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JOURNAL
THE MAGAZINE OF HVAC&R TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS ASHRAE.ORG
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CONTENTS VOL. 60, NO. 1, JANUARY 2018
STANDING COLUMNS
30
48 ENGINEER’S NOTEBOOK
Blow-Through vs.
Draw-Through: AHUs
By Stephen W. Duda, P.E.
54 BUILDING SCIENCES
The Coming Stucco-Pocalypse
By Joseph W. Lstiburek, Ph.D., P.Eng.
20 54
62 IEQ APPLICATIONS
FEATURES 6 Reasons Why Commercial
Buildings Operate Without
14 Plug Load Design Factors: Adequate Ventilation
By Marwa Zaatari, Ph.D.
ASHRAE RP-1742 65 REFRIGERATION APPLICATIONS
By Omer Sarfraz; Christian K. Bach; Christopher K. Wilkins, P.E. Let’s Get Critical
By Andy Pearson, Ph.D., C.Eng.
20 Tiny Houses, Big HVAC?:
Loads and Energy 68 DATA CENTERS
Fog Computing: Part One
By Brian A. Rock, Ph.D., P.E. By Donald L. Beaty, P.E.;
David Quirk, P.E.; Jeff Jaworski
30 Next Generation of School Design &
Operation: AEDG K–12
By Paul A. Torcellini, Ph.D., P.E.; Shanti D. Pless ASHRAE Journal’s Official
42
Fans: What You Need to Know
By Christian Taber; Michael Ivanovich JANUARY 22–24, 2018
MCCORMICK PLACE, CHICAGO
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INDUSTRY NEWS
Damage to Walls in damage was observed, in most cases an “effective” rain screen by allow-
Multifamily Housing not correlated to any detail of the ing a small drainage space between
siding installation. the back face of the siding and the
With Vinyl Siding All of the examples represented WRB. Yet Figure 9 in my article
In “Damage in Multifamily Housing overwhelmingly adverse conditions shows the back side of vinyl siding
Walls with Vinyl Siding: Cautionary and at most show that vinyl siding that was dripping wet and clearly
Case Studies” (July 2017), George cannot compensate for all instances had not drained out. That wetting
Tsongas appears to suggest the use of poor construction or, especially, often resulted in the building paper
of vinyl siding was a key factor in indoor conditions. From the avail- or housewrap and even the gypsum
development of damage to exterior able evidence no conclusions can be sheathing getting extremely wet as
walls in seven multifamily housing drawn about whether similar dam- well. Regarding air leakage, some
complexes. Professor Tsongas sug- age would have occurred under such sections of the siding had sufficient
gests, without offering evidence, that extreme conditions with vinyl or air leakage to afford drying, but
the vapor impermeability of the sid- any other siding installed in a rain other sections did not, and those
ing material itself was critical to this, screen configuration. were the sections where damage was
while dismissing the much greater It’s important to keep in mind observed.
opportunity for drying afforded by vinyl siding has been in use for over The letter further states that
the drainage and ventilation features 50 years (and the most popular clad- I acknowledged the buildings I
inherent in vinyl siding. We con- ding in the U.S. for 22 years, accord- inspected represent exceptional
tacted Professor Tsongas directly, but ing to the U.S. Census Bureau) and cases, and by their nature represent
he declined to discuss the questions used extensively throughout the an adverse selection. Just the opposite
and issues we raised. United States and Canada with very is true. In every one of the eight mul-
As Professor Tsongas acknowledges, few, if any, problems relative to tifamily complexes I inspected, many
the buildings subject to the investiga- moisture issues. of the buildings had damage behind
Matthew Dobson, Vice President, Regulatory & Advocacy,
tion represent exceptional cases, and Vinyl Siding Institute, Inc., Burlington, N.C.
the vinyl siding in multiple locations.
by their nature represent an adverse While inspecting many hundreds
selection. These cases support no The Author Responds of multifamily buildings with thou-
conclusion about the performance of In the Vinyl Siding Institute’s let- sands of dwelling units with other
the vast majority of both single- and ter, they state “Professor Tsongas types of siding that are breathable,
multifamily buildings with vinyl sid- suggests, without offering evidence such damage caused by moisture
ing in the Pacific Northwest and other [emphasis added], that the vapor from indoors rather than from the
climate zones, for which no problems impermeability of the siding mate- exterior of the walls is extremely rare.
have been reported. rial itself was critical to this [i.e., The letter states that these cases
As detailed in the descriptions of damage to exterior walls], while support no conclusion about the
each of the studied walls, signifi- dismissing the much greater oppor- vast majority of both single- and
cant factors that tended to permit tunity for drying afforded by the multifamily buildings for which
extraordinary migration of unusu- drainage and ventilation features no problems have been reported.
ally moist indoor air were present inherent in vinyl siding.” Yet the The article did not discuss damage
in each case. Although some of the whole article provided extensive and in single-family housing, except to
buildings contained polyethylene significant evidence that indicated note that it is less likely. For multi-
interior vapor barriers, the efficacy that the vapor impermeability of family housing the findings from
of their installation was not exam- the siding and the lack of drying the seven complexes suggest the
ined, and other buildings contained capability was the cause of the wide- possibility of a more widespread
retarders of questionable imperme- spread damage observed. problem than has previously been
ability, which likely further contrib- The Vinyl Siding Institute and observed. Because vinyl siding is
uted to the moisture load within the some others consider the basic seldom removed, damage behind it
wall. Both generalized and localized design and installation to provide is seldom noted. However, that does
not mean damage does not exist. elevated indoor relative humidities buildings were no different than those
The letter also has stated that in are not uncommon with multifamily I have inspected with breathable sid-
each of the studied walls, there were housing in the Pacific Northwest. Yet ings such as wood, engineered wood,
significant factors that tended to those with breathable siding almost stucco or fiber cement.
permit extraordinary migration of never have the type of damage The letter concludes that from the
unusually moist indoor air in each reported in my article. available evidence no conclusion
case. That included interior vapor The letter further notes that both can be drawn about whether similar
barriers that they felt represented generalized and localized damage damage would have occurred under
poor construction and contributed was observed, in most cases not such extreme conditions with vinyl
to “extraordinary” moisture loads correlated to any detail of the sid- or any other siding installed in a rain
within the walls or indoor conditions. ing installation. That is precisely screen configuration. One of my rec-
Yet the types of interior vapor the point! The location of the dam- ommendations is to install new con-
barrier construction found in age likely occurred at locations of tact-applied vinyl siding using a true
the vinyl sided buildings are very highest air leakage in the walls and rain screen design that incorporates
typical of construction in the Pacific outside bedrooms where the indoor an air cavity behind it that is fully
Northwest and other cold climates humidities were highest. vented at its top and bottom. That has
with all types of siding. Moreover, The letter also states that vinyl siding been shown to best provide the most
the indoor conditions in the vinyl cannot compensate for all instances effective way to minimize moisture-
sided multifamily housing did not of poor construction or, especially, related durability problems in walls
appear to be any different from such indoor conditions. Yet the construc- with any type of cladding.
housing with breathable siding; tion and indoor conditions in the Dr. George Tsongas, P.E., Member ASHRAE, Portland, Ore.
www.seasons4.net/AMG
www.krueger-hvac.com | kruegerinfo@krueger-hvac.com
MEETINGS AND SHOWS FULL CALENDAR: WWW.ASHRAE.ORG/CALENDAR
FEBRUARY
CTI Annual Conference, Feb. 4–8, Houston.
conferenceonarchitecture.com or www. CALLS FOR PAPERS
conferenceonarchitecture.com.
Contact Virginia A. Manser, Cooling Technology
Institute, at 281-583-4087, vmanser@cti.org or BOMA International Conference and Expo, June ASHRAE JOURNAL
www.cti.org. 23–26, San Antonio. Contact the Building Owners ASHRAE Journal seeks applications arti-
and Managers Association at 202-408-2662, cles of 3,000 or fewer words. Submissions
IE3 Show, Feb. 12–14, Washington, D.C. Contact meetings@boma.org or www.bomaconvention.org.
organizers at 888-290-222 or www.ie3show.com. are subject to peer reviews and cannot
ASHRAE Annual Conference, June 23–27, have been published previously. Submit
AAMA 2018 National 81st Annual Conference, Houston. Contact ASHRAE at 800-527-4723 or
Feb. 19–22, Orlando, Fla. Contact the American meetings@ashrae.org. abstracts before sending articles to Jay
Architectural Manufacturers Association at 847- Scott, Editor, at jayscott@ashrae.org.
303-5664, customerservice@aamanet.org, or JULY
https://aamanet.org/events/169. 2018 Purdue Compressor/Refrigeration and Air SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Conditioning and High Performance Buildings FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
Hydraulic Institute Annual Conference, Feb. ASHRAE’s Science and Technology for the Built
Conferences and Short Courses, July 9–12, West
26–March 2, Phoenix. Contact organizers at
Lafayette, Ind. Contact Kim Stockment at 765-494- Environment seeks papers on original, com-
973-267-9700 or http://pumps.org/2018_Annual_
6078, hlconf16@purdue.edu or http://tinyurl.com/ pleted research not previously published.
Conference.aspx.
Purdue2018.
Papers must discuss how the research con-
MARCH
Air System Engineering and Technology (ASET) SEPTEMBER tributes to technology. Papers should be
Conference—US, March 6–7, San Antonio, Texas. IBPC 2018, Sept. 23–26, Syracuse, N.Y. Endorsed by about 6,000 words. Abstracts and papers
Contact Janet Blanchfield, Air Movement and ASHRAE. Contact organizers at http://ibpc2018.org. should be submitted on Manuscript Cen-
Control Association (AMCA) International, at 2018 Building Performance Analysis Conference tral at www.ashrae.org/manuscriptcentral.
jblanchfield@amca.org, 847-704-6255, or www. & SimBuild, Sept. 26–28, Chicago. Endorsed by Contact Reinhard Radermacher, Ph.D.,
aset-us.com. ASHRAE and IBPSA-USA. Contact ASHRAE at 800- Editor, at raderm@umd.edu.
IIAR Natural Refrigeration Conference & Expo, 527-4723, meetings@ashrae.org or http://tinyurl.
March 18–21, Colorado Springs, Colo. Contact the com/BuildPerform2018. ASHRAE CONFERENCE PAPERS
International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration For the 2019 Winter Conference in Atlan-
at 703-312-4200, annualmeeting@iiar.org, or www. OCTOBER ta, Conference Paper abstracts, full Tech-
iiar.org. AHR Expo-Mexico, Oct. 2–4, Mexico City. Co- nical Papers and paper session requests
sponsored by ASHRAE. Contact the Internation-
Global Women in STEM Leadership Summit, al Exposition Company at 203-221-9232, info@ are due March 2, 2018. For more infor-
March 19–20, Atlanta. Endorsed by ASHRAE. Con- ahrexpomexico.com or www.ahrexpomexico.com. mation, contact tcox@ashrae.org or tel:
tact Takoi Hamrita at 706-542-1973, thamrita@uga. 678-539-1137.
edu, or www.wielead.org. IFMA World Workplace, Oct. 3–5, Charlotte, N.C.
Contact the International Facility Management
ACEEE Hot Water Forum, March 20–22, Portland, Association at 713-623-4362, events@ifma.org or
Ore. Endorsed by ASHRAE. Contact the American http://worldworkplace.ifma.org.
Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy at 202- Cold Climate HVAC 2018, March 12–15, Kiru-
507-4000 or http://aceee.org/conferences/2018/ SMACNA Annual Convention, Oct. 14–17, San
na, Sweden. Endorsed by ASHRAE. Contact Den-
hwf. Diego. Contact the Sheet Metal and Air Condi-
nis Johansson, Building Services, chair, at dennis.
tioning Contractors’ Association at 703-803-
CMPX 2018, March 21–23, Toronto. Contact 416- johansson@hvac.lth.se or www.cchvac2018.se.
2980, info@smacna.org or www.smacna.org/
444-5225, cmpx@salshow.com, or www.cmpxshow. annualconvention. Filtech, March 13–15, Cologne, Germany. Contact
com. organizers at 49 (0)2132 93 57 60, info@filtech.de,
NOVEMBER or www.filtech.de.
APRIL AHRI Annual Meeting, Nov. 11–13, Tucson, Ariz.
NAFA Technical Seminar, April 4–6, Kansas City, Light+Building, March 18–23, Frankfurt, Ger-
Contact the Air-Conditioning, Heating, & Refrig-
Mo. Contact the National Air Filtration Association many. Contact organizers at 49 69 75 75 - 0 or
eration Institute at 703-524-8800, bteferi@ahrinet.
at 608-310-7542, nafa@nafahq.org, or www.nafahq. http://light-building.messefrankfurt.com.
org or www.ahrinet.org.
org/event/2018-technical-seminar.
Greenbuild International Conference and Expo, JUNE
The CxEnergy Conference & Expo, April 23–26, Nov. 14–16, Chicago. Contact organizers at 866- Roomvent Ventilation, June 2–5, Espoo, Finland.
Las Vegas. Contact organizers at 202-737-7775, 815-9824, info@greenbuildexpo.com or www. Endorsed by ASHRAE. Contact Jorma Säteri, execu-
info@commissioning.org or www.cxenergy.com. greenbuildexpo.com. tive manager of the Finnish Society of Indoor Air
NEBB Annual Conference, April 26–28, San Diego. Quality and Climate (FiSIAQ) at info@roomventila-
Contact Tori Mitchell, National Environmental Bal- DECEMBER tion2018.org or www.roomventilation2018.org.
ancing Bureau, at 301-591-0485, tori@nebb.org, or HARDI Annual Conference, Dec. 1–4, Austin,
www.nebb.org/events/2018_annual_conference. Texas. Contact the Heating, Air-conditioning, & Re- SEPTEMBER
frigeration Distributors International at 614-345- 1st IIR International Conference on the Applica-
MAY 4328, hardimail@hardinet.org or www.hardinet. tion of HFO Refrigerants, Sept. 2–5, Birmingham,
AHRI Spring Meeting, May 7–9, Baltimore. Con- org. England, United Kingdom. Endorsed by ASHRAE.
tact the Air-Conditioning, Heating, & Refrigeration Contact organizers at hfo2018@ior.org.uk or www.
