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International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology 10 (2017) 245–253
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Quality evaluation tests for pervious concrete pavements’ placement

Milena Rangelov a, Somayeh Nassiri a,⇑, Zhao Chen a, Mark Russell b, Jeffery Uhlmeyer b
a
Washington State University, 2001 East Grimes Way, Pullman, WA 99164-5815, United States
b
WSDOT Pavement Office, PO Box 47365, Olympia, WA 98504-7365, United States

Received 17 October 2016; received in revised form 22 January 2017; accepted 25 January 2017
Available online 3 February 2017

Abstract

Pervious concrete pavements are gaining popularity for stormwater management. Therefore, there is an impending need for the devel-
opment of quality control and acceptance specifications. In this study, the necessary initial steps are taken towards this goal. The pro-
cedures to conduct fresh and hardened density/porosity (u) and 28-day compressive strength (f 0 c) were evaluated. The proper
methodology for casting specimens in the field was identified by examining the agreement between the fresh (D) and hardened density
(q). The effect of cylindrical size, and curing methods as combinations of air and moist curing during the four-week period on f 0 c was
studied.
Both cylinder sizes demonstrated comparable values of hardened porosity (u = 16 percent) and hardened density (D = 2.11 kg/m3), as
well as strong linear u–D correlations (R2 range 0.60–0.90). The values of D agree well with those of the fresh density (two percent or less
difference), which confirmed the suitability of the implemented casting and compaction procedure. Small cylinders presented higher
28-day f 0 c than large cylinders by 7.7 to 19 percent, depending on the curing category. The two-week air followed by two-week moist
curing (2A2 M) method yielded the highest 28-day f 0 c for both specimen sizes, however, longer periods of moist curing did not result
in higher strengths. Cylinders from 1A3M, which were exposed to the longest moist curing, demonstrate the lowest f 0 c. Thermogravimetric
analysis (TGA) confirmed the trends seen in 28-day f 0 c and proved (that) longer moist curing resulted in the loss of C–S–H and Ca(OH)2.
Ó 2017 Chinese Society of Pavement Engineering. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Keywords: Pervious concrete; Porosity; Density; Compressive strength; Curing

1. Introduction
Pervious concrete pavements (PCP) are permeable pave-
ment structures, simultaneously serving stormwater man-
agement and bearing pedestrian/traffic loads, depending
on the application. In this pavement system, a 150–
300 mm pervious concrete (PC) layer with a high air void
content is placed on a highly voided stone bed as the base
layer, to allow for a rapid infiltration of runoff through the
pavement system rather than allowing it to pond or run on
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: snassiri@wsu.edu (S. Nassiri).
Peer review under responsibility of Chinese Society of Pavement
Engineering.
the surface [1,2]. For sidewalks, reduced icing and therefore
pedestrian slipping, and for parking lots/bike trails and
light traffic streets, reduced hydroplaning and wet weather
accidents are among the additional expected outcomes of
using PCP [2,3].
PC’s prominent characteristic is the high content of
hardened air void, typically ranging between 15 and 25 per-
cent of the total volume [2]. Porosity is an essential prop-
erty of PC, impacting its hydraulic, mechanical and
durability characteristics, and is highly dependent on the
mixture design parameters and the method of compaction
[1]. PC mixture design is based on limiting the coarse aggre-
gate grade to single-sized or grade 9.5–19 mm, and either
completely removing or using a minimal amount of fine
aggregate for added strength [1]. The end result is a matrix

