Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Carlos Sousa
September 2017
Summary
1
Main objectives of the CU
Teachers
• Álvaro Cunha
• Carlos Sousa
Contact hours outside classes:
Tuesdays 16h – 18h
Thursdays 11h – 13h
2
Programme (weeks 1 to 8)
1. Introduction
2. Metrology
• Measurement quality
• Transducer characteristics
3. Transducer calibration
4. Measuring techniques
• Strain measurement
• Displacement measurement
• Force and pressure measurement
• Temperature measurement
5. Monitoring systems
6. Non destructive techniques for inspection and diagnosis
• Concrete degradation
• Reinforcement corrosion
Organization of the CU
• Language
– English (and Portuguese)
3
Organization of the CU
• Distributed Evaluation
– Two short-duration tests (25 min), at the beginning of two classes:
• 16 October (Test1)
• 13 November (Test2)
– Distributed Evaluation = 50% Test1 + 50% Test2
• Final Exam
– Final Exam = max {Normal Exam; Complementary Exam}
Bibliography (weeks 1 to 7)
4
Introduction to the theme
Construction Monitoring and Observation
Historical evolution of
observation methods
Observation :
5
Historical evolution of
observation methods
Historical evolution
• Middle ages
– experiments in iron, glass and wood
Historical evolution of
observation methods
• Galileu (1564-1642)
– “Discorsi”: the beginning of Mechanics of the Materials
– First attempts to establish a bending design model
6
Historical evolution of
observation methods
• Buffon (1740)
– First tests to determine the shear strength of wood beams
Historical evolution of
observation methods
• Considère (1899)
– Numerous tests in plain and reinforced concrete specimens
– At the time, this was an important support to the design of concrete
structures
7
Historical evolution of
observation methods
• After 1950:
– Development of large laboratories
(in North America, Europe, etc…)
Experiments in reduced scale models
Historical evolution of
observation methods
8
Historical evolution of
observation methods
Historical evolution of
observation methods
• After 1950, in Portugal too:
– Important developments in the Structural Monitoring Division of the
National Laboratory of Civil Engineering (LNEC)
– Development of innovative monitoring techniques
– The first important structure monitored by LNEC: “Ponte Sobre o Rio
Sousa” (1948)
9
Historical evolution of
observation methods
Historical evolution of
observation methods
• After 1950, in Portugal too:
– Innovative instruments developed by Edgar Cardoso:
Mechanical instruments to measure deflections, strains and rotations
Electrical strain gages and acquisition devices
“autoinfluenciógrafo” to plot experimental influence lines
“autoinfluenciógrafo” developed
by Edgar Cardoso (1968)
10
Historical evolution of
observation methods
Historical evolution of
observation methods
• Current trend
11
Construction Monitoring and Observation
Examples of Application
Example 1
• While the construction works are not concluded, there’s a risk of progressive
damage in the columns, which can have serious consequences.
12
Construction Monitoring and Observation
Example 2
STRUCTURE AND INSTRUMENTATION:
Coimbra
Viseu
ED
EE
P1
P2 P8
P3
P7
P4 Longitudinal view
P6
P5
of Foz Dão Bridge
Montante Jusante
M Tr J
RO-Pi-Lo
RO-Pi-Tr
Montante Jusante E Transducers to measure
Lo longitudinal and
RO-Pi-Lo D transverse rotations
RO-Pi-Tr
(rede de sensores
(sensors na estrutura)
network)
PO
(DataTaker)
(Data Taker)
www.
www. Mobile
rede decommunications network
comunicação móvel
(utilizador final)
(Final User) (servidor
(Externalexterno)
server) (router na obra)
(Router)
13
Construction Monitoring and Observation
Example 2
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE NORMAL STRUCTURE BEHAVIOUR:
14
Construction Monitoring and Observation
Examples of Application
15
Construction Monitoring and Observation
Examples -- Safety assessment of existing structures
16
Construction Monitoring and Observation
Examples -- Safety assessment of existing structures
Example: Measurement of
displacements during the load test of
an industrial building’s slab
17
Construction Monitoring and Observation
Examples -- Safety assessment of existing structures
18
Construction Monitoring and Observation
Examples of Application
19
Construction Monitoring and Observation
Examples – Observation during construction and in service
Dimande, 2010
Example – Bridge scour (removal of sediments such as sand and rocks from around
bridge abutments or piers, caused by swiftly moving water)
Entre-os-Rios Bridge, in Portugal
- Inaugurated in 1887
- Collapsed in 2001 – 59 victims
- Failure of pier P4, due to scour
20
Construction Monitoring and Observation
Examples – Observation during construction and in service
21
Construction Monitoring and Observation
Examples – Observation during construction and in service
Félix, 2004
22
Construction Monitoring and Observation
Examples – Observation during construction and in service
23
Construction Monitoring and Observation
Examples of Application
Research
24
Construction Monitoring and Observation
Examples – Research
Example: validation of
constitutive models for fibre
reinforced concrete
furação DIWIDAG
2000,0mm
1000,0mm
(LAJE) 180,0mm
troço de pilar
25
Construction Monitoring and Observation
Examples – Research
350
334,576
300
250
200
Força (k N)
150
100
59,422
50
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Deslocamento (mm)
Bibliographic references
• Rodrigues, C., Sousa, C., Figueiras, H., Faria, R. & Figueiras, J., 2015
Monitorização e vigilância estrutural de pontes de betão com estados críticos de conservação – o caso
da Ponte de Foz Dão.
57º Congresso Brasileiro do Concreto
26
Bibliographic references
• Sousa, C., Rodrigues, C., Malveiro, J., Calçada, R. & Serra Neves, A., 2014
Caracterização do comportamento cíclico de vigas de betão armado fendilhadas, com sensores de
Bragg.
Congresso Nacional de Mecânica Experimental
• Sousa, H., Sousa, C., Serra Neves, A., Bento, J. & Figueiras, J., 2015
Surveillance of continuous precast concrete bridge decks supported by monitoring-based techniques
International Conference on Multi-span large bridges
27