Institute at 703-524-8800, bteferi@ahrinet.org or OUTSIDE NORTH AMERICA ior.org.uk/HFO2018.
www.ahrinet.org.
FEBRUARY OCTOBER
Lightfair International, May 8–10, Chicago. Con- ACREX 2018, Feb. 22–24, Bangalore, India. Contact The Third International Conference on Efficient
tact organizers at 877-437-4352, info@lightfair.com organizers at 91-11-41635655, coordinator@acrex.in Building Design, Oct. 4–5, Beirut, Lebanon. Con-
or www.lightfair.com. or www.acrex.in. tact ASHRAE at 800-527-4723, meetings@ashrae.
MARCH org, or www.ashrae.org/Beirut2018.
JUNE
AIA Conference on Architecture, June 21–23, Ecobuild, March 6–8, London. Contact organizers Chillventa,Oct. 16–18, Nuremberg, Germany.
New York. Contact the American Institute at 44 (0)2030112540 info@ecobuild.co.uk or www. Contact organizers at 49 911 8606 4906 or www.
of Architects at 800-343-4146, register@ ecobuild.co.uk. chillventa.de/en.
ASHRAE RP-1742
Plug and other non-regulated loads are one of the main contributors to overall power
consumption of modern buildings, according to previous studies, consuming almost
5% of the total U.S. primary energy.1 There has been an increase in equipment use and
power demand in the information technology (IT) field.2 According to our results, the
increase in desktop computer peak power consumption is more than compensated for
by lower power consumption of screens and printers.
Plug loads are electrical loads that cannot be attrib- values. Sarfraz and Bach6 found the peak heat gain for
uted to energy system loads in commercial build- the majority of standard office equipment to be 10% to
ings such as HVAC, refrigeration and lighting loads.3 50% of the manufacturer-provided nameplate values as
Plug loads affect the overall energy consumption shown in Figure 1.
directly by consuming the electricity and indirectly Presenting the load factor in the form of watts per
by increasing the HVAC cooling load. According square foot (or watts per square meter) is a useful
to a study conducted by New Buildings Institute,2 representation of data available to building energy
plug loads account for up to 50% of overall electric- designers and modelers. Load factor calculation for
ity consumption in buildings with high efficiency various office spaces requires an accurate estimation
HVAC systems. It is important to accurately estimate of equipment power consumption and diversity fac-
the heat gains from plug loads to correctly size the tor data. Wilkins and McGaffin7 calculated load factors
HVAC system. Heat gains based on equipment name- and diversity factors for the first time by recording the
plate values result in overestimation of HVAC loads power consumption of five administrative office build-
because nameplate values are based on measure- ings in Washington, D.C. Wilkins and Hosni8 calculated
ments of instantaneous power consumption at the load factors and diversity factors for various office
equipment’s maximum working capacity.4 spaces using the equipment power consumption data of
Hosni, et al.,5 also found the peak heat gain for Moorefield, et al.9 The load factors calculated by Wilkins
office equipment with a nameplate power consump- and Hosni8 ranged from 0.25 W/ft2 (2.69 W/m2) for
tion below 1,000 W to be 25% to 50% of the nameplate offices with light equipment use to a more conservative
Omer Sarfraz is a Ph.D. candidate, and Christian K. Bach, Ph.D., is an assistant professor at Oklahoma State University in Stillwater, Okla. Christopher K. Wilkins, P.E., is senior project
manager at CRB in Medford, Mass.
FIGURE 1 Peak heat gain vs. nameplate rating for different office equipment.6 FIGURE 2 Plug load densities reported in literature.10
Desktops
1,000 + Printers 2017 ASHRAE Handbook
Screens Lamano, et al.11 Range
Projector
Sheppy, et al. (Without Data Centers)12 Average for Office
Peak Heat Gain (W)
Miscellaneous
Sheppy, et al. (With Data Centers)12 Average for K–12
Thermal Food Processing 100% 00% Education
Equipment 1
Metzger, et al.13
100 50%
Srinivasan, et al.14
25%
2009 ASHRAE Handbook
CEC15
2001 ASHRAE Handbook
10 0.0 0.46 0.93 1.39 1.85 2.32 2.79 3.25
10 100 1,000
Plug Load Power Density (W/ft2)
Nameplate Rating (W)
value of 2 W/ft2 (21.52 W/m2) for offices with heavy addition, new types of office equipment, including tab-
equipment use. let PCs and laptop docking stations, are more widely
Sarfraz and Bach10 recently updated the load factor val- used. One of the objectives of 1742-RP was to update the
ues in Table 11 of Chapter 18 of the 2017 ASHRAE Handbook— heat gain values for existing equipment types and intro-
Fundamentals. The updated load factor values range from duce heat gain values for the equipment not represented
0.34 W/ft2 (3.67 W/m2) for offices with light laptop dock- in the previous Handbook editions.
ing station use to a more conservative value of 1.53 W/ft2
(16.48 W/m2) for offices with heavy desktop computer Peak Heat Gains
use. Sarfraz and Bach10 found a decrease of 10% to 33% in In 1742-RP, Sarfraz and Bach6 used plug load loggers to
load factors when compared to the results of Wilkins and record power consumption data for various office equip-
Hosni.8 ment at 10-second intervals. The data was then down-
Figure 2 shows the variation in average load factor val- sampled to a 15-minute moving average to filter out short-
ues over time for different types of buildings. A reduc- term peaks. The equipment peak heat gain value is the
tion in the average load factor values for office buildings highest 15-minute average interval of the recorded data.
has occurred over the last 16 years. The updated peak heat gain values for some of the
equipment are listed in Table 1. These values are com-
Current ASHRAE Handbook Data pared against the peak heat gain values given in the 2013
ASHRAE funded research project 1742-RP, Update to ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals. The updated peak heat
Measurements of Office Equipment Heat Gain Data, gain values of desktop and laptop computers are higher
to update office equipment heat gain and load fac- than 2013 Handbook values. This is due to the increase
tor data for Table 11 of Chapter 18 of “Nonresidential in the use and computing capabilities of desktop and
Cooling and Heating Load Calculations,” of the 2017 laptop computers over this period. Newer LCD screens
ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals. Prior to that, the data consume less power than the older screens tested for the
was updated in 2009 by research project 1482-RP, for 2013 Handbook. Peak heat gain values of laptop docking
inclusion in Table 11 of Chapter 18 of the 2009 ASHRAE stations are included in the 2017 Handbook because lap-
Handbook—Fundamentals. In those 8 years, there has been top docking stations are increasingly used in the modern
tremendous development in the power management workplace. The peak heat gain value of laptop docking
capabilities of office equipment. This is accompanied stations is 34% lower than desktop computers.
by increased computing capabilities and increased use,
i.e., replacement of paper documents by electronic Diversity Factors
documents. Also, cathode ray tube (CRT) monitors A diversity factor is the measure of the actual equipment
are replaced by more power-efficient LCD screens. In peak power consumption of a group of equipment relative
TABLE 1 Comparison of equipment peak heat gains in 2013 and 2017 ASHRAE TABLE 2 Recommended diversity.10
Handbook—Fundamentals. DIVERSITY FACTOR, DIVERSITY FACTOR,
EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT PEAK HEAT GAIN 2013 ASHRAE HANDBOOK 2017 ASHRAE HANDBOOK
EQUIPMENT 2013 ASHRAE HANDBOOK 2017 ASHRAE HANDBOOK Desktop PC 75% 75%
AVERAGE (RANGE), W AVERAGE (RANGE), W
Laptop Docking Station NA 70%
Desktop PC 65 (50 – 100) 82 (26 – 151)
Notebook Computer 75% 75%
Laptop Docking Station NA 61 (35 – 128)
Screen 60% 91%
Tablet PC NA 36 (31 – 42)
Printer NA 51%
Notebook Computer 30 (15 – 40) 53 (46 – 59)
NA=Not Applicable.
Screen 30 (20 – 36) 21 (14 – 26)
NA=Not Applicable.
FIGURE 4 Laptop docking station diversity.
100%
FIGURE 3 Desktop computer diversity.
100%
80%
80%
60%
Diversity
60%
40%
Diversity
40%
20%
Diversity Factor (15-Minute Interval)
20% Diversity Factor (Peak)
Diversity Factor (15-Minute Interval) 0%
Diversity Factor (Peak) 12 pm. Sun. Mon. Tue. Wed. Thu. Fri. Sat.
0%
12 pm. Sun. Mon. Tue. Wed. Thu. Fri. Sat.
FIGURE 5 Screen diversity. The sudden decrease in diversity between Thursday and
Friday is due to missing data.
to the sum of individual equipment peak power consump- 100%
tion of the group. For example, if over the course of 2 weeks,
the peak power consumption of 10 desktop computers 80%
equals 100 W, and the peak of each individual desktop com-
puter equals 20 W (200 W total for 10 desktop computers),
60%
then the diversity factor is calculated to be 50%.
Diversity
Up to
20
IEER
AAON systems are available with staged, two-step, 10-100% variable capacity
and variable speed compressors. AAON flexibility allows the equipment to meet
your application’s efficiency and control requirements.
Through TV shows, websites, and other popular media, a relatively new class of
affordable residences, “tiny houses,” is attracting home buyers’ interest but so far has
not undergone much scrutiny from the engineering community. The author became
interested in this topic because when he was young his family “summered” in very
small cabins and sometimes vacationed in towed-campers—both share similarities
with modern tiny houses that are generally defined as being 400 ft2 (37.2 m2) in floor
area or smaller.
While many aspects of these new, freestanding houses variables’ examined were load calculation method,
are comparable to their much larger, conventional orientation, location, and window glazing type. For
brethren, other features differ or are still developing. conventional housing in the author’s region, HVAC sys-
As examples of the latter, construction of tiny houses tems are usually sized with a 500 to 700 ft2/ton (13.2 to
may not meet completely current building codes, find- 18.5 m2/kW) rule-of-thumb; ACCA Manual J calculations1
ing legal sites for them can be difficult, and their HVAC are possible yet are often not required or the require-
needs may vary. However, the desires for both afford- ment is not rigorously enforced. This study tests the sys-
able housing as well as a simpler way of life make this tem sizing rule-of-thumb when applied to tiny houses’
new type of residence attractive to many people. If peculiarities.
not utilized by occupants as their primary homes, tiny
houses are often intended as vacation, “mother-in-law,” Why Tiny Houses?
guest, or rental residences. Potential tiny house (TH) owners are attracted to the
This study’s goals were to, from an HVAC design idea of downsizing—dramatically—to simplify their
engineer’s perspective, define a base case, evaluate lives and finances. Owning, outright, a large, tradi-
the HVAC needs for it, and then to predict the house’s tional house is often also not possible for many people,
HVAC-related annual energy consumption. With the especially when young. And employment may require
base case defined and evaluated, our HVAC rules-of- periodic relocation, or, because of telecommuting, some
thumb and design, construction, and system varia- vocations such as coding, transcribing, and customer
tions could then be studied; for this initial article, the service do not require physically being near employers.
Brian A. Rock is an associate professor for architectural engineering at the University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kan.
Another group of potential TH owners are retirees FIGURE 1 Floor plan and elevations for a generic tiny house of a popular, towable size.
who want to simplify their dwellings so that they can
focus their time and other resources on out-of-house
activities.
Tiny houses meet a need that differs somewhat from
recreational vehicles (RVs or “motorhomes”) that are
intended for part-time use and very frequent reloca-
tion. Factory-assembled, full-time occupancy “manu-
North Elevation West Elevation
factured-housing,” aka, “trailer houses” of the single- or
double-wide varieties, for example, are generally too Bath
big, too hard to move, or otherwise unattractive to this
group of owners, too. Tiny-seekers’ desire for their
houses to be relocatable vary, so there are two distinct Loft Above
varieties of THs so far, “tiny houses on wheels” (THOWs) Living
and “tiny houses on foundations” (THOFs). Due to the (Vaulted Ceiling)
ability to build the first type almost anywhere, move
them to sites, and then to relocate fairly easily in the East Elevation
future, THOWs are currently the most popular. As such, N Floor Plan
a THOW is the assumed geometry for this study; look Tiny House on Wheels
for a paper on THOFs’ differences in performance in the 160 ft2 Floor Area + Loft
8×20 ft Plan
future. 13.5 ft Overall Height
reasons, 20 ft (6.1 m), not including a trailer’s tongue, is was used to estimate the annual indoor energy con-
popular when a low occupancy, often one or two people, sumption. Input data, typical for the THOW shown in
is intended. These dimensions yield a first-floor TH Figure 1, was then needed.
area, based on the outside, of 160 ft2 (14.9 m2). Having
a loft within a TH is very popular, typically to provide a Building Envelope
sleeping area of about 6 to 8 ft (1.8 to 2.4 m) in length. Tiny houses, so far, tend to be very conventional in
Thus, with a loft, the floor area for this size TH is often their construction via wood-framing, insulation, and
stated either as the base’s 160 ft2 (14.9 m2) or up to about cladding available at many big-box home centers or
224 ft2 (20.8 m2) when including the loft’s space; either contractor-supply stores. One difference is usually the
way, such a THOW is more than an order of magnitude finish of the walls’ interiors – gypsum wallboard and
smaller in floor area than the typical new U.S. single grouted tile are often shunned for THOWs in favor of
family house of about 2600 ft2 (242 m2). Ceiling heights paneling, tongue-and-groove wood planks, and vinyl
in THs’ bathrooms and lofts are often lower than the flooring or carpeting to reduce cracking during moves.