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2017.01.007
1996-6814/Ó 2017 Chinese Society of Pavement Engineering. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
246 M. Rangelov et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology 10 (2017) 245–253
of coarse aggregate (that are) bridged by the paste as
opposed to the conventional portland cement concrete
(PCC), where the aggregate is fully embedded in the paste.
Naturally, the voided structure of PC results in lower
mechanical properties and higher variability comparing
to PCC. The effects of different mixture design parameters,
such as mixture proportioning, aggregate type and size,
binder type and content on the compressive strength were
investigated [4–7]. Several research efforts focused on
improving the mechanical and durability properties of PC
by using various supplementary materials: polypropylene
fibers [8,9], latex [10], addition of low contents of fine
aggregate (five to 10 percent of the mass of the coarse
aggregate) [11,12], and the addition of carbon fiber com-
posite elements [13]. While the research on optimizing PC
mixture design for better performance is needed, equally
important is the development of standardized test proce-
dures for specimen casting, curing and mechanical testing,
so as to the research efforts are harmonized and the test
results are comparable. In the wake of PCP’s fast growth
in popularity, project owners are need of standardized
acceptance and quality control test procedures. Currently,
only a handful of standardized test procedures is available
for testing PC’s fresh and hardened properties, the determi-
nation of fresh density [14], hardened density and porosity
[15], and infiltration rate [16]. As for mechanical properties,
standardized procedures are not available for casting and
curing PC specimens, neither exists mechanical testing pro-
cedures that would result in reliable and meaningful test
results within tolerable test variations. As a result, the pro-
cedures available for conventional PCC are typically fol-
lowed for PC in the absence of more appropriate
methodologies [17,18]. Consequently, a variety of methods
has been used to cast specimens and conduct mechanical
testing, which often yields unreliable and incomparable
results among the studies.
This study takes a step back from the research reviewed
above and focuses on evaluating rudimentary procedures
that are essential to any mechanical testing of PC con-
ducted for quality control. In this study, proper tests to
establish the fresh PC properties are evaluated and identi-
fied. The effect of the specimen size, casting method, curing
during and condition, and finally the strength test proce-
dure are evaluated. The main objectives of this study are
to:
– Examine the method of casting and compacting speci-
mens in the field based on experimentally determined
fresh density.
– Evaluate the effect of cylindrical specimen size on hard-
ened density and 28-day compressive strength (f’c).
– Investigate the effect of air and moist curing duration on
28-day f’c.
The results of this research are expected to help with the
development of reliable quality control and acceptance
tests for PCP placement in the future.
2. Background
Concrete quality assurance tests are commonly con-
ducted on cylindrical specimens, cast at the job site and
cured for later testing of hardened properties. Small-size
cylindrical specimens (100 mm in diameter by 200 mm in
height) relative to large cylinders (150 mm in diameter by
300 mm in height) are more desirable because they are cast
faster as they require less material, less number of lifts and
lower compaction efforts. Further, they weigh less: any-
where from 2.8 to 3.8 kg for a typical small PC cylinder
compared to 9.5 to 12.7 kg for a large PC cylinder [5,6],
and thereby are easier to transport, store and cure. Fresh
density is one of the acceptance tests that is commonly con-
ducted for quality assurance of pervious concrete [1]. Spec-
imen size may affect the ease of achieving the target density,
depending on the compaction procedure. Similar to con-
ventional PCC, PC is placed and compacted in two lifts
when casting small cylinders, while it is placed in three lifts
to cast large cylinders [19]. To achieve the target density as
per the mixture design, and a nearly uniform distribution
of density throughout the specimen’s height, each lift needs
to be pre-weighed and placed in the mold to fit the required
volume. Depending on the workability, the mixture is
placed and fit in the mold by certain drops of the Proctor
hammer and/or by several strikes of the mallet. With vary-
ing number of lifts between the two cylinder sizes, it is crit-
ical to make sure that both sizes yield reliable density for
acceptance evaluation. An empirical relationship can be
developed to correlate the hardened density of the two size
cylinders.
While not as commonly used, 28-day f 0 c test can still be
conducted as an acceptance test for PC and to provide
insight into mechanical properties of the mixture [4–7].
However, f 0 c results obtained on the two size cylinders
inherently vary, and therefore it is important to ensure that
small cylinders still provide reliable test results for accep-
tance evaluation. Similar research studies conducted in
the past on conventional PCC show that generally a linear
relationship exists between f 0 c of small cylinders (fc-small)
and that of large cylinders (fc-large):
f csmall ¼ k s  f clarge ð1Þ
Experimentally determined values of ks from the litera-
ture range from 0.68 to 1.19, with ks being greater than
unity for PCC strengths below 40 MPa [20], which is the
case for PC mixtures. This relation needs to be investigated
to establish a proper value for ks for pervious concrete.
