Linear Range, (d) Stress Diagram at Ultimate State
For equilibrium of the cross section:
∑ Fx = Cc − Ts − T j = 0
where:
Cc = 0.85 f ' ca b (Compressive force in concrete when εc> 0.002, rectangular stress
block)
1
Cc = ε cEcc b (Compressive force in concrete when εc< 0.002, triangular stress
2
block)
T s = AsEsε s ≤ As f y (Tensile force in steel)
T j = A j E j (ε t − ε i ) (Tensile force in composite layer)
where εi is the strain in the bottom fibers due to the existing moment in the slab and εi is the
maximum tensile strain at the bottom of the slab at the ultimate moment.
a). At Limit State for Ultimate Concrete Compressive Strain (Concrete Crushing)
Assume neutral axis distance from top of slab section:
c = 1.5”
a = 0.85c = 0.85(1.5) = 1.275 ”
Compressive strain in concrete (ultimate state):
ε c = 0.003
Tensile strain at the bottom of the section:
h− c 11.5 − 1.5
εt = εc = (0.003) = 0.020
c 1 .5
Strain in reinforcing steel:
d−c 9 .3 − 1 .5
εs = εt = (0.02) = 0.0156
h− c 11.5 − 1.5
Compressive force in concrete:
Cc = 0.85(3)(1.275)(12) = 39.02 kips
Tensile force in steel:
T s = (0.31)(29000)(0.0156) = 140.24 kips > A s f y = (0.31)(60) = 18.60 kips
Tensile force in composite layer:
T j = (0.020 − 0.0014)(2 × 0.24)(8900) = 79.5 kips
Check equilibrium in section:
∑F x = 0 ⇒ Cc − T s − T j = 39.02 –18.6 – 79.5 = 59.09 kips N.G.
Modify Neutral axis location to achieve equilibrium:
Try c = 2.4 inches
a =0.85c = 2.04 in
Compressive strain in concrete (ultimate state):
ε c = 0.003
Compressive force in concrete:
Cc = 0.85 f ' c a b = 0.85(3)(2.04)(12) = 62.4 kips
Strain in composite layer:
h− c 11.5 − 2.4
εj = εc = (0.003) = 0.0114
c 2.4
Tensile force in composite layer:
T j = A j (ε t − ε i )E j = (0.0114 − 0.0014)(2 × 0.24)(8900) = 42.7 kips
d−c 9 .3 − 2 .4
εs = εj = (0.0114) = 0.0086
h− c 11.5 − 2.4
T s = AsEsε s = (0.31)(29000)(0.0086) = 77.3 kips > As f y = (0.31)(60) = 18.6 kips
∑ Fx = 0 ⇒ Cc − Ts − T j = 0
62.4 – 18.6 - 42.7 = 1.1 kips ~ 0 kips O.K.
Calculate the moment capacity by summing the moments about the bottom of the beam:
⎛ 0.85c⎞
M = Cc ⎜ h − ⎟ − T s (h − d )
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ 0.85 × 2.4 ⎞
= 62.4 ⎜11.5 − ⎟ − 18.60 (11.5 − 9.3) = 613 kip-in
⎝ 2 ⎠
Note that from the calculations, we can already tell that the concrete crushing does not govern
because the maximum tensile strain at the bottom of the beam is larger than the allowable strain
of 0.004. The calculations were shown to illustrate the procedure.
b). At Limit State for Maximum Allowable Composite Tensile Strain (0.004)
Assume a neutral axis distance from top of slab section:
c = 1.95”
Strain in composite layer with existing concrete strain subtracted:
ε j = ε t − ε i = 0.004 − 0.0014 = 0.0026
Tensile force in composite layer
T j = A j (ε t − ε i )E j = (0.0026)(2 × 0.24)(8900) = 11.1 kips

d−c 9.3 − 1.95

εs = εt = (0.004) = 0.0031
h− c 11.5 − 1.95
Ts = AsEsε s = (0.31)(29000)(0.0031) = 27.9 kips > As f y = (0.31)(60) = 18.6 kips
Note that the steel reinforcement yields, ensuring a ductile behavior. The concrete compressive
strain at the top of the slab is given by:
1.95
εc =
c
εt = (0.004) = 0.0008 < 0.002
h− c 11.5 − 1.95
Concrete is in linear range and so a triangular stress block should be used. The compressive force
in concrete is therefore:
1 1
Cc = ε cEcc b = (0.0008)(3122)(1.95) (12) = 29.2 kips
2 2
∑ Fx = 0 ⇒ Cc − Ts − T j = 29.2 –18.8 – 11.1 = -0.5 kips ~ 0 kips O.K.
Calculate the moment capacity:
M = Cc (h − c/ 3) − Ts (h − d )
⎛ 1.95 ⎞
= 29.2 ⎜11.5 − ⎟ − 18.6(11.5 − 9.3) = 276 kip-in
⎝ 3 ⎠
The moment capacity of section for the case that strain in composite fibers reaches the maximum
limit is less than previous case where concrete is at ultimate compressive strains. Therefore, the
moment capacity of the slab section is governed by the strain in composites. Using a capacity
reduction factor of φ = 0.9:
φMn= 0.9(276) =248.4 kip-in > Mu = 240 kip-in OK
Use two layers of TYFO® Fibrwrap® System, SCH-41S with 50% of the bottom face of the slab
covered with composite layers.
In-Plane Wall Shear Design Example
Design Goal: Provide additional shear strength capacity to the existing reinforced concrete
walls.
1) Existing Wall Properties:
lw = 12” (one ft unit wall length used for calculations)

