2012 International Conference on Computing, Electronics and Electrical Technologies [ICCEET]
Design and Simulation of a Photovoltaic
Induction Motor coupled water pumping
Ramya.K
PG scholar
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Jerusalem college of Engineering
Chennai, India
jce.ramya@gmail.com
Ahstract- Efficiency is the sense of energy saving is a main
issue in photovoltaic pumping. The objective of this work is to
design and simulate an efficient battery less pumping system
powered from photovoltaic panels, comprising a new push­
pull converter with Induction Motor. In a photovoitaic pump­
storage system, solar energy is stored, when sunlight is
available as potential energy in water reservoir and consumed
according to the demand. There are advantages in avoiding
the use of large banks of lead acid batteries, which are heavy
and expensive and have one fifth lifetime of photovoltaic
panel. The DC/DC converter used in this system is the push­
pull converter. It is commonly a two-switch topology. The
primary advantage of push-pull converter is their simplicity
and ability to scale up to high power throughput. Hence a
pumping system based on an Induction motor can be an
attractive proposal to overcome the drawback with DC motor
and ensure reliable, costless and maintenance-free operation.
Through this approach the drawbacks during the DC motor
usage are overcome and a high power throughput is obtained
from the designed push pull converter as it delivers accurate
output value with low power losses and less output ripple
because the converter has its own filter. In this project, an
efficient push-pull converter-inverter fed Induction motor is
designed, modeled and simulated using MATLAB simulink.
Voltage spikes generated are reduced by a simple filter
circuit. Fast Fourier transforms are carried out for the
currents and voltages of three phase inverter with 1200 and
1800 conduction modes and corresponding total harmonic
distortions are calculated in simulink for the selection of
suitable inverter mode. Common mode voltage is
measured to find the noise ratio. This common mode noise is
reduced using a filter. Open loop and closed loop systems are
simulated and the results are presented.
Keywords- Induction Motor, photovoltaic, Pumping,
Common Mode voltage
I. INTRODUCTION
Solar energy is the most low cost, competition free,
universal source of energy as sunshine's throughout. This
energy can be converted into useful electrical energy using
photovoltaic technology .The steady state reduction of
price per peak watt and simplicity with which the installed
power can be increased by adding panels are attractive
features of PV technology. Among the many applications
of PV energy, pumping is the most promising. In a PV
pump storage system, solar energy is stored, when sunlight
978-1-4673-0210-4112/$31.00 ©2012 IEEE
system
RamaReddy.S
Professor
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Jerusalem college of Engineering
Chennai, India
srr�victory@yahoo.com
is available as potential energy in water reservoir and
consumed according to demand. There are advantages in
avoiding the use of large banks of lead acid batteries, which
are heavy and expensive and have one fifth of lifetime of a
PV panel. A number of experimental dc motor driven PV
pumps are already in use in several parts of the world, but
they suffer from maintenance problems due to the presence
of the commutator and brushes. Hence a pumping system
based on an induction motor can be an attractive proposal
where reliability and maintenance-free operations with less
cost are important. The effective operation of Induction
motor is based on the choice of suitable converter-inverter
system that is fed to Induction Motor. Converters like
Buck, Boost, Buck-Boost and Cuk converters are popularly
used for photovoltaic systems. But these converters are
limited to low power applications. For PV applications like
pumping these converters could do a good job as pumping
is carried out at high power. Thus a new push pull
converter which is two switch topology can do the justice
by giving a high power throughput. The Induction Motors
are the AC motors and hence from converter, an inverter
system is also required to obtain an AC voltage. This
inverter is chosen based on its advantages and it is fed to
induction motor.
A typical configuration of a battery less
also photovoltaic pumping system comprises of PV panels,
dc/dc converter, dc/ac converter, an induction motor and
centrifugal pump as shown in Fig I. The design of an
effective PV pumping system without the use of a battery
bank represents a significant challenge [1]. It is necessary
to deal with the effect of the stochastic nature of solar
insolation on the entire energy conversion chain, including
the nonlinear characteristics of PV pumping, the voltage
boost converter, and the electromechanical power
conversion device. In general terms, it is necessary to
obtain the best performance from each system component
over a wide input power range. Currently, solar water
pumps are used in the western United States as well as in
many other countries or regions with abundant sunlight.
