Professional Documents
Culture Documents
The cellular concept arose from the need to restructure the radio
telephone system with the increase in demand. The increase in demand
could not be satisfied just by additional spectrum allocations
For convenience, the cells are shown with a hex pattern. A hex
pattern is the simplest pattern that can tessellate an area
An Example of Cellular Cluster
S=kN
C=MkN=MS
A cluster may be replicated more times in a given area if the cells are made
smaller (note that power needs to be reduced accordingly)
N = i2 + i j + j2
where i and j are positive integers. Typical values of N are 4,7,12 etc.
Nc = W/B
For a cluster size N, the number of channels per cell:
Cc = Nc/N
To minimize interference, assign adjacent channels to different cells
Features
• FCA is the optimum allocation strategy for uniform traffic across
cells
• Simple to implement
Channel Borrowing
If all the channels in a cell are occupied, channels are borrowed from
neighboring cells.
All channels are placed in a pool, and are assigned to new calls
according to the reuse pattern. Signal is returned to the pool, when call
is completed.
Each time a call request is made the serving base station requests a
channel from the MSC.
Advantages:
• Less load on MSC
• Simple
Disadvantages:
• Blocking may happen
Advantages:
• Voice channels are not allocated permanently. That is, resource is shared on
need-basis
Disadvantages:
• Requires MSC for processing---burden on MSC
• May be very complicated
Interference and System Capacity
Interference
A major limiting factor in the performance
Creates bottleneck in increasing capacity
Sources of interference are:
• Mobile Stations
• Neighboring Cells
• The same frequency cells
• Non-cellular signals in the same spectrum
Interference in
• Voice Channels: Cross-Talk
• Control Channels: missed/blocked calls
• The cells that use the same set of frequencies are called co-channel cells.
• The interference between signals from these cells is called Co-Channel
Interference (CCI).
• Cannot be controlled by increasing RF power. Rather, this will increase CCI.
• Depends on minimum distance between co-channels
Co-Channel Interference and System Capacity
Signal-to-interference ratio
That is, received signal power is inversely related to nth power of the
distance
where n = path loss exponent
Co-Channel Interference and System Capacity
Co-Channel Interference and System Capacity
Co-Channel Interference and System Capacity
Increasing N from 7 to 12, brings C/I above the 18dB level. However,
the system capacity is decreased.
Assume that there are six channels in first tier and all of
them are at the same distance from the mobile.
Use suitable approximations