In addition to cylinder size, another factor that can sub-
stantially affect f 0 c results is the curing method and dura-
tion. As opposed to conventional PCC, pervious concrete
requires a longer wait before demolding to avoid dislodg-
ing of aggregate and breakage of the matrix due to demold-
ing, handling and transporting. Commonly, freshly paved
PC pavements are kept under the sheets of impermeable
plastic seven days upon casting after which the pavements
are open to the traffic [1,2]. Hence the same period is
 M. Rangelov et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology 10 (2017) 245–253
typically allowed before demolding of the laboratory
specimens [12,21]. During the in-mold seven-day curing,
the specimens for acceptance testing are either cured in
the field or in the laboratory’s ambient conditions or in a
combination of both. No standardized procedure exists
for curing the specimens upon demolding. As such,
normally specimens are continued to air cure until the
designated testing day. The effect and significance of moist
curing in the development of strength in conventional PCC
is well known [22]. However, our past exploratory
experiment revealed that placing PC specimens in lime-
saturated water bath upon demolding results in the
dissolving of the paste matrix, and a reduction in 28-day
f 0 c of between five to 27 percent, when compared to air-
cured specimens. Therefore, this topic deserves further
investigation before standard procedures can be developed
for 28-day f 0 c acceptance testing of PC.
3. Methodology
3.1. Materials and sampling
Specimens in this study were cast from the State Depart-
ment of Transportation’s PCP placement on a ferry termi-
nal’s dock on two paving days, June 1st, and June 17th,
2016. Mixture design and proportioning are provided in
Table 1. The coarse aggregate nominal maximum size
was 9.5 mm, with a specific gravity of 2.73. The mixture’s
density was 2096 kg/m3 according to the mixture design,
resulting in a target porosity of 20.4 percent. Hydration
stabilizer and rheology-modifying admixtures were added
to the mixture in dosages specified in Table 1. One of the
purposes of using these admixtures is to provide prolonged
workable time.
Specimens were cast from multiple truck loads on the
two paving days; the fresh density was first determined
for each batch based on ASTM 1688 [14], followed by cast-
ing small and large cylinders. The required mass of fresh
material placed in every mold was defined based on the
experimentally determined fresh density on the same batch.
The material was divided in two and three equal lifts for
small and large cylinders, respectively. The fresh PC was
compacted using a standard 2.5-kg Proctor hammer with
a 30.5-cm drop. The number of hammer drops was
adjusted so that the predetermined mass of the fresh PC
fit in the molds. Additionally, strikes of the mallet was
Table 1
PC mixture design and proportioning.
Material Amount per m3 of PC
Coarse aggregate [kg] 1716
Type I/II Cement [kg] 300
Water [kg] 83
Admixtures Hydration stabilizer [g] 1260
Rheology-modifying [g] 1224
247
applied on the sides, as needed to facilitate casting and
avoid segregation. A total of 48 small, and 40 large cylin-
ders were cast on the two paving days.
3.2. Curing and testing
After casting, the specimens were field-cured for a dura-
tion between one and three days [23], then transported to
the laboratory and cured in closed molds in laboratory
conditions at 21°C for seven days. Upon demolding at 7-
day age, the hardened density and porosity of each speci-
men were determined [15]. In this procedure, the dry weight
(Md), and the dimensions of the specimens are recorded to
obtain the dry volume (V). To do so, in addition to two
height measurements, two caliper measurements were
taken at mid-depth to obtain the diameter. Hardened den-
sity (q) was calculated as the ratio of the dry mass to the
volume (Md/V). To characterize porosity, each specimen
was submersed in water for at least 30 minutes, after which
the submersed mass of each specimen was recorded (MW).
The volume of the solids can be obtained by dividing the
difference between the dry and submersed weights by the
density of water (qw). Subsequently, porosity (u) is calcu-
lated using Eq. (2):
ðMd  Mw Þ
u¼1 ð2Þ
qw  V
Later, the specimens were cured until 28 days of age. In
order to assess the impact of different curing methods on
the strength development, the specimens were cured in air
and in a fog room complying with ASTM C192 [19]. The
duration of air and moist curing was designed to include
four curing categories, as described in Table 2. The four
categories are four weeks of air curing (4A), three weeks
in air and one week moist cured in the fog room
(3A1M), two weeks of air and two weeks of moist curing
(2A2M), and finally one week of curing in air, followed
by three weeks of moist curing (1A3M). Table 2 also shows
the number of cylinders of both sizes designated to each
curing category. Note that the unequal number of speci-
mens in each curing category is the result of a different
number of cylinders cast on the two paving days. Regard-
less, a sufficient number of specimens are included in each
category to allow for meaningful statistical comparisons.
After 28 days of curing, the specimens were tested for com-
pressive strength.
Compressive strength tests were conducted based on the
procedure in ASTM C39 [17] and ASTM D1633 [18]. The
loading rate of 0.24 ± 0.05 MPa/s specified in C39, recom-
mended for conventional PCC results in the failure of the
PC specimens in less than two minutes. Therefore, based
on the recommendations in D1633 [18], the loading rate
was adjusted to 0.10 ± 0.02 MPa/s to allow for the test
on each specimen to last for about four to five minutes
