A.

Connecters

1. Join the following sentesces. Use and , but , or , so or because as connecters.

a. The jar is inside a box. The box is inside a bag.
* The jar is inside a box and the box is inside a bag.
b. Returnable bottles carrying a deposit are often used forty times. Non – returnable
bottles are used only once.
* Retunable bottles carrying a deposit are often used forty times but non-returnable bottles
are used only once.
c. Glass is valuable. Old glass makes new glass.
* Glass is valuable because old glass makes new glass.
d. There are two kinds of rubbish. They are both nasty.
* There are two kinds of rubbish and they are both nasty. => Packaging is big business and
everyhing we buy is wrapped.
e. Non – returnable bottles are used only once. That is waste.
* Non-retunable bottles are used only once and that is waste.
f. Consumers only want the product. Packaging creates a problem for them.
* Consumers only want the product but packaging creates a problem for them.
g. Packaging that is thrown away is called litter. Manufacturers argue that it is not their
responsibility.
* Packaging that is thrown away is called litter but manufacturers argue that it is not their
responsibility.
h. Packaging is big business. Everything we buy is wrapped.
*Packaging is big business and everyhing we buy is wrapped.

2. Join the following sentesces. Use which as connecter. Decide in each case whether it
refers to the whole of the previous sentesces or clause or only to the last word on noun
group before it.
a. There is a product on the market that is sold in a jar. The jar is inside a box.
*
b. One kind of rubbish is thrown into dustbins while another is rubbish thrown
anywhere else. This second kind is called litter.
*
c. Retunable bottles are often used forty or fifty times while non-retunable bottles are
used only once. This is waste.
*
d. The British use 20 million paper bags every day. This may surprice you.
*
e. Retunable bottles carry a deposit. This is repaid when the customer brings the bottle
back.
*
3. Rewrite the fourth paragraph of the passage, using any of the connecting words
mentioned above in Exercises 1-3. You must write only two sentences should begin
“Glass is value ‘’.

B. Struktural Conversion
1. Compare these sentences:
Manufacturers who defend non-retunable, throw-away bottles,
for example, argue that litter is not their responsibility.
Manufacturers defending non-retunable, throw-away bottles . . . . .
Retunable bottles that carry a deposit are often used forty of fifty times.
Retunable bottles carrying a deposit....
Rewrite the following sentences, replacing the part in italic type with the present
participle (-ing) form.
a. Consemers who buy products are only interested in the contents.
b. Experts who have studied the problems packaging creates have realised the
seriousness of the problem.
c. The posters that decorate the room were supplied by the British Travel Association.
d. People who work for Goverment departements are often over worked and
underpaid.
e. The people who bring problems to them usually think they are underworked and
overpaid.
f. The events that are going to take place tomorrow afternoon will be televised.
g. The questions that are being raised may affect the smooth progress of the
legislation through parliament.
h. The man who is being interrogated is suspected of murder.

1. Compare these sentences:

There is a product on the market that is sold in a jar.
There is a product on the market sold in a jar.
Non – returnable bottles, which are used only once, are thrown away.
Non – returnable bottles, used only once, are thrown away.
Rewrite the following sentences, leaving out the words in italic type.
a.Valuable materials that are reclaimed in waste separation and recycling plants can
be used again.
a. These problems, which are created by packaging, are not admited by the
manufacturers.
b. Our stndard of living, which is measured at present by consumption, may one day be
measured in terms of rubbish.
c. Workers who are paid by the hour often find it convenient to do overtime.
d. The pyramid of cheops, which was constructed nearly 4000 years ago, is still an
architectural marvel.

2. Compare these sentences and note the form and word order.
 They are both nasty.
Both of them are nasty.
They have all become useless.
All of them have become useless.
Change the construction in each of the following sentences from one to the other.
a. They are both students.
b. All of them work hard.
c. Both of them can play the piano.
d. They all come to class when there is a test.
e. They were both born in India.
f. We have all studied this before.
g. Both of you will have to go.
h. All of us will help you.