U.S.’s 8 ft (2.4 m) norm due to the need for THOWs to be Foam-board insulation, typically extruded polystyrene
13.5 ft (4.11 m) tall or less overall, including their trailers, (XPS), or spray-foams are favored over fiberglass batts
but their living areas usually have high ceilings when- or loose fill to add rigidity and limit perceived settling.
ever lofts are not overhead. Roofs are usually sloped in Another difference is the attempt to reduce the amount
one or two directions for rain and snow shedding, but of framing which often improves the area-weighted
flat roofs are used too. Overall aerodynamics, to mini- thermal resistances (R-values). An assumption for typi-
mize drag while towing, are largely ignored in THOW cal wood-frame construction is that the wall, roof, and
designs, so far. Additionally, THOWs are generally “high- floors areas are 20% lumber and 80% insulated cavities;
profile” and have high centers of gravity, so great care is it varies, but for this study’s tiny house a 15% framing
needed when towing them as well as to secure them on estimate is better and thus increases the percent of areas
their sites against windstorms and strong earthquakes. with insulation to 85%.
With the typical lap siding, building wrap, ply-
Load and Energy Calculations wood sheathing, “2 × 4” wood-stud framing or 3.5 in.
To predict the appropriate size HVAC system for such (89 mm) of XPS, air/moisture retarder, and interior
a THOW, first the occupants’ expectations need to be wood paneling, the area-adjusted R-value for the walls,
defined. Many occupants intend, at least initially, to via data from the ASHRAE Handbook’s tables,5 is about
“rough it” with little or no HVAC. Frozen pipes and 18.7 h∙ft2∙°F/Btu (3.29 m2∙K/W]), typically meeting
fingers in the first winter often change their minds, as or exceeding local building code’s R-13 to R-15 mini-
does the inability to sleep well in the summer due to mum. In conventional houses, roofs’ rafters are deep,
heat and humidity. Natural ventilation can, for many e.g., 2×8s. However, tiny houses’ sloped roofs are often
hours of a year, meet the thermal loads depending on framed with only 2×4s due to their short spans. With XPS
the climate and the internal loads. However, this initial insulation and metal roofing, the wood-area adjusted
study assumes occupancy where the all-electric HVAC R-value of this house’s roof is about 17.9 h∙ft2∙°F/Btu
system is utilized year ‘round simulating, for example, (3.15 m2∙K/W); this value is well below that suggested
someone with allergy, security, noise, or other concerns or required for new houses’ energy conservation, e.g.,
that would minimize windows’ use for ventilation and R-30+.6 Tiny houses on wheels’ floors are also typi-
conditioning. cally 2×4 construction, vs. 2×8 or 2×10 for conventional
For conventional houses, Manual J is the typical houses, although the THOWs floors are placed on top of
approach used for load calculations; it uses a modified the metal frames of their trailers. With XPS insulation,
version of ASHRAE’s CLTD/CLF method.3 One goal of thicker plywood decking, and thin vinyl flooring, the
this study was to observe the effect of various load calcu- floor’s composite R-value is again similar to that of the
lation techniques on this new class of buildings, so one walls and roof at 17.6 h∙ft2∙°F/Btu (3.1 m2∙K/W). However,
of several widely used commercial programs that allows because these are “exposed floors” their R-values are
many algorithms was used.4 In addition, this same code typically below the R-25 or more required by codes for
conventional buildings in all except warm climates. This FIGURE 2 A tiny, one-room house of old that had seven occupants. “HVAC” was a
apparent under-insulation of roofs and floors is due wood stove, natural ventilation and sleeping outside in hot weather. (Photo cour-
tesy of the Rocks and Kubis/Gamroth family archives.)
to the need to keep THOWs’ overall height below 13.5 ft
(4.11 m). Tiny houses’ envelopes are often constructed
extremely well, so their thermal performance can be
quite good due to reduced infiltration and thermal
bridging; a performance, rather than prescriptive-only,
path to energy code compliance may be appropriate for
well-constructed tiny houses.
Exterior windows and doors are typically conventional
with double-pane glazing for windows and insulated
steel or solid wood for doors. Screened, operable win-
dows, placed both high and low, would encourage use
of cross- and buoyancy-flow natural ventilation, and if
employed in the bathroom and kitchen, may eliminate
the requirement for exhaust fans. However, with THs
being very tight and of small interior air volume, mois-
ture-control becomes critical. Most THOWs seek to be
high-performing, energy-wise, so low-e-coated double-
pane windows were assumed for this study’s base case.
Due to the TH’s small exterior yet need for standard- mainstream. A fairly conventional, modern occupancy
sized windows for views, ventilation, and fire egress, the is assumed for this article. While most load and energy
percent window-to-wall area is a fairly high 14% in this calculations use a watts-per-unit-floor-area approach
study. No skylights were included, but some THs have for estimating lighting and equipment heat gains, tiny
one or more and they are often operable to enhance nat- houses’ nature makes defining specific internal heat
ural ventilation; some RV-like roof “hatches” incorporate sources easy. Equipment spec-sheets are readily avail-
exhaust-only or reversible fans. able from manufacturers via the Internet.
Lighting is mostly overhead and minimal, but task
People, Lights, and Equipment lights in the sleeping and living areas are common.
For most North American observers it would be dif- LED or compact fluorescent was assumed; a total of
ficult to imagine even one person living in such tiny an 150 W was used for overhead, and 50 W for task light-
abode. However some tiny house owners intend for two ing. Equipment is also typically minimal; the study
adult occupants, possibly children, too, and often one included a laptop computer (50 W), a modem/router
or more pets. Figure 2 shows a single-room tiny house (6 W), a 32-inch flat screen TV (45 W), a set-top box (60
in northern Montana from a mid-1910s homestead – W), cell phone charger (5 W), small ceiling fan (55 W), a
within it were not only a married couple but also their dual-element cooktop (2 × 1500 W), a small microwave
five young children, including the author’s then-future oven (600 W), a small refrigerator (100 W), a coffee
father, so high occupant-densities were not uncommon maker (700 W), a very small 120V combination washer/
in the past. For this base-establishing study of a modern dryer (1440 W), a special tank-type water heater (900
TH, only two occupants will be assumed with one being W), an alarm-clock (2 W), and infrequently used mis-
an adult human and the other a large dog; the effect of cellaneous devices (25 W). Ovens are rare except in
different occupancies, human or otherwise, is a variable larger versions of these simple residences, and some
for future study. THs do use propane for cooking or water-heating, for
The other internal heat gains for tiny houses are tra- example. This study’s all-electric devices were sched-
ditional, but in some ways are greatly reduced. Many uled, including diversity of use, for a typical week with
owners will be extremely energy-conscientious and use the occupant’s employment being outside the home
super-efficient devices, while other occupants are more Monday through Friday. The large dog was modeled as
FIGURE 3 Peak cooling load using various calculation procedures for this THOW FIGURE 4 Distribution of the peak cooling and heating loads’ components for
in Topeka, Kan. The TETD-TA1 method, popular with HVAC design engineers for Topeka, Kan. Windows’ and doors’ (W&D) conduction is shown separately from the
decades, was used for the remainder of this study. solar heat gain through their glazings.
14,000 4,500
Cooling Heating
Design Cooling Load (Btu/h)
4,000
Windows-
Exposed
Walls
Infiltration
People
Lights
Equipment
Conduction
Roof
Window &
Floor
TETD-TA1
TETD-TA2
TETD-PO
CLTD/CLF
TFM/CEC
TFM/WF
RTS/Tables
RTS/HB
Solar
Door-
Cooling Load Calculation Method Component of Total Design Load
being indoors, and temperature setbacks used, while (W&D) conduction heat loss, as well as the walls’, are the
the worker was away. largest parts of the peak heating load.
FIGURE 5 For the base case’s THOW in Topeka, how the peak cooling load varies FIGURE 6 The annual HVAC energy consumption does not vary much with orienta-
with trailer orientation. The peak design heating load, which does not include solar tion for the base THOW sited in Topeka, Kan.
or internal heat gains, is not affected greatly by house orientation.
12,000 1,500
11,500 1,000
11,000 500
10,500 0
N NE E SE S SW W NW
10,000 Orientation of the THOW’s Trailer-Tongue
N NE E SE S SW W NW
Orientation of the THOW’s Trailer-Tongue
possibly a wide range of climates. Keeping the base
case’s other factors constant, Figures 7 and 8 show how
will change. The base-case orientation for this study is the design loads and annual energy use can vary when
with the door facing south and the trailer’s tongue to the this study’s THOW is relocated. A full, typical year at
north as shown in Figure 1. This THOW has a fairly uni- each site was assumed. As expected, the design cooling
form distribution of windows on its four exterior walls, load increases with hotter climates, and the heating load
but Figure 5 does show that they still affect significantly increases in colder climates. The variation in heating
the peak cooling load depending on how the house is load is greater than for the cooling load, percentage-
oriented. Setting the long axis of the house East-West wise, because peak summer design-conditions aren’t
instead of North-South results in the lowest peak cooling typically that dramatically different across much of the
loads, especially when the smallest window area of the U.S. However, the hours per year needed for cooling or
house’s tongue-side faces the low, afternoon sunshine. heating do vary greatly with climate as shown by the
To estimate the energy consumption of this THOW, estimates for annual cooling and heating energy use in
the HVAC equipment needed to be sized. From the load Figure 8. For mild-winter locations, due to the well-con-
calculations for many locations, a design-decision was structed envelope, this THOW’s internal loads can meet
to use a 1.2 tonR (4.2 kW) , U.S. code-minimum 13 SEER most if not all the space-heating needs. Mechanical cool-
air conditioner and a 2.5 kW electric-resistance heating ing and dehumidification is needed almost everywhere,
coil. Through-the-wall unitary equipment is popular in though, when the windows are kept closed.
THOWs, as are mini-splits; in the software a similar PTAC Figure 9 shows the predicted month-by-month total
unit, with raised efficiency parameters, was utilized. energy consumption for the house in four very differ-
Figure 6, for Topeka, shows that the estimated annual ent climates. For all, however, the peak demand is in
cooling and heating energy use should not vary much the summer via the need for air-conditioning. Another
with this house’s orientation. Including other interior peak occurs in winter for space-heating, but is much
electricity uses, but not any exterior, and assuming the lower except in the coldest climates. For all the results,
national average $0.12/kWh, the energy cost should be the software used its reduced-set typical year weather
about $1,050 per year for this THOW. Actual energy use data; both the actual peak cooling and heating loads and
and cost would, of course, vary significantly due to use energy use will vary significantly with real weather con-
of windows, different temperature setpoints, higher or ditions that do change year to year.
lower occupancy, and many other factors.
Effect of Windows’ Glazing
Effect of Location Finally, due to the many options available to home-
Most of these tiny houses, including the one studied owners, several common window glazing types were
here, are on wheels and are thus intended for use in studied for Topeka, Kan. Figure 10 shows that, as
FIGURE 7 With North orientation, how the THOW’s peak cooling and heating loads FIGURE 8 Annual energy consumption for cooling and heating only in various loca-
vary by location in the United States. tions with the THOW’s orientation being North.
14,000 Cooling Load Heating Load 4,000 Cooling Energy Heating Energy
3,000
10,000
2,500
8,000
2,000
6,000 1,500
4,000 1,000
2,000 500
0 0
Denver
Albany, N.Y.
Anchorage, Alaska
Atlanta
Baltimore
Boise, Idaho
Columbus, Ohio
Madison, Wis.
Minot, N.D.
Nashville, Tenn.
Orlando, Fla.
Portland, Ore.
San Antonio
Seattle
Topeka, Kan.
Tucson, Ariz.
Albany, N.Y.
Anchorage, Alaska
Atlanta
Baltimore
Boise, Idaho
Columbus, Ohio
Denver
Madison, Wis.
Minot, N.D.
Nashville, Tenn.
Orlando, Fla.
Portland, Ore.
San Antonio
Seattle
Topeka, Kan.
Tucson, Ariz.
air-to-air heat exchanger in use, the needed SHR could FIGURE 10 How the peak design cooling and heating loads vary with glazing type for
be much lower and thus harder to achieve, especially at the THOW in Topeka, Kan., with North orientation. The infiltration rate was not varied.
part-load. Variable speed HVAC units, aka “with invert-
ers” for fans as well compressors, are recommended 18,000 Cooling Load Heating Load
2,500
not included; mild climates would show a dramatic
reduction in cooling energy use if the occupants use, 2,000
properly, operable windows or economizer mechanical 1,500
ventilation systems.
1,000
Designers of future tiny houses can benefit by review-
ing the innovations tried through the many entries to 500
the U.S. Department of Energy’s Solar Decathlon and 0
similar competitions. For the 2017 Decathalon, student- Single-Clear Double-Clear Double-Coated
built houses are to be much larger, 600 to 1,000 ft2 Window’s Glazings
(56 to 93 m2), than most THs.8 However, in all the years
of the competition, many interesting features have been Acknowledgments
used that improve sustainability, as well as function and This project was supported by the University of Kansas
appearance, and are likely appropriate for some THs. (KU) and Rock Consulting Engineers, both of or near
Many potential TH owners intend their houses for off- Lawrence, Kan.
grid locations, so integrating renewable energy systems
into their houses’ designs would reduce their depen- References
dency on conventional fuels. 1. ACCA. 2016. Manual J, Residential Load Calculations. Arlington,
Va.: Air Conditioning Contractors of America.