and to provide a continuous and no-shock loading during
testing.
248 M. Rangelov et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology 10 (2017) 245–253
Table 2
Four curing methodologies for PC with the corresponding sample sizes.
Label Description of curing method #Cylinders
Small
4A 4 weeks cured in air 16
3A1M 3 week cured in air, 1 weeks moist cured 12
2A2M 2 weeks cured in air, 2 weeks moist cured 10
1A3M 1 weeks cured in air, 3 weeks moist cured 10
4. Results and discussion
4.1. Porosity test results
Porosity and hardened density (q) tests were performed
on PC specimens upon demolding on 7-day age. Note that
the specimens cast on the two paving days are used as one
dataset, regardless of their casting day. This is because the
comparison of u and q of the small and large cylinders cast
on the two paving dates showed no significant difference by
Pearson t-test at 95 percent confidence interval. The aver-
age u and q for all large and small specimens, with their
corresponding standard deviations are provided in Table 3.
One large specimen was removed from the data due to a
high porosity of 25 percent, which is outside the range tar-
geted in this study. As seen in Table 3, the two cylinder
sizes present comparable values of average u, at approxi-
mately 16 percent. Porosity ranged from 10.2 to 21.0 per-
cent for small and from 10.0 to 21.6 percent for large
cylinders. The standard deviations show that the large
cylinders present slightly lower variations in both u and
q, comparing to small cylinders. In terms of q, both cylin-
ders demonstrate relatively consistent and comparable val-
ues, slightly above 2100 kg/m3, which agrees well with the
design density at 2096 kg/m3. A linear relationship between
the q of the small and large cylinders, analogous to the one
in Eq. (1), is formulated in Eq. (3):
qsmall ¼ 0:993  qlarge
where qsmall and qlarge stand for hardened densities of small
and large cylinders, respectively. As seen in Eq. (3), the cor-
relation coefficient is close to unity. Therefore, for practical
purposes, it is safe to assume that that qsmall and qlarge are
equal, if the casting and compacting procedures outlined
earlier are followed. To make sure that results for qsmall
and qlarge are statistically equal, a Pearson t-test was per-
formed on porosity and hardened density, and the results
are listed in Table 3. As seen in Table 3, relatively high
Table 3
Average porosity (u), hardened density (q) and the results of Pearson
t-test for comparison of u and q small vs. large cylinders.
Property Mean Standard Deviation (STDV)
usmall [%] 16.4 2.6
ularge [%] 15.8 2.5
qsmall [kg/m3] 2101 44.4
qlarge [kg/m3] 2114 44.6
p-values indicate that there is no statistically significant dif-
ference neither in u nor in q between the two cylinders.
The fresh density of PC (D), determined in the field
Large based on ASTM C1688 [14], is commonly used as a quality
11 control tool [24]. D from the tests conducted in the field is
11 compared here to hardened density (q) to evaluate the cast-
10 ing and compaction procedure (Fig. 1). As seen in Fig. 1, q
8 agrees closely with the D determined in the field, for both
cylinders. Percent difference between D and q range from
0.05 to 1.5 percent for small and from 0.1 to 1.9 percent
for large cylinders. The close agreement between D and q
indicates that the method of casting specimens based on
the predetermined weight, along with the implemented
compaction methodology, provided a suitable framework
for casting PC cylinders in the field. Furthermore, based
on the results in Fig. 1 both cylinder sizes can be used
for quality control of PC in the field.
Fig. 2 presents the correlation between porosity and
hardened density for both cylinder sizes. As Fig. 2 indi-
cates, strong linear u–q correlations exist for both cylin-
ders. As expected, specimens with lower values of u
demonstrate higher q. It can be observed from Fig. 2 that
large cylinders present a stronger u–q correlation
(R2  0.9), compared to small cylinders (R2  0.6), due to
more variation in porosity in small cylinders, as discussed
earlier in Table 3. The results of Pearson correlation test
between u and q reveals a statistically significant correla-
tion (p-values = 0.000), with correlation coefficients
0.776 and 0.947, for small and large cylinders,
respectively.
4.2. Compressive strength test results
4.2.1. Effect of specimen size
Compressive strength tests were performed on PC spec-
imens at 28-day age on all specimens in the four curing cat-
egories. Average f 0 c with corresponding standard
ð3Þ deviations, for the two specimen sizes and four curing cat-
egories, are provided in Fig. 3. The average 28-day f 0 c for
both specimen sizes are within the typical range for previ-
ous concrete, 3.5–27 MPa [25]. As seen in Fig. 3, small
cylinders generally present higher values of f 0 c, by 7.7–19
percent, and lower standard deviations, comparing to large
cylinders, across all curing categories.
Pearson statistical t-test was conducted, aiming to deter-
mine whether the impact of cylinder size on f 0 c is statisti-
cally significant. p-values, provided in Table 4, indicate
that f 0 c-4 and f 0 c-6 differ significantly for curing categories
4A and 1A3M. The difference between f 0 c for cylinders
from 3A1M and 2A2M is not statistically significant, based
on the results listed in Table 4. When f 0 c all cylinders,
regardless of the curing category were compared, the p-
p-value value was 0.002, indicating a significant difference between
0.261 f 0 c for the two cylinders.
Following Eq. (1) and based on the obtained results, lin-
0.150 ear relationship between f 0 c-small and f 0 c-large can be estab-
lished as follows:
 M. Rangelov et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology 10 (2017) 245–253 249

