Four Speech acts compared Verdictive retrospective addressee-involved (the

speaker’s assessment of the addressee’s previous action) Example: I congratulate

you for performing so well. Expressive retrospective speaker-involved (the speaker
present result of those ations or failures) Example: I apologize for having distrub
you.

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 The background of the study

People always communicate one aother by using language in their social
environment. Language is one of tools of communication. In communication,
language has an important role because it has to explain what the speaker wants the
listener to do. The purpose of communication itself is informative which means an
appeal to the mind that is accomplished through language.
While people communicate, they use utterances to express what they have in
their mind toward the listener. Utterance produced by speaker does not only
 function to explain the speaker mind toward the listener, but also means to show
the relationship between them. When we want to know people’s relationship
through their utterance, we can see it from speech act. That is why this paper
presents definition of speech acts and the types of speech acts so that you know
what someone means.

Illocutionary Acts

Illocutionary acts is performing an act in saying something, what is done in

uttering the word’, the function of the word, the specific purpose that the speaker’s
have in mind. Searle (1975) set up the following classification of illocutionary
speech acts :[4]
 Assertive: an illocutionary act that speech acts that commit a speaker to the
truth of the expressed proposition. The acts are stating, claiming,
hypothesizing, describing, telling, insisting, suggesting, asserting that
something is the case.
Example :
Stating : staff and VIP permitted here
 Directive: an illocutionary act for getting the addressee to do something by
responding to an utterance or by performing some physical actions.
The acts are ordering, commanding, defying, advising, asking, begging,
challenging, daring, demanding, forbidding, insisting, inviting, permitting,
recommending, requesting, suggesting, etc.
Example:
Command : Close the door please!!!
Forbid, Prohibit : Don’t close the door!!! Don’t go to the party!
 Commissive: an illocutionary act that the speakers use to commit themselves to
some future action. The acts are committing, guaranteeing, offering, promising,
refusing, threatening, volunteering, vowing, threatening, intending, vowing to
do or to refrain from doing something.
Example :
Promising :We promise to give you much money.
Vowing : I will be the best husband in your life my darling.
 Expressive: an illocutionary act that expresses the speakers feeling and attitudes
toward events or affairs. The acts are congratulating, thanking, deploring,
condoling, welcoming, apologizing.
Example :
 Condoling : I am sorry to hear that.
Congratulating : Hey Bro, congrats for your success
 Declaration: an illocutionary act that brings into existence the state of affairs to
which it refers. The speaker brings about a change in the word by uttering an
Illocutionary act. The acts are blessing, firing, baptizing, bidding, passing
sentence, excommunicating, marriage, arresting, approving, naming, etc.
Example :
Naming : I named my baby Amanda.
 Verdictive : an illocutionary acts in which the speaker makes an assessment or
judgement about the acts of another, usually the addressee. The acts are
ranking, assessing, appraising, condoning. Verdictive verbs include accuse,
charge,excuse, thank in the explicit forrame.[5]
Example :
Assessing : you have low score in undestanding Syntax.

CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION

Speech acts reveal the intentions of speakers and the effects the speaker’s
utterances and expressions have on the hearers. In brief when speakers are saying
words, they not only produce utterance containing words and grammatical
structure, but they also perform action in those utterances.
There are three types of speech acts, they are:
b. Illocutionary acts
Ø Assertiv
Ø Directive
Ø Commissive
Ø Expressive
Ø Declaration
Ø Verdictive