Construction code-development for tiny houses is 2. Louche, D. 2016. Tiny House Design & Construction Guide, 2nd ed.
underway. A significant advancement was made recently Tilt Development.
through the efforts of Andrew Morrison that resulted 3. Rudoy, W., J. Cuba. 1979. Cooling and Heating Load Calculation
Manual. Atlanta: ASHRAE.
in the approval of RB168-16 for the 2018 International 4. Trane, 2017. Trane TRACE® load and energy calculation soft-
Residential Code (IRC). As with anything new, experi- ware. La Crosse, Wis.: The Trane Company.
ence gained over the years will help guide code-develop- 5. 2017 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals.
6. U.S. DOE. 2008. “Insulation Fact Sheet.” DOE/CE-0180, the
ment and lead to improved designs. And if these build- U.S. Department of Energy.
ings continue to attract increasing consumer interest, 7. Morrison, A. Jan. 19, 2016. “How to Save Your Tiny House from
new, dedicated products will be developed and will help Mold.” https://tinyhousebuild.com/how-to-save-your-tiny-house-
from-mold-and-moisture-issues/.
make these tiny houses one of the next big things even if 8. U.S. DOE. 2017. U.S. Department of Energy Solar Decathlon®
their HVAC systems can be fairly small. competition. www.solardecathlon.gov.
© 2018 Greenheck
Next Generation of
School Design & Operation
BY PAUL A. TORCELLINI, PH.D., P.E., MEMBER, SHANTI D. PLESS, ASSOCIATE MEMBER ASHRAE
ASHRAE is taking the lead by publishing—in part- Zero Energy (K–12 ZE AEDG) is the first in this series.
nership with the American Institute of Architects All the AEDGs are free downloads from ASHRAE
(AIA), the Illuminating Engineering Society (IES), (www.ashrae.org/freeaedg).
and the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) and
with financial and technical support from the A Little History
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)—a new series of When the AEDGs debuted in 2004, the idea was to
advanced energy design guides (AEDGs) focused on show the market how easy it was to achieve a 30% sav-
zero energy buildings. The forthcoming Advanced ings over ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-1999,
Energy Design Guide for K–12 School Buildings: Achieving Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential
Buildings. Energy modeling was used to pre-compute
Paul A. Torcellini, Ph.D., P.E., is a principal engineer at National Renewable Energy a series of solutions, and the AEDGs provided practi-
Laboratory (NREL) in Golden, Colo., and is on the faculty at Eastern Connecticut State
University in Willimantic, Conn. Shanti Pless is a senior energy efficiency researcher at cal guidance on how to hit the 30% energy reduction
NREL. They have each chaired several Advanced Energy Design Guides. goal.1 In 2004, only a few zero energy buildings existed,
largely because energy-efficiency technologies were operating a zero energy school. The project committee
expensive; the cost of renewables was very high; and the was tasked with creating comprehensive design guid-
details of zero energy design, construction, and opera- ance to achieve zero energy in school buildings by look-
tion weren’t well understood.2 ing at aggressive market-ready energy-efficiency strate-
gies that reduce energy use to the point that a PV system
Fast Forward 13 Years. can meet the remaining energy loads.
Since 2004, ASHRAE, AIA, IES, USGBC, and DOE com-
pleted a set of 30% guides and later produced a series Why Schools?
of 50% guides that further pushed commercial build- The decision to focus on K–12 schools for ASHRAE’s
ing energy-efficiency limits, the number of energy first zero energy AEDG was based on several factors.
simulation tools has multiplied, and the ability to First, a number of schools have been built over the last
execute thousands of simulations in the cloud is a real- few years that either are zero energy or could be if a PV
ity (who’d even heard of the cloud in 2004?). The cost of system was added to their rooftops.
solar photovoltaic (PV) systems—the renewable energy In addition, schools are generally high profile build-
technology considered in the K–12 ZE AEDG—has also ings with considerable educational impact and influ-
dropped 70% and the cost of many energy-efficiency ence on students, teachers, parents, and the community
technologies has also dropped.3,4 at large. Schools tend to be one to three stories, which
In 2007, a National Renewable Energy Laboratory helps make zero energy an achievable goal with on-site
assessment5 showed that zero energy was techni- renewables. (As the number of stories increases, the
cally feasible with the use of on-site renewables. More energy intensity relative to the area of the roof increases,
recently, California adopted zero energy targets for 50% making it harder to meet the on-site renewable energy
of the floor area of existing state-owned buildings by requirement with a PV system on the building.)
2025 and for all new or renovated state buildings begin- As a submarket, the 232,000 U.S. K–12 schools account
ning design after 2025.6 California has also set a target for 7.7% of commercial building energy consumption.11
of making all new commercial buildings zero energy by This is substantial, given that most school buildings have
2030.7 Several other states are thinking along the same very similar activities and functions. In contrast, the
lines and have established task forces that are working total office building energy use is approximately three
on the issue. Although still a very small portion of the times that of schools in the United States, but office
market, approximately 400 potential zero energy build- building sizes and shapes vary widely and the range of
ings have been identified in the United States and the their uses is broader.
number is growing rapidly.8 Zero energy buildings are still relatively rare, but—
Much has been written about what zero energy build- given that K–12 schools touch the lives of many more
ings are, and the idea of a measurable, achievable zero people than most buildings—successful zero energy
energy goal is taking hold in the marketplace.9,10 The schools can help familiarize the general public with the
discussion has now shifted from “what” to “how.” As concept and benefits of zero energy. Zero energy is also
they did when they developed other AEDGs, a steering easy to explain and understand, making it attractive as a
committee made up of each participating organization portal to teaching schoolchildren and community mem-
(ASHRAE, USGBC, AIA, and IES) created a scope for the bers about the broader consequences of energy use.
new AEDG series that focused on primary and second-
ary schools. DOE serves an ex-officio member because A Unique Approach
it provides much of the funding to develop the AEDGs as Zero energy buildings use an absolute energy use
well as directing the national labs to assist with analysis. intensity (EUI) target rather than comparing energy
The steering committee then formed a special proj- savings with a predetermined base case such as a
ect committee (ASHRAE SP-139) made up of technical code-compliant building. Unlike the 30% and 50%
experts representing the school sector, HVAC, envelope, AEDG series, the K–12 ZE AEDG provides no reference
architecture, and lighting, with a strong emphasis on building or comparison. It does, however, provide
choosing members who had experience delivering and clear guidance on how to achieve an absolute energy
consumption target. FIGURE 1 Climate zone map for U.S. states and counties. Source: ASHRAE Standard 169, Normative Appendix B.
To clarify what a zero Dry (B) Moist (A)
energy building is, DOE Marine (C)
published a common
definition in 2015: “An
energy-efficient build-
ing where, on a source
energy basis, the actual
annual delivered
energy is less than or
equal to the on-site
renewable exported
energy.”12 Note that this
definition is not lim-
ited to buildings; it can
also apply to campuses,
communities, portfo-
lios, etc.
The DOE definition
uses source energy as
the metric measured
at the site. The K–12 ZE
AEDG provides targets
to meet that definition.
A few characteristics of zero energy building design and strategies. Maintaining the theme of using energy
include: modeling to help drive decisions, NREL completed a
• Increased emphasis on early stage energy modeling feasibility study in 2016 showing that zero energy K–12
(predictive modeling); schools could be designed and built successfully in dif-
• Prioritization on reducing the energy consumption ferent climate zones.13
of the building; The recommendations in the K–12 ZE AEDG meet the
• Integration of renewables at a scale appropriate to zero energy requirements in the eight U.S. ASHRAE cli-
the building’s energy consumption; mate zones (1–8) and the three corresponding subzones.
• Innovative procurement processes and owner en- This has changed slightly from the 50% design guides in
gagement; and that Standard 169-201314 was used with updated climatic
• Verification that the goal is met based on actual data. In addition, Climate Zone 0 was added. In total, 19
operations. climate zones were analyzed with the U.S. zones shown
The last characteristic shifts the discussion from sav- in Figure 1. Note that Standard 169 has world-wide infor-
ings compared with a baseline as a design exercise to mation including maps and city tables.
actual measured data that can prove the energy target The audience for this K–12 ZE AEDG is primarily
has been met. This is the real objective—show that zero design teams looking for guidance on processes and
energy buildings perform according to their design strategies to achieve a zero energy school design. In
intent and that the intent is to reduce the energy and addition, there is useful information for school admin-
environmental impact of the building. istrators, school boards, facility managers, and anyone
One of the major barriers to the widespread accep- who procures school buildings. It is also anticipated
tance of zero energy buildings is that design teams and that the K–12 ZE AEDG will provide inspiration to stu-
contractors are not confident that zero energy can be dents and those looking to push the limits of school
achieved at a reasonable cost using today’s technologies energy performance.
The previous 30% and 50% design guides documented IES/USGBC Standard 189.1-2014, which are the current
a prescriptive path to achieving the energy goal;15 that is, standards for energy efficiency in commercial buildings.
if you followed the list of recommendations, you would The steering committee provided specific scope to the
achieve the goal. The solutions were pre-computed and project committee concerning space types. The K–12 ZE
recommendations were put into tables. AEDG includes administrative and office areas, class-
The K–12 ZE AEDG takes an energy-performance- rooms, hallways, restrooms, gymnasia, locker rooms with
based approach that considers whole-building energy showers, assembly spaces, libraries, and dining and food
use. Energy targets are presented and a series of how-to preparation areas. The K–12 ZE AEDG does not cover atyp-
tips outline methods and techniques to achieve these ical spaces, such as indoor swimming pools, laboratories,
energy targets. These strategies are based on modeling career and technical education, and other spaces with
as well as expert opinions from project committee mem- higher energy loads and ventilation requirements. The
bers. In addition, case studies provide examples of com- K–12 ZE AEDG also does not cover modular classrooms,
pleted school buildings operating near the target EUIs specialty laboratories, maintenance areas, domestic water
and detail the strategies used to achieve the targets. well pumping, or sewage disposal. Although only elemen-
Most of the guidance is practical and can be read- tary and high schools were modeled, middle schools are
ily applied to school designs. The project committee typically a combination of the two.
focused on providing simple, easy-to-follow guidance
that would result in a large number of zero energy For Owners, It Starts With Measurable Goals
schools. The recommendations and strategies all meet The first part of the K–12 ZE AEDG targets school
or exceed ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2016 and ASHRAE/ administrators, school boards, and other district staff
Find more information about 1100s on the web at Tnb-hvac.com or contact your local
Tuttle & Bailey representative.
and discusses how high performance learning environ- achievable today in any climate zone within a conven-
ments can use a zero energy school building as a catalyst. tional school budget. It also discusses the importance
Chapter 1 covers the fiscal aspects of building a school and of communicating that clearly to multiple stakeholder
the environmental aspects of zero energy. It makes it clear groups in terms they can understand. The architects and
that zero energy schools are attainable within a standard other team members can use their expertise and experi-
school budget and discusses the advantages of setting an ence to engage the community and assure them that the
energy goal as an absolute number rather than compar- pathway to zero is attainable. Because the design team
ing performance against a code or standard. is pivotal in achieving project goals, the chapter also
Measurable goals are key to the success of any zero describes the characteristics of a successful design team
energy building, particularly setting an energy use to help owners choose wisely.
goal. Setting and achieving an energy use goal means
the building is ready for a renewable energy future— People, Process, Procurement
whether the renewable energy is included during con- With the foundation of zero energy set, Chapter 3 pres-
struction or not. Such a building is “zero energy ready.” ents the keys to success. When owners, design/construc-
The chapter points out that zero energy is an operational tion team members, teachers, school administrators,
as well as a design goal, and looks at actual measured data operations and maintenance staff, and other stakehold-
after the building has operated for at least 12 months. ers embrace the zero energy concept and—especially—a
Meeting a measurable energy goal demonstrates success, measurable energy consumption goal, the chances of
and that success can be shared with the design team, success increase dramatically.
school administration, teachers, and students. A major Zero energy “champions” may or may not be the same
advantage of building a zero energy school—as opposed to people during different stages of a project. For that rea-
a less public zero energy building—is that the community son, a broad range of stakeholders should be included
shares in the success of the energy achievement. in the process from the outset. For example, includ-
Chapter 1 also discusses that the goal must be persis- ing operations and maintenance staff or kitchen and
tent—the first year of performance is good, but the real food service personnel during planning and design can
proof is year-over-year performance. For that reason, ensure that the building operates as it’s designed.
the owner needs to select a design team that represents Chapter 3 provides high-level strategies as a “loading
its interests. Often, this team comprises administrators, order” or pathway to achieving zero in a logical design
teachers, security personnel, operations and mainte- progression. The chapter also offers examples of ways
nance staff and capital construction professionals. Team to calculate whether a building is zero energy and dis-
members must be consulted and included and must cusses how to verify the end result. In addition, it covers
agree on the goals from the beginning of the process. commissioning as a process that begins in design and
continues through occupancy.
