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Introduction to RC Modeling
Module 5
Table of Contents
Introduction: ...................................................................................................................................................... 3
About foam plane: ......................................................................................................................................... 3
Materials and Avionics ....................................................................................................................................... 3
Designing – plane parameters ........................................................................................................................... 4
Weight Estimation ......................................................................................................................................... 4
Wing parameters ........................................................................................................................................... 4
Optimization: ............................................................................................................................................. 5
Airfoil Selection .............................................................................................................................................. 5
Horizontal and Vertical Stabilizer .................................................................................................................. 6
Fuselage and other parameters ..................................................................................................................... 6
Building Steps:.................................................................................................................................................... 7
Shaping the wing............................................................................................................................................ 7
Making the fuselage....................................................................................................................................... 7
Fixing control surfaces ................................................................................................................................... 7
Reinforcements .................................................................................................................................................. 8
Attaching everything together ........................................................................................................................... 8
Avionics setup .................................................................................................................................................... 9
Finishing it up ................................................................................................................................................... 10
Fly through the sky........................................................................................................................................... 10
Pre-flight checks:.......................................................................................................................................... 10
Test Videos: ...................................................................................................................................................... 10
Exercises: .......................................................................................................................................................... 11
Acknowledgements: ........................................................................................................................................ 11
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Servo Motor: It is used to control the control-surfaces of the plane i.e. the ailerons,
elevator and the rudder.
Control Rods: Which connect the servo motors and the control surfaces
Foam Glue: General super glue such as feviquick, araldite, fevitite etc, cannot be used to
stick foam, as they eat up on it. Foam glue is used instead.
Hot Wire Foam Cutter/ Knife Cutter:
Weight Estimation
The calculations for the plane start by approximating the max takeoff weight of the plane. The
materials used in the foam plane are well known. So the approx. weight of every part is taken to
calculate the entire weight. Mostly, a foam plane won’t exceed 1.0-1.5 kgs. Tabulate all the data.
Let this total weight be W.
Estimated Weight = W
Wing parameters
Now that the total estimate weight of the plane is known, the wing shape and other parameters
can be decided.For an efficient design the lift needed should be taken to be 1.5 – 2 times the
weight. Let this Lift force be L.
Wing span Chord length Area of wing = Wing span * Chord length
Coefficient of lift
Aspect Ratio = (Wing span)2 / Wing Area
Air velocity Density of air
Optimization: Create an excel sheet and list down columns with all the parameters like in shown
Table 1.
Table 1
Now take a Wing span (of 1 m or close) according to the size of plane you want to make. Get the
Chord length from the Aspect ratio, i.e.
Wing span
Chord = Aspect ratio …. For rectangular wing
Get the area of the wing by multiplying Chord and Span. Using the lift equation get the value of
Coefficient of lift (preferably <1).
Note: For swept wings the Area of wing is the product of wing span and average chord length,
where Average chord = 0.5 * (Tip chord + Root Chord).
Airfoil Selection
The airfoil of a wing decides how much lift it can generate at a given velocity of flight. Along with
that it decides also, the amount of drag it would induce on the wing. The parameters C L , CD decide
the lift and drag for a particular airfoil.
The most effective design would have max CL and minimumCDat minimum angle of attack, α.So
their ratio is used to decide the best airfoil for a given airplane. Now it’s time to select your airfoil.
Select some airfoils (preferably having close to flat bottom shape) and add them to the plot. Go
down the page and tabulate the Cl vs Cd ratio for a given Reynold’s number.
The best airfoil would be the one having max ratio of the two coefficients while having the least
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angle of attack for the same. Now, your complete wing parameters are ready.
The area of horizontal and vertical stabilizer is taken to be around 1/5th and 1/10th that of the wing
respectively. The chord length of both is taken to be around 1/3 rd that of the wing. The width of
the elevator and rudder would then be taken as approx. 1/3 rd or some value that would look
suitable by visual inspection.
Thumb Rule: Fuselage length is generally taken as 0.7 times the wing span.
Next the fuselage should be efficient by creating the least possible drag and, if possible, providing
some lift. So the fuselage can be designed in an airfoil contour. Try reducing the number of sharp
edges and blunt faces, as they induce a lot of drag and therefore aren’t aerodynamically efficient.
Now that we are ready with all our design parameters, let’s start building our plane.
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Check out youtube videos for an idea on how to cut foam using hot wire cutter.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R0ZCnR_g6ZU
For rectangular wing with constant area of cross section, the complete wing can be cut at once. But for
sweep wing the wing will have to be cut in two halves which shall be joined later while fixing.
Take print out of the airfoils you have decided and shape out wooden pieces in that shape. Now paste the
shapes on the sides of the foam and cut out the wing along the edges of the wood. Mark 1/4th chord length
from the leading edge of the wing. This is the point where resultant lift force acts on the wing.
¼th chord
Do the same for horizontallength
and vertical stabilizers. Then using sand paper smoothen the rough and
irregular edges.
Mark ¼th length of the fuselage from the nose end. This would the point where the wing’s ¼ point would
be merged.
¼th length from tip
Hinge
Reinforcements
Though we are using the strongest foam, we can’t just rely on it to lift the weight of the whole
plane. So we need to strengthen the wings using carbon fiber rods to avoid foam breakage due to bending
because of excessive load.
Connect the ends of the two aileron servos using a ‘y’ channel to the receiver channel 1. Connect the
elevator and rudder servo on channel 2 and 4 respectively. ESC should be connected on channel 3 for the
throttle.
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Cover the wings and stabilizers using monokote. Monokote won’t stick directly on foam, so try using
double-sided tape or some glue to stick it. Using Monokote reduces the drag experienced by the plane. An
alternative to monokote could be any smooth sheet/paper etc. Fabricate the parts and decorate as
required.
Pre-flight checks:
All connections are tight and working.
Direction of turning of control surfaces.
Calibration of ESC.
The motor is turning in the right direction i.e., the propeller is blowing air towards the tail of the
plane (backwards).
Hold the plane and check motor at different levels of throttle.
Gently chuck the plane in air, it should glide smoothly. If not, adjust the CG of the plane by varying
the position of Li-Po.
Wheels turn freely, without any wobbling – to prevent any sideslip.
Test Videos:
Flight 1
Flight 2
We hope you have enjoyed your experience in designing and making your own foam plane.
Once you are done with making the foam plane, you can send the images of the plane and answers to the
above exercises to any one of the following mail id’s – anil316619@gmail.com ,
dheepaknkhatri@gmail.com . We would be very happy to look at the results of the hard work you have put
in.
For any queries/feedback on the procedure of making the glider, materials procurement you can write an
email to any one of the above mentioned addresses.
To join aero club, go to the Clubs tab -> Aero Club on the CFI website, and click on Join Aero Club.
Acknowledgements:
This course on Intro to RC Modeling was formulated, prepared and compiled by the following members of
Aero Club:
(In the order of the module of the courses)
1. Anil Kumar
2. Hanut Vemulapalli
3. Dheepak N Khatri
4. Sanjesh Hoskopple
5. Nikhil Gupta
6. GuruPrasad Kallanje
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