C. Present and “Timeless” Time

Complete the following sentences with suitable verbs in the correct tense. Where
more than one form is possible, decide why this is so and whether it makes any
difference to the meaning (in 9 and 10).
1. Manufacturers sometimes . . . . . irresponsibly.
2. What are you . . . . .? I’m . . . . . a cake.
3. I . . . . . always . . . . . colds. It’s such a nuisance.
4. I always . . . . . colds when I . . . . . out without a coat.
5. I never understand a word she . . . . .
6. I (negative) . . . . . what you . . . . .about. It (negative) . . . . . sense.
7. He . . . . . a novel while he . . . . . with us. But today he . . . . . a rest.
8. I usually . . . . . to work by car but I . . . . . the rain this week because my car’s in for a
check.
9. He. . . . . too much. At this rate, he’ll end up as an alcoholic.
10. He .. . . . a gay life while his wife’s away.

D. Use and Omission of the

Study the following. Then complete the exercise below by putting “the” in the spaces
where it is necessary.

There is a product on the market that 8is sold i8n a jar. The jar is inside a box.

Packaging is big business.

Valuable materials can be reclaimed from rubbish in waste separation and recycling
plants. That saves time, energy and resources. The public don’t seem to be aware of this.
(The) manufacturers don’t, either. But (the) experts have begun to recognise the problems
packaging creates.
The British use 20 million paper bags a day.

The blind, the rich, the old.

The Earth, the sun, the Moon.

Mathematics, physics, chemistry, operational research.

Golf, tennis, football.

The violin, the piano, the flute.

The Amazable. the Pyrenees, the Atlantic, the Mediterranean, Mount Everest.

......life in ......modern world is easier in some ways than...... life our grandparents lived.
Advances in......technology have made it more comfortable. We have only to compare the
convenience of......traveling by.....air to......long, dangerous journeys on......land and
on....sea which were common a hundred years ago. In particular.....medical science has
done a great deal to combat.......disease......terrible problems of .......childbirth, for
example, are almost a thing of....past. But.....life we lead today has it’s disadvantages,
too....present generation of.....parents has grown up in...shadow of......atomic bomb and
we all share......growing concern......experts feeel about.....pollution and......rapid
disappearance of......world’s natural resources......modern parents are worried
that..........young, their children, will not inherit..... perfect world without....war....disease
and.....economic hardship that.....optimists of..... technological revolution prophesied
at......turn of.......century. In..... situation that faces us, it’s no use..... playing......fiddle
while.....Rome burned, as......Nero did, or playing.....golf at.......weekend, while..... people
starve, which is...... modern equivalent in.....Western society. We have to work together to
build....kind of......future that our children should have....... building it will probably
require.... sacrifice and...... unselfishness on...... part of...... richer nations of..... world, as
well as.... intelligence and.....ingenuity.

E. Idiomatic Usage

1. Compare the following sentences:

Here comes my daughter now!

Here she comes now!

Now change each of following sentences to the alternative form.

a. There goes Uncle Fred!

b. Here comes the bus!

c. Here comes the children!

d. There he goes! (the next president)

e. Here she comes! (The bride)

f. There it goes! (my last pound)

2. Study these sentences:

My daughter’s always telling me about the bargains there.

Prices are always going up these days.

We use this form when we want to express annoyance at things

that happen too frequently for our liking and as a reaction againts

advice we have heard too often and do not want to accept. Make

sentences of your own of this type from the information supplied below.

a. She tells me that I’m too fat.

b. My doctors tells me that smoking is ruinning my health.

c.The goverment frequently pust the taxes up.

d. You have an irritating habit of leaving things around for me to pick up.

e. He often grumbles and it gets on my nervers.

3. Compare these sentences:

I expect she is on her way home with them now.

She’ll be on her way home with them now, I expect.

Change the form of the sentences below to the second one listed above.
a. I suppose he’s out having lunch.

b. I imagine they’re at home, watching television.

c. I expect he’s in his office.

d. I imagine your parents are wondering where you are.

e. I expect he’s in the garden, mowing the lawn.

4. Now compare these sentences:

She ofen spends all morning gossipping with the neighbours.

She’II spend all morning gossipping with the neighbours.

Both forms suggest a habit, but the second may sound more critical than the first. Convert

the following sentences to this form.

a. They often turn up without an invitation.

b. He often asks me out and then forgets all about it.

c. They often spend all evening together without saying a word to each other.

d. He often stays out all night and neve tells us where he’s been.

e. He often borrows money and doesn’t pay it back.

5. Study the context in which the following phrases appear and decide what they mean-
I’d run out; that’s a bit steep; make both ends meet; she’s keeping well; she only does
mornings.