Zero Energy Schools Are Exemplary Schools The focus for the owner is to hire a design team com-
Chapter 2 of the K–12 ZE AEDG identifies the principles mitted to the goal and willing to work creatively and
fundamental to creating a zero energy school. For exam- collaboratively throughout the process to find the best
ple, it is important to ensure good indoor environmental solutions for meeting the energy target and optimizing
quality in any building, and a zero energy school is no the learning environment. Toward that end, this chapter
exception. discusses procurement strategies and provides guidance
The functionality of the school as a learning environ- so that the design team can respond effectively to the
ment is critical, so this chapter discusses the integration owner’s needs.
of the curriculum with building elements. For example, Procurement strategies are important to achieving a
engaging students in data collection through energy zero energy goal.16 They provide a framework for deci-
dashboards can be educational, but can also be struc- sion making as well as clear direction and motivation to
tured such that it supports the energy performance of guide design teams and construction contractors. Many
the building. school districts have established procurement policies,
The chapter builds confidence that zero energy is and this chapter can help them incorporate energy goals
OR HERE OR HERE
EVEN HERE
OR HERE
WOULD BE
PERFECT HERE
REDUCED
HIGHEST
FOOTPRINT
TIERED
AVAILABLE
PERFORMANCE
EFFICIENCY
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2017
2017
into those policies or may even prompt them to adapt TABLE 1 Target energy use intensity.
existing policies so that they support the routine deliv- SITE ENERGY SOURCE ENERGY
ery of zero energy schools. CLIMATE PRIMARY SECONDARY PRIMARY SECONDARY
Some owners know from the outset that they want a ZONE SCHOOL EUI SCHOOL EUI SCHOOL EUI SCHOOL EUI
(KBTU/FT 2 ·YR) (KBTU/FT 2·YR) (KBTU/FT 2·YR) (KBTU/FT 2 ·YR)
zero energy building and create procurement methods
0A 22.5 22.9 69.1 70.5
geared to selecting an appropriate design team. In other
projects, it’s the design team that champions zero energy 0B 23.1 23.2 71.4 71.6
by promising to deliver a zero energy building without 1A 21.3 21.1 65.5 65.0
increasing the budget, giving that team a significant 1B 21.7 21.6 66.6 66.6
competitive advantage. 2A 20.9 21.3 63.8 65.1
Even when they’re committed to the zero energy 2B 19.6 19.9 59.7 60.8
concept, many owners and design teams need guid- 3A 18.8 19.1 56.7 57.7
ance setting energy targets. To develop that guidance, 3B 19.0 19.4 57.3 58.8
NREL researchers started with baseline buildings and
3C 17.5 17.6 52.6 52.8
applied a number of strategies to a computer model. The
4A 18.8 18.9 56.3 56.7
researchers also established the on-site solar allowance
4B 18.4 18.5 55.1 55.5
or the expected amount of sun for each climate zone.
They then compared models across climate zones for 4C 17.5 17.6 51.9 52.3
consistency, and established maximum EUI targets for a 5A 19.2 19.1 57.1 56.9
school to be zero energy ready. Those targets are shown 5B 18.7 19.0 55.6 56.6
in Table 1. As a tangible outcome of this work, energy 5C 17.4 17.6 49.7 52.3
models will be available in Spring 2018 at www.ashrae. 6A 21.1 20.6 62.8 61.2
org/freeaedg for design teams to use as a starting point 6B 19.5 19.5 57.9 57.9
for their own analyses. 7 22.3 21.5 66.2 63.7
8 25.2 23.8 71.1 70.7
Model Early and Often
Chapter 4 discusses energy simulation methods and school operating at zero energy throughout its lifetime.
how building simulation can be a valuable decision-mak-
ing tool as the design team frames and refines the design. Getting the Details Right
Energy models are often used only for code compliance or Chapter 5 contains the bulk of the how-to guidance,
to provide an energy rating for a certification program. broken into specialty areas—building and site plan-
In fact, they are not only effective design tools, but ning, envelope, daylighting, electric lighting, plug loads,
can also help ensure that the building operates at zero kitchens and food service, water heating, HVAC, and
energy from year to year. Therefore, the building should renewable generation. Each section contains multiple
be modeled throughout design, construction, commis- tips that move the design incrementally toward the zero
sioning, and operations to evaluate decisions and mea- energy goal.
sure progress. The key is keeping the building model Cross references are provided where strategies overlap
up-to-date with the as-built design (and condition) of and rely on another strategy. The cautions and best prac-
the school. tices provided throughout the chapter are based on the
Modeling first considers climate, building mass- practical experiences of project committee members.
ing, energy, daylighting, and lighting. It should then As the many educational, fiscal, and environmental
be used to help select and size mechanical systems. benefits of zero energy schools become better under-
Models can also help evaluate acoustics, air movement, stood, these innovative buildings will become more
heat and moisture migration, and thermal comfort. common. The purpose of the K–12 ZE AEDG—the most
The investment in modeling can effectively make comprehensive source of practical wisdom for design-
design decisions, creating a better school environment ing, building, and operating a zero energy school cur-
that hits its energy targets as well as helping to keep the rently available—is to speed that shift.
REDUCED
AIRBORNE
CONTAMINATION
ENERGY
OPTIMIZATION
CONTROLLED
AIR QUALITY
Healthcare buildings can have the toughest requirements for air handlers, including consideration
for recent sustainability initiatives and ASHRAE® Std. 170 guidelines, such as antimicrobial filtration,
airborne contaminant control and energy recovery. Our Carrier® Custom 39CC Air Handler is designed
with these requirements in mind. At Carrier, our experts work hard to create innovative products to
help your most difficult projects come together seamlessly. We go above and beyond to deliver
a single-system solution dedicated to clean air.
References 8. NBI. 2016. “2016 List of Zero Net Energy Buildings.” New Buildings
1. Colliver, D.G., Jarnagin, R.E. 2005. “Advanced energy design Institute. https://newbuildings.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/
guide for small office buildings: saving 30% over standard 90.1- GTZ_2016_List.pdf.
1999.” ASHRAE Journal (3). 9. Liu, B., et al. 2017. “A conversation on zero net energy buildings.”
2. Pless, S., P. Torcellini, J. Peterson. 2004. “Oberlin College ASHRAE Journal 59(6):38–49.
Lewis Center for Environmental Studies: A Low-Energy Academic 10. Torcellini, P., S. Pless, M. Deru, D. Crawley. 2006. “Zero Energy
Building.” World Renewable Energy Congress VIII and Expo. www. Buildings: A Critical Look at the Definition.” ACEEE Summer Study
nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/36273.pdf. on Energy Efficiency in Buildings. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/
3. Fu, R., et al. 2017. “U.S. Solar Photovoltaic System Cost Bench- fy06osti/39833.pdf.
mark: Q1 2017.” National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) 11. EIA. 2012. Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Sur-
Technical Report NREL/TP-6A20-68925. www.nrel.gov/docs/ vey. Table PBA3-2012. www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/
fy17osti/68925.pdf. data/2012/c&e/cfm/pba3.php.
4. Feldman, D., et al. 2012. “Photovoltaic (PV) Pricing Trends: 12. DOE. 2015. “A Common Definition for Zero Energy Buildings.”
Historical, Recent, and Near-Term Projections.” U.S. Department U.S. Department of Energy. https://buildingdata.energy.gov/cbrd/
of Energy Technical Report DOE/GO-102012-3839. www.nrel.gov/ resource/1938.
docs/fy13osti/56776.pdf. 13. Bonnema, E., D. Goldwasser, P. Torcellini, S. Pless, D. Studer.
5. Griffith, B., et al. 2007. “Assessment of the Technical Potential 2016. “Technical Feasibility Study for Zero Energy K–12 Schools.”
for Achieving Net Zero-Energy Buildings in the Commercial Sector.” National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Technical Report
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Technical Report NREL/TP-5500-67233. www.nrel.gov/docs/fy17osti/67233.pdf.
NREL/TP-550-41957. www.nrel.gov/docs/fy08osti/41957.pdf. 14. ASHRAE Standard 169-2013, Climatic Data for Building Design
6. SAM. 2017. “Energy and Sustainability: Zero Net Energy for Standards.
New and Existing State Buildings.” [California] State Administrative 15. Bonnema, E., et al. 2012. “50% Advanced Energy Design
Manual. www.documents.dgs.ca.gov/osp/sam/mmemos/MM17_04. Guides.” ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings.
pdf, www.documents.dgs.ca.gov/sam/SamPrint/new/sam_master/ www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/55470.pdf.
sam_master_file/chap1800/1815.31.pdf. 16. Pless, S., et al. 2013. “How-To Guide for Energy-Performance-
7. CPUC. 2011. “California Energy Efficiency Strategic Plan [up- Based Procurement.” National Renewable Energy Laboratory
date].” California Public Utilities Commission. www.cpuc.ca.gov/ (NREL) Report Number TPP-5500-56705. https://buildingdata.
WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=5303. energy.gov/cbrd/resource/1310.
OFFICE
72˚
COMMON
AREA
68˚
In January 2017, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) finalized its first efficiency
performance standards for ceiling fans,1 which included minimum efficiency require-
ments for large-diameter ceiling fans. The DOE is covering commercial and industrial
fans and blowers in a separate rulemaking that has yet to be finalized.2
Ratings using the DOE test procedure allow compari- an update with respect to DOE’s previous test proce-
sons of products based on electric input power and dure. Effective June 15, 2018, the DOE test method will
airflow. Fan companies that fail to use the prescribed be used for qualification for ENERGY STAR certification.
DOE test procedure for making representations of ceil- For large-diameter (greater than 7 ft [2.1 m]) ceil-
ing fan performance would be subject to fines.3 Because ing fans, performance testing is based on a standard
the DOE performance metric is not based on a specific published by Air Movement and Control Association
airflow point, some additional effort on the part of the (AMCA) International: ANSI/AMCA Standard 230-15,
designer may be required to evaluate fan performance Laboratory Methods of Testing Air Circulating Fans for Rating and
equitably at a specific airflow point. Certification. AMCA 230 initially was published in 1999;6
Here, then, are four things to know about the DOE’s the most recent revision, published in 2015,7 was dis-
regulation of ceiling fans that will help to ensure a suc- ournal article.8
cussed in detail in a previous ASHRAE Journal
cessful and efficient ceiling fan selection. As of July 2017, all temporary testing extensions
1. The Test Methods Are Based on Well-Known In- granted by the DOE are expired; thus, all ceiling-fan
dustry Standards manufacturers now are required to use the DOE test-
The DOE test methods for ceiling fans are defined in ing methods as the basis of any published performance
the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR).4 data, per DOE’s representation requirements at 10 CFR
For small-diameter (7 ft [2.1 m] or less) ceiling fans, 429.32.3
performance testing is based on a modified version of 2. Fan Manufacturers’ Performance Data Should Not
ENERGY STAR® Testing Facility Guidance Manual: The Solid Change Dramatically.
State Test Method for ENERGY STAR Qualified Ceiling Fans,5 Although the DOE regulations differ slightly from
which has been in use for testing residential ceiling fans AMCA 230-15, airflow is calculated according to
since 2002. DOE’s final rule incorporates some aspects AMCA 230-15, and published performance data
from version 1.2 of the guidance manual, but is formally should not vary dramatically from those obtained
Christian Taber is principal engineer, Codes and Standards, at Big Ass Solutions, manufacturer of HVLS fans. Michael Ivanovich is senior director, Industry Relations, at Air Movement
and Control Association (AMCA) International, a not-for-profit manufacturers association.
Status of Draft Standards TABLE 1 Impact of test method on a circulator fan’s maximum-speed perfor-
mance data.
At press time, AMCA 208 had been approved by AMCA TEST METHOD POWER THRUST AIRFLOW
and was undergoing ANSI accreditation. Publication was (WATTS) (POUNDS FORCE) (CFM)
expected in January 2018. For more information about AMCA 230-99 750 36.5 113,664
AMCA 208, see the peer-reviewed technical papers at
AMCA 230-07 750 37.0 N/A
www.amca.org/resources/knowledgebase.php.
AMCA 230-12 750 37.0 80,897
ASHRAE Standard Project Committee 216 anticipated
AMCA 230-15 750 37.0 80,365
ASHRAE Standard 216P would be approved for its first
public review in late 2017 or early 2018. DOE Regulations 2016/17 750 37.0 80,365
higher efficacy in terms of the DOE metric. This FIGURE 1 Impact of reduced maximum airflow on DOE efficiency.
makes slowing a fan the simplest way to achieve a 1,200
high efficacy at an equal or lower efficiency (Figure 150 cfm/W (DOE)
1,000 Fan 1 Fan 2
1). Instead of relying solely on the DOE metric, a
designer should determine the amount of airflow 800
Power (W)
a fan needs to move or the size of the area that 207 cfm/W (DOE)
600
needs to be covered with elevated air speed and 400
then compare fan-energy performance for fans
200
that meet the needs of the application.
Fan 1 and Fan 2 are alike physically; however, 0
0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000
Fan 2 has been programmed to operate at a 20% Airflow (cfm)
lower maximum speed. The DOE efficiency
increases by 57 cfm/W (38%) solely because of
TABLE 2 Fan-efficiency metrics for three large-diameter ceiling fans.
the reduction in maximum airflow, while the
fans’ input power-to-output air power efficien- FAN 1 FAN 2 FAN 3
cies at any common airflow point are identical. FAN SPEED AIRFLOW POWER AIRFLOW POWER AIRFLOW POWER
(PERCENT MAXIMUM SPEED) (CFM) (W) (CFM) (W ) (CFM) (W)
100% 100,000 1000 80,000 550 80,000 733
Beyond DOE Efficiency
80% 80,000 550 64,000 297 64,000 396
Looking forward, two standards that may have
60% 60,000 250 48,000 144 48,000 192
a dramatic impact on ceiling fans are being
40% 40,000 100 32,000 74 32,000 97
developed: AMCA Standard 208-2017, Calculation
of the Fan Energy Index,9 and ASHRAE Standard 20% 20,000 50 16,000 45 16,000 59
216P, Methods of Test for Determining Application Data Standby – 10 – 10 – 10
of Overhead Circulator Fans. 10 DOE Effi ciency 150 207 157
AMCA 208 is a calculation standard establish- FEI at Maximum Speed 1.31 1.43 1.07
ing a new metric: fan energy index (FEI), the FEI at 80,000 cfm 1.43 1.43 1.07
ratio of the electric input power of a reference fan
to the electric input power of a selected fan. In the previous example. Fan 3 is similar in design to Fan 1,
effect, FEI rates a circulator fan according to how but operates at the same lower maximum speed as Fan 2
much power is used to achieve a specified airflow rate and has a lower-efficiency motor. As a result, when com-
and pressure. By accounting for the amount of work being pared to Fan 1, Fan 3 provides 20% less airflow at 100%
done by a fan—and the utility provided to the user of the of maximum speed and, for a given airflow, consumes
product—FEI potentially is more complete than the DOE approximately 33% more power. Because of the reduced
metric because it removes the penalty imposed on high- maximum speed, the DOE efficiency of Fan 3 is greater
efficiency fans that achieve relatively high airflow rates. At than that of Fan 1. Because of the lower-efficiency motor
the same time, unlike the DOE metric, FEI penalizes low- and same operating speeds, the DOE efficiency of Fan
airflow fans that do not create airflow efficiently. 3 is less than that of Fan 2. On the other hand, the FEI
For a specified airflow rate, FEI is calculated using for Fan 1 is significantly higher than that for Fan 3 and
Equations 2 and 3, which are simplifications of the reflects the use of a better motor. Fans 1 and 2 have the
equations provided in AMCA 208. same FEI at the same airflow because they essentially are
Actual Fan System Efficiency the same fan. The impending publication of AMCA 208
FEI =
Baseline Fan System Efficiency may offer the DOE a better means of regulating ceiling
Baseline Fan Electrical Input Power fans and encourage increased efficiency at all airflow
FEI = rates and diameters in future rulemaking.
