Example A. Do what is indicated.

1 Consider a population consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Suppose sample of size 2 are drawn from a population.
Describe the following distribution of the sample means.
a. What is the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means?
b. Compare the values of the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means to the
mean and variance of the population.
Steps Solution
1) Compute the mean of the population ∑𝑥 1+2+3+4+5 15
𝜇= = = =3
(𝜇) 𝑁 5 5
So, the mean of the population is 3
2) Compute the variance of the
population (𝜎 2 ) and the standard X X- 𝝁 (𝐗 − 𝝁)𝟐
deviation 𝜎. 1 -2 4
2 -1 1
3 0 0
4 1 1
5 2 4
∑(X − 𝜇)2 = 10
∑(X− 𝜇)2 10
𝜎2 = = =2 𝜎 = √𝜎 2 = √2 = 1.41
𝑁 5
So, the variance of the population is 2 and the standard deviation is 1.41

3) Determine the number of possible

samples size n= 2 using the formula 5! 5! 5∙4∙3!
= = (5−2)!2!
= = = 10 possible sample
3!2! 3!2!
So, there are 10 possible samples of size 2 that can be drawn.

4) List all possible samples and their

corresponding means. Sample Mean
1,2 1.5
1,3 2.00
1,4 2.50
1,5 3.00
2,3 2.50
2,4 3.00
2,5 3.50
3,4 3.50
3,5 4.00
4,5 4.50
5) Construct the sampling distribution of Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means
the sample means Sample Mean x Frequency Probability P( x )
1.5 1 1/10
2.00 1 1/10
2.50 2 1/5
3.00 2 1/5
3.50 2 1/5
4.00 1 1/10
4.50 1 1/10
Total 10 1
6) Compute the mean of the sampling Sample Mean x Probability P( x ) 𝐱̄ ∙ 𝑷(𝐱̄ )
distribution of the sample means (𝜇x̄ ) 1.5 1/10 0.15
where 2.00 1/10 0.20
𝜇x̄ = ∑ x̄ ∙ 𝑃(x̄ ). Follow these steps: 2.50 1/5 0.50
a. Multiply the sample mean by 3.00 1/5 0.60
the corresponding probability. 3.50 1/5 0.70
b. Add the results 4.00 1/10 0.40
4.50 1/10 0.45
Total 1 3
𝜇x̄ = ∑ x̄ ∙ 𝑃(x̄ )= 3
So, the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is 3.

7. Compute the variance (𝜎 2 x ) of the

sampling distribution of the sample 𝐗 P( X ) X -𝝁 (𝐗 − 𝝁)2 P( X ) ∙ (𝐗 −
means and the standard deviation 𝜎x̄ . 𝝁)𝟐
Follow these steps: 1.50 1/10 -1.5 2.25 0.225
a. Subtract the population
2.00 1/10 -1 1 0.1
mean (𝜇) from each sample
2.50 1/5 -0.5 0.25 0.05
 mean (x̄). Label this as x̄-𝜇. 3.00 1/5 0 0 0
Square the difference. Label 3.50 1/5 0.5 0.25 0.05
this as (𝐗 − 𝝁)𝟐 . 4.00 1/10 1 1 0.1
b. Multiply the results by the 4.50 1/10 1.5 2.25 0.225
corresponding probability. Total 0.75
Label this as
P( X ) ∙ (𝐗 − 𝝁)𝟐 .
c. Add the results. 𝜎 2 x = ∑ 𝐏( 𝐗 ) ∙ (𝐗 − 𝝁)𝟐 = 0.75 𝜎 = √𝜎 2 = √0.75 = 0.87

So, the variance of the sampling distribution is 0.75 and the standard deviation is 0.87

2) Data: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 N=5 n=3

a.
∑ 𝑥 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 15
𝜇= = = =3
𝑁 5 5
∑(𝑥 − 𝜇)2 (1 − 3)2 + (2 − 3)2 + (3 − 3)2 + (4 − 3)2 + (5 − 3)2
𝜎2 = =
5 5
4 + 1 + 0 + 1 + 4 10
= = =2
5 5

𝜎 = √𝜎 2 = √2 = 1.41

b.

𝜎2 𝑁−𝑛
𝜇 = 3 = 𝜇 x̄ = 3 𝜎 2x̄ = ∙ 𝑁−1 𝜎 x̄ = √𝜎 2x̄ = √0.33 = 0.57
𝑛
2 5−3 2 2
𝜎 2 = 2 > 𝜎 2x̄ = 0.33 = 3 ∙ 5−1 = 3 ∙ 4 = 0.33

𝜎 = 1.41 > 𝜎 x̄ = 0.57

Exercise A. Do what is indicated.
A. Find the finite population correction factor given the following:
a. N = 200 and n = 10 d. N = 500 and n = 10
b. N = 2000 and n = 10 e. N = 200 and n = 10
c. N= 400 and n = 40
Solution:
a. N = 200 and n = 10 d. N = 500 and n = 10

𝑁−𝑛 200−10 𝑁−𝑛 500−10

√ = √ 200−1 = 0.98 √ = √ 500−1 = 0.99
𝑁−1 𝑁−1

b. N = 2000 and n = 10 e. N = 200 and n = 10

𝑁−𝑛 2000−10 𝑁−𝑛 200−10

√ = √ = 1.0 √ = √ 200−1 = 0.98
𝑁−1 2000−1 𝑁−1

c. N= 400 and n = 40

𝑁−𝑛 400−40
√ = √ 400−1 = 0.95
𝑁−1
 Consider all samples of size 5 from this population:
2 5 6 8 10 12 13
Given Data: 2, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13 N=7 n=5
∑𝑋 2+5+6+8+10+12+13 56
1) 𝜇 = = = =8
𝑁 7 7

∑(𝑋−𝜇)2 (2−8)2 +(5−8)2 +(6−8)2 +(8−8)2 +(10−8)2 +(12−8)2 +(13−8)2

𝜎2 = =
𝑁 7
36+9+4+0+4+4+25 82
= = = 11.71
7 7
𝜎 = √𝜎 2 = √11.71 = 3.42
2) =
7!
=
(7−5)!5!