(a) 2,250
2,200
2,150

Density [lkg/m3]
2,100
2,050
2,000
1,950
1,900
1,850
1,800
D1B1 D1B2 D2B1 D2B2 D2B3 D2B4

Fresh density (D) Hardened density ( )

(b) 2,250

2,200

2,150
Density [lkg/m3]

2,100

2,050

2,000

1,950

1,900

1,850

1,800
D1B1 D1B2 D2B1 D2B2 D2B3 D2B4

Fresh density (D) Hardened density ( )

Fig. 1. Comparison of fresh (D) and hardened density (q), based on casting day 1 or 2 (D1 or D2) and PC sampling batch (B1–B5) for (a) small and (b)
large cylinders.

2,250
the lowest f 0 c for both cylinders. It was expected that
2,200 Large cylinders
y = -16.748x + 2378.9 longer moist curing will result in the development of more
R² = 0.8965
hydration products and thereby higher f 0 c, however, the
Density [kg/m3]

2,150

2,100
results present a different pattern. Cylinders from Category
Small cylinders
y = -13.105x + 2315.7 1A3M, with the longest moist curing, demonstrate the
2,050 R² = 0.6023 lowest f 0 c among the moist cured cylinders, the second
2,000 lowest f 0 c was achieved for 3A1M, while 2A2M resulted
in the highest f 0 c. Based on f 0 c results, moist curing
1,950
8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 22.00 24.00
improved f 0 c, however only when limited to no longer than
Porosity [%] two weeks. Two weeks of air and two weeks of moist
Small cylinders Large cylinders
curing resulted in the most effective curing, resulting in
the highest f 0 c.
Fig. 2. Linear u–q relationship for small and large cylinders. The impact of different curing categories on f 0 c were sta-
f 0csmall ¼ 1:13  f 0clarge ð4Þ tistically assessed by t-tests (Table 5). Differences in f 0 c
caused by different curing methodologies are not statisti-
Eq. (4) is based on all tested specimens. The correlation cally significant at 95 percent confidence level. Large cylin-
coefficient at 1.13 corresponds well with the values found ders show lower p-values comparing to small cylinders,
from literature [20]. Coefficient ks was calculated for all indicating the more significant impact of curing on f 0 c.
curing categories separately and presented in Table 4. The comparison of curing methods 4A and 2A2M for large
cylinders, resulted in a p-value of 0.061, which indicates a
4.2.2. Effect of curing method statistical significance at 90 percent confidence.
Specimens from Category 2A2M demonstrate the high- During the curing period, it was observed that the spec-
est f 0 c for both cylinder sizes, while Category 4A presents imens subjected to moist curing in the fog room presented
250 M. Rangelov et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology 10 (2017) 245–253