Actual Fan Electrical Input Power
Note that in Table 2 the author proposes constants P0, Q 0,
Table 2 shows AMCA 230-15 performance data, DOE and 0 different than the ones in AMCA 208 for calculat-
efficiency, and FEI for three fans. Fans 1 and 2 are from ing the baseline fan electrical input power. The constants
{
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E-mail: crexpo@biec.com.cn China Refrigeration Expo. WeChat
COLUMN ENGINEER’S NOTEBOOK
Stephen W. Duda
Air-Handling Units
Blow-Through
vs. Draw-Through
BY STEPHEN W. DUDA, P.E., BEAP, HBDP, HFDP, FELLOW ASHRAE
However, there actually is an energy consumption dif- FIGURE 1 Typical air-handling unit configuration.
ference. If using blow-through, fan heat raises the tem-
Filter Cooling Coil
perature of air before it enters the cooling coil, and that
added heat is entirely sensible. If using draw-through C
Supply Air
and you depress the cooling coil’s leaving air tempera- Outdoor Air
C
ture an equivalent amount to account for fan heat, you
“accidentally” add additional latent load to the system Supply Air Fan
Return Air
since depressing the coil leaving temperature in an Draw-Through Unit
already saturated condition strips additional moisture
from the airstream. (The building will be maintained at Filter Cooling Coil
a slightly lower indoor humidity level as a result.) C
Said another way, let’s say you or your favorite cooling Supply Air
Outdoor Air
load calculation program have determined that air needs C
to discharge from the diffuser into the space at 55°F (13°C) Supply Air Fan
to provide desired space temperature and humidity Return Air Blow-Through Unit
control. Cooling a given amount of 82°F (28°C) air with a
dew point of 62°F (17°C) down to 55°F (13°C) saturated is
not the same as cooling the same air from 80°F (27°C) air and 76°F (24°C) wet bulb.
at 62°F (17°C) dew point down to 53°F (12°C) saturated. • According to the ASHRAE Handbook,4 temperature
The sensible load is essentially the same either way, but rise across the fan can be estimated by Equation 1.
the latent load differs. The difference is large enough to
∆PC p
warrant consideration, as in this age we are trying to save ∆T = (1)
even small amounts of energy anywhere we can. ρc p J η
A caveat is needed here. If the system is to be located where
in an exceptionally dry climate where air crossing a ∆T = temperature rise across fan, °F
cooling coil never reaches saturation, this discussion is ∆P = pressure rise across fan, in. of water
not applicable. But in any of the “A” Climate Zones3 (2A, Cp = conversion factor = 5.193 lbf /ft2·in. of water
3A, 4A, 5A, etc.) in the eastern two-thirds of the United ρ = density, lbm/ft3
States, this discussion most certainly is applicable cp = specific heat = 0.24 Btu/lbm·°F
because moisture removal is a frequent if not constant J = mechanical equivalent of heat = 778.2 ft·lbf /Btu
occurrence throughout the summer. η = efficiency, decimal
Fan Heat Example Using the example data given above, temperature rise
Let’s take a detailed look at a specific air-handling unit across the fan is therefore found to be 2.8°F (1.6°C).
cooling selection for the same conditions but with the Draw-Through: With the supply fan downstream
fan location varied from draw-through to blow-through. of the cooling coil, all fan heat is modeled as reheat,
• Total Airflow = 25,000 cfm (11 800 L/s) necessitating a depression in the coil leaving tempera-
• Outdoor Airflow = 5,000 cfm (2400 L/s) ture to meet the desired room supply air temperature
• Total Static Pressure = 5 in. w.c. (1.2 kPa) of 55°F (13°C).* Fan heat in this case results in a warm-
• Net Combined Fan/Motor Efficiency = 65% ing of the air by 2.8°F (1.6°C), meaning our air must
• Desired Room Supply Air Temperature = 55°F (13°C) leave the cooling coil at 52.2°F (11.2°C). The blend of
• Return Air Temperature = 76°F (24°C) outdoor air with return air yields a coil entering condi-
• Return Air Relative Humidity = 60% tion of 79.8°F (26.6°C) dry bulb and 68.4°F (20.2°C)
• Outdoor Air Temperature = 95°F (35°C) dry bulb wet bulb. Using either your favorite psychrometric
*You may also want to depress the AHU leaving air temperature to account for other factors such as downstream duct heat gain due to
imperfect insulation, but that is the same situation regardless of whether draw-through or blow-through is applied. I have ignored it in this
column since I am only interested in a comparison of the factors that differ.
This 2017 revision includes a number of significant improvements to the 2013 edition, including
a reformat into three sections to facilitate coordination between the standard and Facility
Guidelines Institute (FGI) documents.
Use alongside HVAC Design Manual for Hospitals and Clinics for comprehensive design
guidance on hospitals, nursing and outpatient facilities.
Developed in partnership with FGI and American Society of Health Care Engineering (ASHE),
ASHRAE Standard-170 has been providing key guidance on ventilation requirements for health
care industry facilities since 2008.
could blow off the coil, landing on duct downstream of the arrays as a practical matter. On the other hand, use of
coil. This is especially problematic in lined ductwork. draw-through units allows more choices of fan types
Even if no liquid moisture carryover exists, supply air including the plenum fan and array options plus conven-
that is extremely near saturation is in danger of drop- tional housed centrifugal fans or even vaneaxial fans.
ping some condensation along its path. As discussed
previously, a decrease in absolute air pressure is some- Conclusions
times enough for very nearly saturated air to cross over For the majority of my career, I have specified air-han-
the saturation curve and drop a little liquid water. This dling units that are predominantly draw-through. For a
could occur in supply air on its transition from a coil significant part of that career, only conventional housed
or discharge plenum (typically at low velocity) into a centrifugal fans or vaneaxial fans were commonly applied
higher-velocity supply air main, or at high pressure- in air-handling equipment, and the direct discharge blast
loss fittings. The designer may even have to consider pattern of both of those fan types made blow-through
the possibility of condensation at diffusers. Those wor- configurations too impractical. Even after plenum fans
ries are mitigated in the draw-through arrangement as became available, I avoided specifying them because, at
fan-provided reheat moves the supply air away from the first, there was very little independent third-party testing
saturation curve. So one must balance the risk-avoiding verification of their published capacity and even less data
design benefit of fan-provided reheat against the added on their long-term reliability. And perhaps the inertia of
latent load and resultant energy penalty associated with “that’s how I’ve always done it” came into play.
draw-through air-handling equipment. Now plenum fans and plenum fan arrays have a track
Finally, use of blow-through air-handling equipment record of performance and independent third-party test-
almost necessitates either plenum fans or plenum fan ing verification of their published capacity. Because the
air discharge pattern downstream of a plenum fan tends
to be much more uniform, and because enough energy
differential exists to warrant attention, I find that I am
recommending to both myself and the reader to at least
consider—with appropriate caution—specifying air-han-
dling equipment in the blow-through configuration in
the humid climate zones. Doing so in conventional office
or educational occupancies offers energy savings by add-
ing fan heat prior to the cooling coil and allowing for a net
reduction in latent heat load. In health-care occupancies,
using plenum fans or plenum fan arrays in the draw-
through position with respect to the cooling coil, but in
the blow-through position with respect to the final filters
For thermal comfort–this is will guard against moisture accumulation and possible
microbial growth in the final filter bank.
the standard.
References
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-2017 1. 2016 ASHRAE Handbook—HVAC Systems and Equipment, Chap. 4.
2. 2016 ASHRAE Handbook—HVAC Systems and Equipment, Chap. 4,
Thermal Environmental Conditions for Figure 1, p. 4.4.
Human Occupancy 3. ASHRAE Standard 169-2013, Climatic Data for Building Design
Standards, Table B-1: U.S. Climate Zones by State and County.
4. 2016 ASHRAE Handbook—HVAC Systems and Equipment, Chap. 21,
www.ashrae.org/55 Section 7, p. 21.7.
5. 2016 ASHRAE Handbook—HVAC Systems and Equipment, Chap. 23,
Section 7, pp. 23.9 – 23.14.
6. ANSI/ASHRAE/ASHE Standard 170-2013, Ventilation of Health
Care Facilities, ¶6.4.2.
Joseph W. Lstiburek
Increasing Permeance
Scratch Coat
Brown Coat
Finish Coat
PHOTO 1 Pompeii. Stucco applied over Roman brick. Minor issue with Mount Vesuvius in 79 A.D. FIGURE 1 Traditional Stucco. Each successive layer to the exterior was
more vapor open than the layer it covered. Yup. Old timers had it dialed in. Today? Not so much.
The Coming
Stucco-Pocalypse*
JOSEPH W. LSTIBUREK, PH.D., P.ENG., FELLOW ASHRAE
How can you take a system with thousands of years of history and screw it up? Easy.
Keep improving it until it does not work. Babylonians used stucco. Egyptians used it.
Greeks used it. Romans used it (Photo 1). Everyone used it and everyone uses it. But it
sure has changed and what we put it over sure has changed.
Over several millennia† stucco has gone from lime- Type of Stucco Permeance1,2
based to lime-Portland cement-based to Portland Traditional Lime-Based Greater Than 20 Perms
cement-based to polymer modified—and each step
Lime-Portland Cement-Based 5 to 10 Perms
of the way it has gotten stronger—and less vapor
Portland Cement-Based 1 to 5 Perms
permeable.
This has had huge consequences. Duh. When walls get Polymer Modified Less Than 1 Perm
wet, they can’t dry. They used to be able to. Today? Not Traditional lime-based stucco was three layers:
so much. scratch coat, brown coat and finish coat (Figure 1). Each
*We were here before almost a decade ago (“The Perfect Storm Over Stucco,” ASHRAE Journal, February 2008)—more problems now,
more worried now.
†“Kiloyears.” Yes, this is a valid term. Who knew?
Dimensionally Unstable
Hygroscopic WRBs “Good”
kitchen ventilation
systems outshine
the competition?
Proven Greenheck Quality
800.333.1400
www.accurex.com
© 2017 Accurex
Bond Break
PHOTO 8 (LEFT) Multistory Wood Frame. Things began to move south and east. First on the multistory wood
frame buildings because the rain exposure increases with height. PHOTO 9 (RIGHT) Wood Frame Low Rise. Even
though the exposure is less on low rise, they are not immune.
It became clear there were issues of the more effective means of accom- FIGURE 5 Bond Break. It became clear that
with WRBs behind stucco, and the plishing both is to provide a drainage there were issues with WRBs, and the first
intervention was to use two layers—an outer
first intervention was to use two lay- mat between the bond break and the layer that would act as a bond break and an
ers—an outer layer that would act WRB (Figure 6). We have learned this on inner layer that was the “true” WRB.
as a bond break and an inner layer the multistory wood frame buildings
that was the “true” WRB (Figure 5). (Photos 10 and 11). We learned it on the So what do we need to do? Easy.
Unfortunately, this was not enough. multistory wood frame buildings first Provide a 3/8 in. (9.5 mm) air space
The assemblies needed enhanced because they began to experience the behind stucco installed over OSB
drainage and enhanced drying. One problems first. sheathing in regions where it rains
WRB
Drainage Mat
more than 20 in. (508 mm) per year. That’s it. References
Things are getting worse. But things have to get intol- 1. Mukhopadhyaya, et al. 2007. “Development of high perfor-
erably bad before we change. We didn’t learn from mance stucco as cladding material.” IRC MEWS.
Vancouver. I predict they are going to get intolerably bad 2. Straube, J. 2009. “Building science for strawbale buildings.”
sooner than later. The stucco-pocalypse is coming. Building Science Digest, 112. https://tinyurl.com/y73cmy8z.
Choose KUUL
• The best products. Even better availability.
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www.ashrae.org/technologyportal
COLUMN IEQ APPLICATIONS
Marwa Zaatari
Outdoor air ventilation is required in building codes and standards to dilute indoor
concentrations of indoor-generated pollutants. Lower outdoor air ventilation
rates are associated with decreases in satisfaction with indoor air quality (IAQ) and
increases in building-related health symptoms in office workers. Reductions in office
and schoolwork performance and increased absence rates have also been demon-
strated at lower ventilation rates.1–6 Despite the evidence of the importance of venti-
lation, commercial buildings often have the outdoor damper closed, eliminating any
intentional ventilation of the building.