tw = 8” (wall thickness)
ε = 0.004 (allowable design strain for shear)

f = ε EG = (0.004)(3032 ksi) = 12.12 ksi (guaranteed design stress)
3) Calculate shear contribution from two layers of the composite:
ΦV = Φk f t lw cot45°
where:
Φ = 0.85 (reduction factor for shear)
k = 0.75 (efficiency factor for one-sided bonding to a
wall)
ΦV = (0.85)(0.75)(12.12 ksi)(0.05”)(2 layers)(12”)(1) = 9.3 k per ft of wall

Shear enhancement provided by two layers of the Tyfo® SEH System.
4) Conclusions:
The application of two layers of the Tyfo® SEH 51 System to the existing concrete walls
will provide an additional shear capacity of approximately 9.3 kips per foot of wall
length. This design does not take into account any openings in the walls or out-of-plane
requirements. When increasing the shear capacity of a structural member, potential
failure modes such as sliding shear, flexural failure or compression failure also should be
considered to ensure that the additional shear can be developed.
Connections to adjacent elements (e.g. diaphragms and foundations) should be analyzed

by the engineer. The Tyfo® JT System can be designed to transfer these forces between
adjacent elements. Contact Fyfe Co. LLC engineers for more information.
The Tyfo® SEH 51 System should be carried around any wall ends or into window/door
jams whenever possible. Tyfo® FibrAnchors® should be provided at edges with an
approximate maximum spacing of 24” on center. See Appendix B for typical details.
Out-of-Plane Wall Flexural Design Example
Design Goal: Provide additional out-of-plane strengthening to the existing URM wall in order
to limit deflections to three-inches and provide an additional moment capacity of
Mu=10 kip-in/ft.
1) Existing Wall Properties:
H = 18’ = 216” (wall height)

tw = 8” (wall thickness)
f’m = 1,700 psi (masonry compressive strength)
2) Properties of Tyfo® SEH 51A Glass Composite System:

3) Calculate allowable stress based on deflection limits:
Calculate the wall curvature at a design displacement (∆) of three inches at mid-height:
∆ = φu (H/2)2 / 3 = 3”
∴φu = (3)(3”)/(108”)2 = 0.00077
Calculate allowable strain at the design curvature, assuming neutral axis depth, c = 0.75”:
ε = φu (d-c) = (0.00077)(8” – 0.75”) = 0.00559
Therefore, the guaranteed design stress of the composite, f, based on the allowable strain
and guaranteed design modulus above:
f = ε EG = (0.00559)(3032 ksi) = 16.96 ksi
4) Determine thickness of composite required:
ΦM = Φ A f (jd)
where:
ΦM = 10 k-in/ft (required design moment)

Φ = 0.9 (reduction factor for flexure)
jd ≈ 0.9tw = (0.9)(8”) = 7.2” (assumed moment lever arm)
Solving for the composite area per ft width of wall:

A = ΦM / Φ f (jd) = (10 k-in/ft)/(0.9)(16.96 ksi)(7.2”) = 0.091 in2/ft
Required thickness of composite assuming a 12” unit width:
treq = A / 12” = (0.091 in2/ft)/(12” per ft) = 0.0076”
Using the thickness of one layer of the Tyfo® SEH 51A system of 0.05”, a percent
coverage of composite can be determined:
0.0076” per ft/0.05” per layer = .15 = 15% coverage
Use a minimum of 20% coverage. This corresponds 12” wide strips of composite,
one layer thick, at 5’ on center.
5) Calculate neutral axis for checks:
By equilibrium:
T=C
A f = 0.85(f’c)(a)(b)
Solve for a:
(12”)(0.05”)(20%)(16.96 ksi) = (0.85)(1.7 ksi)(a)(12”)
a = 0.12” (compression zone depth)
c = a/β = 0.12”/0.85 = 0.14” (neutral axis depth)
6) Check calculations with a new neutral axis:
Determine strain based on calculated neutral axis:
ε = φu (d-c) = (0.00077)(8” – 0.14”) = 0.006
Calculate new guaranteed design stress for the composite based on the new strain value
and the guaranteed design modulus:
f = ε EG = (0.006)(3032 ksi) = 18.2 ksi
Calculate new required area of the composite per ft of wall:
A = ΦM / Φ f (jd)
where:
jd = tw – a/2 = 8” – (0.12”/2) = 7.94” (revised moment lever arm)
A = (10 k-in/ft)/(0.9)(18.2 ksi)(7.94”) = 0.077 in2/ft
Required thickness of composite assuming a 12” unit width:
treq = A / 12” = (0.077 in2/ft)/(12” per ft) = 0.0064”