26
Small cylinders Large cylinders
24

22

f'c [MPa]
20

18

16

14

12

10
4A 3A1M 2A2M 1A3M
Curing category

Fig. 3. Average 28-day f0 c for small and large PC cylinders for four curing categories.

Table 4
Significance of effect of cylinder size on 28-day f0 c based on Pearson t-test.
Curing category Specimen size Mean (MPa) STDV (MPa) p-values ks
4A Small 19.2 2.8 0.019 1.19
Large 16.2 2.6
1A3M Small 20.2 3.6 0.024 1.12
Large 18.0 3.6
2A2M Small 20.6 3.2 0.361 1.07
Large 19.2 3.6
3A1M Small 19.9 3.3 0.167 1.18
Large 17.0 1.5
All categories Small 19.9 3.3 0.002 1.13
Large 17.6 3.2

Table 5
Results of Pearson t-test comparing f0 c for different curing categories.
Curing category p-values for small cylinders p-values for large cylinders
4A 1A3M 2A2A 3A1M 4A 1A3M 2A2A 3A1M
4A Not applicable (NA) 0.486 0.293 0.603 NA 0.206 0.061 0.449
1A3M 0.486 NA 0.873 0.630 0.206 NA 0.403 0.118
2A2M 0.293 0.873 NA 0.747 0.061 0.403 NA 0.484
3A1M 0.603 0.630 0.747 NA 0.499 0.118 0.484 NA

white stains on the surface, as presented in Fig. 4, which

were presumed to be Ca(OH)2 leaching.
To further investigate the changes in the cement paste
content and explain the reason for the decline in strength
with prolonged moist curing, cement paste was sampled
from one of the specimens from each curing category.
Small amounts of paste were scraped from the center and
sides of each specimen (broken specimens after f 0 c test were
used), pulverized and used in the thermogravimetric analy-
sis (TGA). The mass of tested pulverized samples ranged
from 13.5 to 15 mg. The specimens were heated from the
room temperature to 1000°C, at the temperature rate 20°
C/min. The paste samples from curing categories 1A3M,
2A2M and 3A1M (categories that feature moist curing)
were oven-dried at 100°C for two hours, to eliminate free
moisture. For cement paste, three most significant drops
in weight loss on TGA (peaks in weight loss derivative)
occur at approximately: 80°C, 450°C, and 740°C. The first Fig. 4. Specimen from curing category 1A3M at 28-day age, with white
peak is typically correlated with the dehydration of C–S–H stains of leached paste.
 M. Rangelov et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology 10 (2017) 245–253 251

100

4A 3A1M 2A2M 1A3M

95

Weight loss [%]

90

85

80

75
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Fig. 5. TGA results: weight loss percentage versus temperature for samples from four curing categories.

Table 6
LOI results from TGA test, based on different temperature ranges for four curing categories.
Temperature range Cement paste compound LOI (%) based on curing category
4A 3A1M 2A2M 1A3M
100–450 °C C–S–H, Aft, Afm 10.75 9.36 8.99 7.52
450–600 °C Ca(OH)2 4.29 2.96 2.71 2.34
600–1000 °C CaCO3 5.72 7.71 9.05 7.47