My team and I have conducted field walkthroughs in much easier to measure compared to employee produc-
hundreds of commercial buildings that have the out- tivity or the impact on student learning, so the opera-
door air damper closed. And this is not just in low-rent, tions also tend to optimize around energy savings only.
run-down buildings, but also in Class A office space,
government buildings and universities. Facility man- 1. HVAC Systems Designed With Too Little Capacity
agers have many reasons for closing the outdoor air Most buildings are designed for one of three differ-
damper, but the following list contains the top ones. ent possible HVAC capacities: 99.6%, 99% or 98% of the
They generally are related to two primary facility man- annual cumulative frequency of occurrence of tempera-
agement concerns: comfort and cost. Because IAQ often tures and humidity for the building’s location. Thus, if
has a much subtler effect on people compared to ther- designing for 99%, these designs cannot meet the load
mal comfort, HVAC system operations tend to optimize
for comfort and to minimize complaints, while some- Marwa Zaatari, Ph.D., is vice president building solutions at enVerid Systems in Needham,
times compromising IAQ. Similarly, energy costs are Mass.
productivity8, and even just working in a building near or accidental events that can cause an IAQ issue.
a highway can be bad for your health.9 While ASHRAE Incentives program should be built around IAQ, not
Standard 62.1-2016 requires treating ozone, it is only only around energy savings.
required in locations where the ozone levels are quite
severe and well above the non-attainment classifica- Conclusion
tion from the EPA. There is too often a systemic failure in building ventila-
Also, other outdoor contaminants, such as carbon tion practices. These failures have a direct and negative
monoxide, NOx, and SOx, cannot be addressed by most impact on indoor air quality. To avoid these failures, the
filtration technologies. If a building has its outdoor air important messages are: 1) Place IAQ on the table at the
near a bus stop or major road, occupant complaints beginning of the design process to have a chance for IAQ,
about vehicle exhaust fumes may result in a facility energy and other project objectives to mutually reinforce
manager closing the outdoor air damper. each other rather than to be at odds with one another.
ASHRAE’s IAQ guide provides a wealth of information on
6. Lack of Appreciation and Accountability for IAQ how to design for IAQ.10 2) Properly commission, operate
Often, a lack of knowledge exists about the impor- and maintain the building systems with IAQ as one of the
tance of IAQ and how to solve an IAQ problem. optimization factors. 3) Have staff with the proper train-
Provision of acceptable IAQ requires conscientious ing, knowledge, tools and skills to follow the IAQ policy
effort by building owners and managers. It starts by and react promptly and effectively to failures that may
setting IAQ policy, providing the staff with educa- compromise indoor air quality. As designers, we owe it to
tion, tools and responsibilities so they can be proac- the occupants—the employees, customers, students and
tive about IAQ and notice malfunctioning equipment visitors—to do our best to ensure their health and pro-
ductivity are not compromised by poor indoor air quality.
References
1. Seppänen, O. A., W.J. Fisk, M.J. Mendell. 1999. “Association
of ventilation rates and CO2 concentrations with health and other
responses in commercial and institutional buildings.” Indoor Air
9(4):226-252.
2. Seppänen, O.A., W.J. Fisk. 2004. “Summary of human re-
sponses to ventilation.” Indoor Air 14 Suppl 7:102–118.
3. Fisk, W.J., A.G. Mirer, M.J. Mendell. 2009. “Quantitative
relationship of sick building syndrome symptoms with ventilation
rates.” Indoor Air 19(2):159–165.
4. Sundell, J., et al. 2011. “Ventilation rates and health: multidis-
ciplinary review of the scientific literature.” Indoor Air 21(3):191–204.
5. Li, Y., et al. 2007. “Role of ventilation in airborne transmission
of infectious agents in the built environment—a multidisciplinary
systematic review.” Indoor Air 17(1):2–18.
6. Mendell, M.J., et al. 2013. “Association of classroom ventila-
tion with reduced illness absence: a prospective study in California
elementary schools.” Indoor Air 23(6):515–528.
7. EPA. 2016. “Climate Change Indicators: U.S. and Global
Temperature.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. www.epa.
gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-us-and-global-
temperature.
8. Chang, T., J.G. Zivin, T. Gross, M. Neidell. 2016.“The Effect of
Pollution on Worker Productivity: Evidence from Call-Center Work-
ers in China.” National Bureau of Economic Research. www.nber.
org/papers/w22328.pdf.
9. Lane, K.J., et al. 2016. “Association of modeled long-term
personal exposure to ultra-fine particles with inflammatory and
coagulation biomarkers.” Environmental International (92–93):173–82.
10. ASHRAE. 2009. The Indoor Air Quality Guide: Best Practices for De-
sign, Construction and Commissioning.
Andy Pearson
Principles of Heating,
Ventilating and Air-
Conditioning, 8th ed.
Textbook based on ASHRAE
Handbook outlines key HVAC
fundamentals.
www.ashrae.org/phvac
evaporating and enabling it to persist over long distances because heat has to be added to it. The critical point is sim-
from the evaporator to the compressor. ply the point at which the two densities become the same. It
These droplets can cause mechanical damage by wash- is then not possible to differentiate between gas and liquid.
ing oil from the bearings, or erosion on valves, or can The fluid above the critical point is known as “supercritical
agglomerate and cause excessive pressure when com- fluid”—this is neither liquid nor gas. The more heat it con-
pressed. The only way to deal with the small droplets is to tains the more gas-like it becomes, and at lower heat con-
cause them to group together into larger drops that can tent it becomes almost incompressible, more like liquid.
then be separated from the gas flow. Many other weird things happen at the critical point on
The place on the chart where the two saturation lines the Mollier chart. As well as the latent heat diminishing
meet is called the “critical point.” This used to be a “don’t to zero, the line of constant temperature (isotherm) that
even go there” zone on the Mollier chart. For low-pressure touches the top of the dome is, at that instant, horizontal;
refrigerants such as R-11 and R-123, the critical point was its gradient is zero. The specific heat capacity of the gas,
usually off the top of the chart. Recent interest in CO2 which is proportional to the reciprocal of the gradient of
refrigeration systems that pressurize the gas to a level well the isotherm, therefore becomes infinite and the speed
above the critical pressure has created new interest in of sound in the fluid drops to zero. All this weirdness sug-
what happens up there. gests that a process that passes through the critical point
To really appreciate this, it is necessary to understand would be problematic, whether an expansion from high
what defines the critical point. In general, at a given pres- to low pressure or the rejection of heat from high to low
sure, liquid is more dense than gas. As saturated gas is enthalpy. In fact, no drama occurs and since the process is
pressurized, its density increases; however, if liquid is pres- just transiting through the critical point from one condi-
surized and kept at its saturation point, its density reduces tion to another, life goes on as normal.
Tall,
on the topic in 2004, this new design guide Supertall,
covers not only tall buildings (taller than and Megatall
300 ft [91m]) but now also addresses super Building Systems
tall (taller than 984 ft [300 m]) and megatall Peter Simmonds
www.ashrae.org/megatall
Standard 62.1 User’s Manual is a crucial supplement for professionals concerned with
ventilation and indoor air quality. Use it alongside your copy of ANSI/ASHRAE
Standard 62.1-2016.
Part 1
Fog Computing
BY DONALD L. BEATY, P.E., FELLOW ASHRAE; DAVID QUIRK, P.E., MEMBER ASHRAE; JEFF JAWORSKI
There’s a deep fog rolling in across the data center industry as distributed comput-
ing further muddies the waters of the old central computing model. Traditional data
centers have been defined by a structure with four walls and a roof over it. They can be
brick and mortar, modular, containerized, or combinations of these. This has been the
long-standing industry location and model for data storage and computing, which can
be thought of as the “grounded” or “earth-bound” version of centralized data centers.
In recent years, computing has migrated further away these functions being performed at a centralized
from a centralized model to a distributed model through location.
“edge” data centers and various forms of colocation data Fog computing has made the predicting and planning
centers. The distributed computing model attempts of centralized and distributed computing, storage, and
to put more of the data storage and computing power networking much more challenging, hence the fogging
closer to the end use in what we now refer to as “the conditions. This column is Part 1 of a series that intro-
cloud.” duces the concept of fog computing and the evolution of
Taken a step further, the Internet of Things (IoT) con- the data center leading up to this condition.
tinues to push more compute and storage capabilities
into the end devices themselves. These devices include Grounded (Centralized) Data Centers
traditional known items like smartphones and personal Brick and mortar data centers are the staple of the data
computers, but more recently, less-known devices like center industry and what most MEP engineers think of
autonomous vehicles, home appliances, smart-lighting, when the term “data center” is mentioned.
meters, personal robotic assistants, and digital displays. Original design of these structures involved largely
This is where things get a bit “foggy” because the lines known boundary conditions:
between the traditional “grounded” model and the • Known code requirements for building construc-
“cloud” model have been blurred. tion;
“Fog computing,” as it’s become known, is the • Defined spatial parameters;
wider distribution of end-user clients or near-user • Defined power density;
edge devices that carry out a substantial portion of Donald L. Beaty, P.E., is president, David Quirk, P.E., is vice president, and Jeff Jaworski
storage, compute, and communication, rather than is an engineer at DLB Associates Consulting Engineers, in Eatontown, N.J.
www.ashrae.org/doas
Tables, graphs, and equations are provided in both Inch-Pound (I-P) and
International System (SI) units. As a bonus, supplemental Microsoft® Excel®
macro-enabled spreadsheets for a variety of GSHP calculations accompany
the text.
www.ashrae.org/geothermal
• Fog computing; network, over time there is potential for the principles
• Distributed data storage and retrieval; of rapid and automated reconfiguration of network
• Remote cloud services; and resources to be applied more widely and closer to the
• Augmented reality. edge. A distributed computing resource would become
The edge computing trend is being fueled by many part of this paradigm and that resource now has a name:
other important trends, including the explosion of edge “fog computing.”
devices or sensors (Internet of Things), analytics of con- Further details on edge computing can be read in the
sumer data as sources of targeted advertising, and limi- past column, Exploring Edge Computing.4
tations on network bandwidths, among other things.
In the past, data centers were used primarily to support Fog Computing
internal functions, now they are being used to support end- The industry is pushing the edges of the centralized
user applications and content. Companies are shifting to (ground) and cloud models as they seek to gain more and
obtain more revenue from those applications and content more data on everything the consumer and its associated
through advertising, in particular, targeted advertising. devices are doing. This race to optimize everything and gain
Edge computing essentially moves the “brains” of com- data insights to everything has created a “fog” in between.
puting where less data needs to be moved across tele- Fog computing has been considered a virtualized plat-
communication networks or internet service provider form that is typically located between end-user devices
(ISP) networks. ISP’s and telecom providers are increas- (smart objects and sensors) and the cloud data centers.
ingly under pressure to expand the capacity of their Fog computing has been driven by a host of factors:
networks to manage the exponential growth in data • Increasing compute capabilities in small form-factors;
demands. One way to solve this problem is to architect • Intermittent connectivity with the cloud (interfer-
applications and software solutions with edge comput- ence, remote, etc.);
ing capabilities to reduce the amount of network traffic. • Insufficient network bandwidth and increased
Perhaps one of the best examples of edge computing is latency (software applications are outpacing network
the smartphone in the palm of your hand. The smartphone advances and deployments);
is one example of the mobile edge computing (MEC) trend. • The need for device-to-device communications for
Edge computing translates into more agility for future more real-time applications and machine-to-machine
data center growth. Increasingly, companies are now (M2M) communications; and
beginning to realize the potential competitive advan- • An explosion of smart-devices and small sensors for
tage obtained through increased use of edge-computing everything.
strategies. They are also beginning to realize there are Fog computing has been labeled many things, but
significant cost savings available through a divergence perhaps it’s single greatest purpose is to enable “Aware
from centralized data management. Machine-to-Machine Communication.” A way to think
For data center consultants, this means looking at of this is sensors in virtually everything. In other words,
future-proofing concepts with more dimensions. Those everything becomes digital and has a digital signature
dimensions need to no longer only consider increased and data associated with it.
capacity but the higher potential of stranded assets and/ There needs to be a means of network communica-
or the need for more dynamic exit strategies. tion amongst devices that is not dependent upon bog-
Today’s designs are primarily singularly focused on ging down the same network that humans use because
future increases in loads and space needs. However, as machines will communicate orders of magnitude greater.
we’ve seen with the introduction of virtualization, some Machine-to-machine communications generate data at
disruptions can result in the reverse trend. Edge com- different velocity, veracity, and volumes than humans.
puting is another such trend that aims to diversify the As stated in the last column, Changing Landscape of Data
data center across more assets in smaller segments. Centers, Part 4: Future Disruptive ITE and Paradigms, data cen-
There is a link between virtualization, IoT, cloud, ters are about to undergo yet another major disruption.
Software Defined Networks (SDN), and edge comput- This next disruption may be more about the monumen-
ing. While SDN is focused on data centers and the core tal shifts in software and data demands.5
From thermographic floor plans to the Environmental Index™ to Time Lapse™ graphics, Automated Logic has been a pioneer in
providing visual data to help building owners and managers make smart decisions. And with our new Chilled Water System Optimizer,
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forms in spreadsheet format for easy customization.
Goodman, executive vice president of ACCO & Drives business unit for Commercial In- and knowledge manager in its membership
Engineered Systems, Glendale, Calif., re- dustrial Solutions Americas. Most recently, team.
ceived the SMACNA Contractor of the Year Wiseman was vice president/general man-
Dino DeFeo, P.E., has been named manag-
award. ager for Nidec’s Commercial/Industrial
ing partner of AKF.
Platform.
Stellar has named Clint Pyle as its new
Vexor Technology has appointed Mario
Heating, Air-conditioning & Refrigeration senior vice president/chief financial officer.
Romero as CEO. Steve Berry will continue
Distributors International (HARDI) has ap- He succeeds Scott Witt as the CFO. Witt has
with Vexor as a board member, shareholder
pointed Stephen Torrice, president of S.G. been promoted to Stellar’s Board of Direc-
and in a senior leadership role.