Find the percent coverage with a 0.05” thickness per layer, as above:
0.0064” per ft/0.05” per layer = .13 = 13% coverage
Use a minimum of 20% coverage, as above.
7) Conclusions:
Use 12” wide bands of the Tyfo® SEH 51A System at 5’ on center. For fully reversible
loading the system must be applied to both sides of the wall. This corresponds to 20%
coverage of the wall. This design is purely for out-of-plane loads. In-plane shear has not
been considered.
In addition to this, the wall should have some horizontal strengthening (“bond beam
bands”) to tie the masonry together and provide transverse bending between the vertical
bands. This is particularly important at the corners where the cracking would be more
severe. We also suggest an additional bond beam immediately above any door openings.
See Appendix B for typical details.
APPENDIX B
TYPICAL DETAILS
APPENDIX C
IMPROVED DETAILING USING THE TYFO®

SCH & SEH COMPOSITE ANCHORS
Structural test results have shown that the following detail examples will perform more
efficiently than standard designs. The increase in performance must be compared to the
increase in the cost of the installation. Projects must be reviewed based on their
individual requirements. Fyfe Co. LLC provides technical guidance at no obligation.

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Fyfe Co. LLC TYFO® Fibrwrap® Design Manual (Rev. 6) Property of Fyfe Co.

FYFE CO. LLC

TYFO® FIBRWRAP® SYSTEMS

Fyfe Co. LLC

Column Design Equations

fy = yield strength of steel reinforcement (ksi)

General Design Considerations

Active and Passive Structural Members

Shear and Flexural Enhancement of Sections

In general, it is suggested to limit the amount of additional moment capacity provided to

Figure 1: Force Balance Diagram of a Strengthened Section

Figure 2: Stress-strain behavior of composites versus steel

Composite System Reduction Factor, CE

Table 1: Material Selection Chart

Typical Test Values Guaranteed Design Values

Table 1.1 Limiting Strains of Tyfo® Fibrwrap® Composite Materials

Flexural Yes 0.002 0.004 0.006

Axial Load Yes 0.002 0.004 0.006

Lap Splice Yes (Circular columns) 0.0015 0.0015 0.0015

Ductility Yes N/A N/A As Calculated

Column Shear Enhancement

Nominal shear strength enhancement provided by the composite (kips), V:

Rectangular Sections Circular Sections

Column Axial Load Enhancement

Fiber-reinforced composite material may be applied to external surfaces of concrete members to

⎛ 7.94f 'l 2f 'l ⎞

Column Ductility Enhancement

Column Lap Splice Enhancement

Ab = area of one longitudinal bar (in2)

Rectangular Sections Circular Sections

D = diameter of circular column (inches)

Beam Shear Enhancement

Shear strength of rectangular sections can be enhanced by fiber-reinforced composite materials

Nominal shear strength enhancement provided by the composite (kips), V:

tf = Nominal thickness of composite

1. Calculate Existing Shear Capacity of Beam without Composites

Beam Flexural Enhancement

It is suggested that anchors or transverse fibers be utilized at termination points of longitudinal

Nominal flexural strength enhancement provided by the composite (k-in), M:

1. Calculate Existing Capacity

Slab Flexural Enhancement

Nominal flexural strength enhancement provided by the composite (k-in), M:

5. Calculate Existing Capacity

In-Plane Wall Shear Enhancement

In-plane shear strength can be enhanced by fiber-reinforced composite bonded to surfaces of

Nominal shear strength enhancement provided by the composite (kips), V:

Out-of-Plane Wall Flexural Enhancement

Nominal flexural enhancement provided by the composite (k-in), M:

7. Construction Productivity Advancement Research (CPAR) Program, US Army Corps of

1. SEQAD Consulting Engineers. Rectangular Shear Column Test. Mar. 1992.

2. SEQAD Consulting Engineers. Repair of Shear Columns Using Fiberglass/Epoxy

3. SEQAD Consulting Engineers. Shear Column Test No.1. May 1991.

4. SEQAD Consulting Engineers. Shear Column Test No. 2. July 1991.

9. University of Canterbury, New Zealand. Retrofitting of Reinforced Concrete Members

10. University of California at Irvine, Structural Qualification Testing of Composite Jacket

Column Axial Load Enhancement:

1. SEQAD Consulting Engineers. Axial Load Characteristics of Rectangular Columns

3. USC. Full Scale Testing of a Typical Parking Structure Column. Oct.1995.

6. University of California at Irvine, Structural Qualification Testing of Composite Jacket

Column Ductility Enhancement:

1. Pennsylvania D.O.T. Fiber Column Wrap-Seismic retrofit System. Nov. 1998.

3. USC. Full Scale Testing of a Typical Parking Structure Column. Oct.1995.

6. Priestley / UCSD. Seismic Assessment & Retrofit of Bridge Columns.