gel, while the second and third peak are associated with
decomposition of Ca(OH)2 and CaCO3, respectively.
Fig. 5 demonstrates the results of TGA represented by
the weight loss for the paste samples from four curing
categories.
To quantify different phases of the cement paste, per-
centage weight loss for the following temperature ranges
was calculated based on the literature [26]: 100–450 °C
for the C–S–H, ettringite (Aft) and monosulphate (Afm),
450–600 °C for Ca(OH)2, and 600–1000 °C for CaCO3.
The results in terms of weight loss percentage, typically
referred to as loss on ignition (LOI), are presented in
Table 6. As seen in Table 6, curing category 4A presents
the highest content of C–S–H, Aft and Afm and Ca
(OH)2. Among the three curing categories with moist cur-
ing, the amount of C–S–H, Aft and Afm and Ca(OH)2
steadily declines with the extension of the moist curing per-
iod. This trend further indicates that prolonged moist cur-
ing may lead to decalcification of C–S–H gel and
dissolution of Ca(OH)2 due to the presence of water and/
or chemical attack. Ca(OH)2 leaching results in increased
porosity and drop in strength with more severe effects than
the effects of C–S–H decalcification on strength [27,28].
Finally, the pattern observed in CaCO3 content determined
by TGA for different curing categories follows the same
trend observed previously in f 0 c. Curing categories with
higher content of CaCO3 present higher f 0 c based on
TGA test results.
5. Conclusions
An experimental study was conducted to identify the
proper methodology for casting and curing specimens in
the field/laboratory from fresh pervious concrete (PC) to
be used in quality control mechanical testing for accep-
tance. Therefore, the study aimed at investigating the
effects of cylinder size (small: 100 by 200 mm versus large:
150 by 300 mm) on porosity, fresh and hardened density.
Moreover, the impacts of cylinder size and four curing cat-
egories of four weeks of air curing (4A), three weeks of air
and one week of moist curing (3A1M), two weeks of air
and two weeks of moist curing (2A2M), and one week of
air and two weeks of moist curing (1A3M) on PC 28-day
compressive strength (f 0 c) were examined. The main find-
ings are presented below:
– Hardened density of both cylinders agreed with the
fresh density determined in the field (the maximum
difference was approximately two percent). The
corresponding values of fresh and hardened density
suggested the adequacy of the implemented casting
and compaction methodology for sampling PC in
the field for the mixture design tested in this study.
However, the effect of different mixture design
parameters, such as aggregate shape and nominal
maximum size, cement paste content, water-
to-cementitious ratio, and so forth needs to be
investigated in order to provide a framework for
PC sampling in the field.
– The two cylinder sizes demonstrate comparable values
of average porosity (approximately 16 percent) and
average hardened density (2108 kg/m3). The difference
between the porosity and density for the two cylinder
sizes was not found to be statistically significant. This
result indicates that either cylinder size can be cast for
evaluation of hardened density.
252 M. Rangelov et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology 10 (2017) 245–253
– Small cylinders present higher values of 28-day f 0 c, com-
paring to large cylinders by 7.7 to 19 percent, and the
difference was found statistically significant for curing
categories 4A and 1A3M, as well as for all tested speci-
mens, regardless of the curing category. Curing category
2A2M resulted in the highest f 0 c, while the specimens
from curing category 4A had the lowest f 0 c. The f 0 c
for Categories 4A and 2A2M was found significantly
different at 90 percent confidence interval for large cylin-
ders. All other curing categories resulted in statistically
similar f 0 c.
– Cement paste samples from all four curing categories
were examined by TGA, and it was observed that longer
moist curing leads to more loss of C–S–H and Ca(OH)2.
The curing categories characterized by higher values of
f 0 c presented higher quantities of CaCO3, based on
TGA results.
The observations from this study suggest that both
cylinder sizes can be used for quality control tests of pervi-
ous concrete. To obtain 28-day f 0 c for large cylinders based
on the test results of small cylinders, a correlation factor of
1.13 can be applied. In terms of curing categories, air cur-
ing resulted in a relatively low standard deviation in f 0 c,
and minimal C–S–H and Ca(OH)2 loss. However, for the
tested mixture design, two weeks of air and two weeks of
moist curing yielded the highest f 0 c, and a comparatively
low standard deviation, hence the latter curing method
can be adopted for quality control strength testing of PC.
In order to validate the recommendations proposed
herein, future research should include testing of a variety
of PC mixtures. Based on the results of this study, future
assessment of the weight loss in the PC paste caused by
the prolonged exposure to moist curing is necessary, espe-
cially considering the extended exposure of the PC pave-
ments to runoff. The findings from this study can serve as
a guidance for future research to test a variety of commonly
used PC mixtures in preparation for the development of
standard procedures for PC sampling, curing, and testing.
Acknowledgements
Authors would like to express their gratitude to
Washington State Department of Transportation for the
funding provided for this study and their close cooperation
in the field.
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