Torrice Co. based in Wilmington, Mass., as tors, where he will serve as Chair of the Fi-
the interim Northeast Region Director on the David Kosterno is now a vice president in nance Committee.
HARDI board of directors. Torrice replaces the Miami office of WSP USA, heading up the
In addition, Stellar promoted three profes-
Joe Fernandez, who retired from F.W. Webb office’s mechanical department.
sionals to officer-level positions:
Co. earlier this year. WAGO has named Toby Thomann president • Jason Duff to division vice president,
Moser Mayer Phoenix Associates is now of North American headquarters in German- Engineering;
part of the architecture, engineering, plan- town, Wis. Thomann has been with WAGO • Luke Facemyer to division vice
ning firm Clark Patterson Lee (CPL). The for 23 years. WAGO North America named president, Refrigeration Contracting; and
Greensboro, N.C., location will be CPL’s 13th Daniel Hernandez as the new general man- • Chris Williams to vice president
office. Principals Thomas H. Phoenix, P.E., ager for Mexico. Shaun Nagi is now WAGO’s operations, Mechanical Services.
Presidential Member/Life Member ASHRAE; regional sales manager for British Colombia.
William D. Moser, Jr., AIA; Kenneth C. Scott Carter was promoted to regional sales
John Wrobel has joined Mestek as director of manager for Nor-Lake.
Mayer, Jr., FAIA; J. Alan Cox, AIA; Cheryl S. training and development.
Graeub; and their team of 20 design profes- Pietro “Pete” Giovenco, P.E., was named
sionals joined CPL on Nov. 1. RJN Group, Inc. announced that William
CEO of Bergmann Associates. Giovenco takes
Siegel, P.E., past president and CEO of
EEA Consulting Engineers founder and pres- over from Tom Mitchell, P.E., who served as
Kleinfelder, has been elected to RJN’s Board
ident Mike Hart, Life Member ASHRAE, an- CEO for 14 years, and who will stay on as ex-
of Directors.
nounced he would retire as president at the ecutive vice president for client relations and
end of 2017 and focus on responsibilities as Hill International, Inc. appointed Michael V. business development.
chairman of the board. Vice president Todd Griffin, P.E., regional president, Americas,
RCI, Inc. announced the appointment of Li-
Schmitt, Associate Member ASHRAE, will and Vic Spinabelli, Jr., P.E., to the role of se-
onel Van der Walt as its new executive vice
become president of the Austin-headquar- nior vice president and mid-Atlantic region-
president and CEO. Van der Walt succeeds
tered, employee-owned firm. Paul Scheib- al manager for the company.
James Birdsong, who retired at the end of
meir has been hired as senior project man- The International Code Council (ICC) 2017 after nearly 17 years.
ager in their Austin office. named Kelly D. Sadler, J.D., as its new gov-
ernment relations regional manager for Ar- SmithGroupJJR has hired David Rosenfeld
Alyse M. Falconer, P.E., Member ASHRAE, and Regina VanderWerff to lead business
is now associate principal for Point Energy kansas, Oklahoma and Texas.
development efforts for its San Diego and Los
Innovations. The Plastics Pipe Institute, Inc. recently in- Angeles offices.
stalled members in new roles on its board of
Pierre-Yves Rollet is now CEO of Cooltech Ap-
directors. David Fink is now chairman of the Accurex recently announced that Jim John-
plications, taking over for Christian Muller,
board; Peter Zut, vice chairman; Jim John- son and Deborah Parenza have joined the
founder of the company, who wished to focus
son, advisory council chairman; and Doug Accurex management team, Johnson as di-
more of his time and efforts on accelerating
Keller, treasurer. rector of aftermarket service and Parenza as
the development of the technology as general
business development manager.
manager and chief scientific officer. BSRIA announced the appointment of Tina
Fahmy as its new client relationship manag- Matthew Wirth is now director of training
Nidec Motor Corp. has promoted Chris
er in its Worldwide Market Intelligence De- for North America at Canature WaterGroup.
Wiseman into the role of president of its
partment. Steve Sansom is now information Jill Clark is now the marketing manager.
newly created Commercial Industrial Motors
Standard 62.2 User’s Manual provides sample calculations, best practices, and additional guidance for
professionals concerned with ventilation and indoor air quality in residences. Updated to align with the
2016 version of ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.2.
Features:
SOFTWARE
RATE SCHEDULE: mep
Classified line advertisements The power of BIM for MEP design
are inserted in 7-point type at the
•Calculations directly from the BIM model
rate of $4.00 per word. This •Automatic generation of all the case study
includes heading and address. results •Automatic generation of the final set of
drawings (plan views, vertical diagrams,
Maximum insertion 15 lines. Prices axonometric diagrams, Piping/Ducting Networks
are net. Classified line insertions in 2D and 3D and others) •Complete documen-
tation of results (detailed calculation sheets,
for members are $2.00 per word. Technical Reports, Bill of Materials and many
more) •IFC import/export to ensure collabora-
tion with other BIM applications.
Classified Column Inch
Border Advertisements FineHVAC - HVAC Design
HVAC Loads (Ashrae 2013), Chilled and Hot
are inserted in 8-point bold heading Water piping, Airduct Sizing, Psychrometric
and address type of 7-point body Analysis (includes also design for Merchant
and Naval Surface Ships - Ashrae ch. 13.1 & 13.3).
type at the rate of $125.00 per
column inch, includes heading and FineFIRE - Fire Fighting Design
NFPA 13 fully calculated systems for tree,
address. Maximum length 5 inches. gridded or looped systems (includes also EN
12845, BS 9251, FM, CEA 4001 & AS 2118
Maximum width 2-1/8”. Prices are Everything Your Reps Need… regulations)
net. Border classified insertions for ...to increase sales FineSANI - Plumbing Design
members are $65.00 per column Water supply and Sewerage design
inch. For All HVAC Products FineELEC - Electrical Design
Selection FineGAS - Gas Network Design
Classifieds are accepted in the Pricing / Configuration FineLIFT - Elevator Design
categories of Job Opportunities, Submittals
Rentals, Business Opportunities, Parts
and Software. Customer Support
asHrae Journal
the month preceding date of issue.
AHR Expo Chicago 2018......................13 American Aldes Ventilation Corp.....S120 CECO Environmental Corp...................19
SOUTHEAST U.S.
Millennium Media, Inc. –
590 Hickory Flat Road
AAON, Inc ...............................................17 Armacell LLC..................................... S129 China Refrigeration...............................47 Alpharetta, GA 30004
Doug Fix (770) 740-2078 | Fax (678) 405-3327
Lori Gernand-Kirtley (281) 855-0470 | Fax (281) 855-4219
*ASHRAE Standard 170 ..................... 51 Automatic Airflow Balancing ......... S131 Cleaver Brooks ................................. S141 dfix@bellsouth.net; lg@lindenassoc.com
Accurex, LLC ..........................................57 AQC Industries....................................S25 Climate Control Group.......................S95 OHIO VALLEY U.S.
LaRich & Associates – Tom Lasch
512 East Washington St.
A-J Manufacturing Company, Inc..... 58 Air Monitor Corp ................................S31 Continental Control Systems LLC....S135 Chagrin Falls, OH 44022
tlasch@larichadv.com
(440) 247-1060 | Fax (440) 247-1068
AERMEC ..............................................S99 Control Solutions .............................S163
ACREX.................................................... 59
MIDWEST U.S.
Babbitt Chainwheels ............................64
ASHRAE Technology Portal................ 61 Cooper-Atkins Corp ...........................S87 Kingwill Company – Baird Kingwill; Jim Kingwill
664 Milwaukee Avenue, Suite 201
Prospect Heights, IL 60070
Baltimore Aircoil co.........................S159 (847) 537-9196 | Fax (847) 537-6519
ASHRAE Principles of HVAC.............. 65 Daikin North America LLC............S6-S7
barry@kingwillco.com; jim@kingwillco.com
Belimo Aircontrols USA ....................S97
ASHRAE Tall Buildings........................ 66 Dambassinas S.A.................................. 45
SOUTHWEST U.S.
Lindenberger & Associates, Inc. –
Berner International..........................S41
ASHRAE Standard 55-2017.................52 Danfoss Inc ....................................... S107 Gary Lindenberger; Lori Gernand-Kirtley
7007 Winding Walk Drive, Suite 100
Houston, TX 77095
Bosch Thermotechnology Corp ..... S137
Delta Controls................................... S123 (281) 855-0470 | Fax (281) 855-4219
ASHRAE Standard 62.1 2016..............67 gl@lindenassoc.com; lg@lindenassoc.com
Bradford White Corp .........................S53
ASHRAE Standard 90.1 2016 ........S164 Delta Cooling Towers....................... S102
CANADA & WEST U.S.
Bradford White corp........................S163 LaRich & Associates – Nick LaRich, Tom Lasch
512 East Washington St.
ASHRAE DOAS.......................................70 Delta Products Corp ..........................S59 Chagrin Falls, OH 44022
nlarich@larichadv.com
Building Automation Products Inc..S83
tlasch@larichadv.com
ASHRAE Geothermal ........................... 71 Desiccant Rotors International Pvt. Ltd (440) 247-1060 | Fax (440) 247-1068
................................................................S14
Carel USA LLC ....................................S58
ASHRAE Commerical Bldg Energy KOREA
Audits ......................................................74 Ductmate Industries, Inc................ S127 YJP & Valued Media Co., Ltd – YongJin Park
Carlisle HVAC Products ..................S156
Kwang-il Building #905, Dadong-gil 5
Jung-gu, Seoul 04521, Korea
ASHRAE Standard 62.2........................77 Dwyer Instruments .......................... S147 82-2 3789-6888 | Fax: 82-2 3789-8988
Carlo Gavazzi Inc ...............................S62
hi@YJPvm.kr
Aerco International Inc ..................... S10 Carrier Corp ...........................................37 ebm-papst, Inc ...................................S19
INTERNATIONAL
Steve Comstock
AHRI ................................................... S115 Carrier Corp .......................................... 39 Greentrol Automation Inc ......................2 (404) 636-8400 | comstock@ashrae.org
Aire Technologies..............................S117 Carrier Corp .......................................... 41 Ebtron................................................ Cvr 3 RECRUITMENT ADVERTISING AND REPRINTS
ASHRAE – Greg Martin
(678) 539-1174 | gmartin@ashrae.org
Addison .............................................. S119 Carrier Corp ...........................................73 Energy Saving Products Ltd.............S18
*Regional
Company Page Company Page Company Page Company Page
Entrematic Fans ........................................ S153 Karl Dungs, Inc.......................................... S164 Parker Boiler................................................ S20 SPX Cooling ................................................. S61
Evapco Inc.................................................. S163 Krueger ............................................................ 11 Perma-Pipe ................................................ S164 Sterling Steam Control Products............S133
Evapco, Inc.................................................. S114 LG Electronics.............................................. S27 Petra Engineering ..................................... S167 Taco Inc.............................................. 2nd Cvr-1
FasTest Inc. .................................................. S80 LG Electronics U.S.A. Inc........................... S43 Pittsburgh Corning ..................................... S71 Taco Inc....................................................... S109
Foam Supplies Inc. ..................................... S42 Mestek, Inc. ................................................S149 Portacool LLC .............................................. S60 Titus............................................................... S45
Forty49 Ltd................................................... S23 Metraflex ...................................................... S52 Portacool LLC .................................................60 Titus.............................................................S168
Fuji Electric Corp. of America .................. S24 Milwaukee Electric Tool Corp................... S29 Pottorff...............................................................5 Tjernlund Products Inc ............................ S163
Mitsubishi Electric & Electronics USA Inc... Proco Products, Inc ...................................S102 Topog-E Gasket Co.................................... S101
Fujitsu General America, Inc ...................S145
........................................................................ S47
Fulton Companies, The .............................. S93 Pure Humidifier Co. ...................................S125 Toxalert ......................................................... S20
*Mitsubishi Electric Sales Canada Inc......51
Roberts-Gordon........................................... S54
Haydon Corp............................................... S164 Munters Corp............................................... S15 Tuttle & Bailey................................................35
Hisense ......................................................... S91 Neptronic...................................................... S77 Ruskin ........................................................... S63 Whalen Company, The................................ S16
Hotline Trading ...............................................25 Nexus Valve.................................................. S49 Schebler Company, The ...........................S160 Whalen Company, The...................................23
Hurst Boiler & Welding Co. Inc................ S37 Nexus Valve.................................................S143 Seasons-4, Inc................................................ 10 Wilo USA ....................................................S161
IMI Hydronic Engineering ..............................7 Nortek Global HVAC.................................... S67 Seiho International ..................................... S51 Xylem...........................................................S155
Intellihot Green Technologies Inc ...........S103 Onicon, Inc ................................................... S75 Sheet Metal Connectors, Inc.................... S57 Yaskawa America Inc ................................ S111
JJM Boiler Works..........................................40 Panasonic Appliance AC N.A..................... S73 Shortridge Instruments, Inc ..................... S80 Ziehl-Abegg Inc........................................... S85
Karl Dungs, Inc...........................................S104 Panasonic Eco Solutions of N.A............... S21 Southwire/PSS ...........................................S121 Zoo Fans ........................................................S14
EBTRON, Inc. | 1663 HWY 701 S., Loris, S.C. 29569 | Internet: EBTRON.com | Phone: 800 2 EBTRON | email: sales@ebtron.com
FOCUS
on the required
delivered
i conditions
INTRODUCING ™
DryCool ERV-Focus, the next generation of optimized DOAS
Expanded capacity choices to more closely match required
supply conditions, providing Your Perfect Climate while
minimizing refrigeration tonnage.