7! 7∙6∙5!
= = = 21 possible samples
2!5! 2!5!

Sample Mean
2,5,6,8,10 6.20
2,5,6,8,10 6.60
2,5,6,8,13 6.80
2,5,6,10,12 7.00
2,5,6,10,13 7.20
2,5,6,12,13 7.60
2,5,8,10,12 7.40
2,5,8,10,13 7.60
2,5,8,12,13 8.00
2,5,10,12,13 8.40
2,6,8,10,12 7.60
2,6,8,10,13 7.80
2,6,8,12,13 8.20
2,6,10,12,13 8.60
2,8,10,12,13 9.00
5,6,8,10,12 8.20
5,6,8,10,13 8.40
5,6,8,12,13 8.80
5,6,10,12,13 9.20
5,8,10,12,13 9.60
6,8,10,12,13 9.80
3.)
Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means
Sample Means ( x ) Frequency ( ƒ ) P(x)
6.20 1 1/21
6.60 1 1/21
6.80 1 1/21
7.00 1 1/21
7.20 1 1/21
7.40 1 1/21
7.60 3 1/7
7.80 1 1/21
8.00 1 1/21
8.20 2 2/21
8.40 2 2/21
8.60 1 1/21
8.80 1 1/21
9.00 1 1/21
9.20 1 1/21
9.60 1 1/21
 9.80 1 1/21

4) 𝜇𝑥 = 8 = 𝜇 = 8
𝜎 2 𝑁−𝑛 11.71 7.5
5 = ∙
𝑛 𝑁−1
= 5
∙ 6 = 2.93 𝜎𝑥 = √𝜎 2 𝑥 = √2.93 = 1.71

𝜎 2 = 11.71 > = 2.93

𝜎 = 3.42 > 𝜎𝑥 =1.71
C A population consist of the five measurements 2, 6, 8, 0, and 1.
Given Data: 2, 6, 8, 0, 1 N = 5 n=2
∑𝑥 2+6+8+0+1
1. 𝜇 = 𝑁
= 5
= 3.4

∑(𝑋 − 𝜇)2 (2 − 3.4)2 + (6 − 3.4)2 + (8 − 3.4)2 + (0 − 3.4)2 + (1 − 3.4)2

𝜎2 = =
𝑁 5
1.96 + 6.76 + 21.16 + 11.56 + 5.76 47.2
= = = 9.44
5 5
𝜎 = √𝜎 2 = √9.44 = 3.07

5! 5∙4∙3!
2. = = (5−2)!2! = 3!2!
= 10 possible samples

Sample Mean
2,6 4.00
2,8 5.00
2,0 1.00
2,1 1.50
6,8 7.00
6,0 3.00
6,1 3.50
8,0 4.00
8,1 4.50
0,1 0.5

3.

Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means

Sample Means ( x ) Frequency ( ƒ ) P( x )

0.50 1 1/10

1.00 1 1/10
 1.50 1 1/10

3.00 1 1/10

3.50 1 1/10

4.00 2 1/5

4.50 1 1/10

5.00 1 1/10

7.00 1 1/10

Total = 10 1

𝜇 = 3.4 = 𝜇x̄ = 3.4

𝜎 2 𝑁 − 𝑛 9.44 3
𝜎 2 = 9.44 > 𝜎 2x̄ = 3.54 𝜎 2x̄ = ∙ = ∙ = 3.54
𝑛 𝑁−1 2 4

𝜎 = 3.07 > 𝜎x̄ = 1.88 𝜎x̄ = √𝜎 2x̄ = √3.54 = 1.88

D Given the population 1, 3, 4, 6, and 8. Suppose samples of size 3 are drawn from the population.
∑𝑥 1+3+4+6+8
1. 𝜇 = = = 4.4
𝑁 5

2
∑(𝑋 − 𝜇)2 (1 − 4.4)2 + (3 − 4.4)2 + (4 − 4.4)2 + (6 − 4.4)2 + (8 − 4.4)2
𝜎 = =
𝑁 5

11.56 + 1.96 + 0.16 + 12.56 + 12.96 29.2

= = = 5.84
5 5
𝜎 = √𝜎 2 = √5.84 = 2.41

5! 5∙4∙3!
2. = =(5−2)!2! = = 10 possible samples
3!2!

Sample Mean
1,3 2.00
1,4 2.50
1,6 3.50
1,8 4.50
3,4 6.50
3,6 4.50
3,8 5.50
4,6 5.00
4,8 6.00
6,8 7.00
3.

Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means

Sample Means ( x Frequency ( ƒ ) P( x )

)
2.00 1 1/10

2.50 1 1/10

3.50 2 1/5
 4.50 2 1/5

5.00 1 1/10

5.50 1 1/10

6.00 1 1/10

7.00 1 1/10

𝜇 = 4.4 = 𝜇x̄ = 4.4

𝜎2 𝑁−𝑛 5.84 5−2

𝜎 2 = 5.84 > 𝜎 2x̄ = 2.19 𝜎 2x̄ = ∙ 𝑁−1 = ∙ 5−1 = 2.19
𝑛 2

𝜎 = 2.41 > 𝜎x̄ = 1.47 𝜎x̄ = √𝜎 2x̄ = √2.19 = 1.47

Total = 10 1