Solar pumps have proven to be a cost effective and
dependable method for providing water in situations where
water resources are spread over long distances, power lines
are few or non-existent, and fuel and maintenance costs are
considerable. Photovoltaic panels require specific control
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 2012 International Conference on Computing, Electronics and Electrical Technologies [ICCEET]
techniques to ensure operation at their maximum power
point (MPP). Impedance matching issues mean that
photovoltaic arrays may operate more or less efficiently,
depending on their series/parallel configuration [2], [3]. In
this paper, a minimum number of series connections are
adopted. This means that a relatively high dc voltage gain
(between six and ten) is necessary to provide
Fig 1 Photovoltaic pumping system
the drive voltage required by the induction motor. The
proposed system uses a push�pull converter and is based
on the solution presented in [4]. The choice for this specific
dc/dc converter topology is basically dictated by the
requirement for galvanic isolation between the low- and
high-voltage sides. Such a requirement precludes the use of
low-cost and high-efficiency converter topologies [5]�[6].
A study of how the converter topology affects the MPP
tracking (MPPT) of a photovoltaic system is reported in [7]
and [8].The study of optimal vector control of induction
motor is elaborated [9]-[11].
There are more than 10,000 solar powered water
pumps in use in the world today. They are widely used on
farms and outback stations in Australia to supply water to
livestock. In developing countries they are used extensively
to pump water from wells and rivers to villages for
domestic consumption and irrigation of crops. A typical
PV-powered pumping system consists of a PV array that
powers an electric motor, which drives a pump. The water
is often pumped from the ground or stream into a storage
tank that provides a gravity feed. No energy storage is
needed for these systems. PV powered pumping systems
are widely available from agricultural equipment suppliers
and they are a cost-effective alternative to agricultural wind
turbines for remote area water supply.
Photovoltaic pumping systems are used to pump water
for livestock, plants or humans. Since the need for water is
greatest on hot sunny days the technology is an obvious
choice for this application. Pumping water using PV
technology is simple, reliable, and requires almost no
maintenance. Agricultural watering needs are usually
greatest during sunnier periods when more water can be
pumped with a solar system. PV powered pumping systems
are excellent for small to medium scale pumping and there
are thousands of agricultural PV water pumping systems in
the field today throughout the world. PV powered water
33
pumping systems are similar to any other pumping system,
only the power source is solar energy. PV pumping systems
have, as a minimum, a PV array, a motor, and a pump. PV
water pumping arrays are fixed mounted or sometimes
placed on passive trackers (which use no motors) to
increase pumping time and volume. AC and DC motors
with centrifugal or displacement pumps are used with PV
pumping systems. Assessment of the economic viability of
PV pumping systems by lEA in comparison to diesel
pumping systems indicate that, although the high
investment cost of PV pumping systems is a major factor
to slowed expansion of the market. But still the life cycle
cost of PV is often less than diesel or petrol-powered
pumps which are a challenging factor. The above literature
does not deal with of common mode voltage measurement
and reduction of common mode noise generated by the
circuit. The above literature does not deal with common
mode voltage reduction and closed loop control of push
pull converter - inverter fed induction motor drive during
input disturbances.
II. VOLTAGE BOOST
Push-Pull type DC - DC converter is suitable to boost up
the voltage from low to high. This converter may be used
in conjunction with a high frequency transformer to boost
the output voltage with the advantage of providing isolation
between the input and output stage. In this project a simple
two switch push pull converter topology is used, which will
step up a 12V DC voltage supply to the required output
voltage. A 12V supply is used as the input supply. The
high frequency transformer is known as the push pull
transformer. This push pull transformer is usually the
preferred choice in high power switching transformer
applications exceeding one kilowatt. Power ratings for push
pull transformer can vary from a fraction of a Watt to
K ilowatt.
A. Circuit Description
With reference to the Fig 2, when Q1 switch is on,
current flows through the 'upper' half of 'n' primary and the
magnetic field in 'n' expands. The expanding magnetic
field in 'n' induces a voltage across 'n' secondary, the
polarity is such that 0102 is forward biased and 0304 is
reverse biased. 0102 conducts and charges the output
capacitor C.
Fig 2 Push-Pull converter
 2012 International Conference on Computing, Electronics and Electrical Technologies [ICCEET]

When QI turns off, the magnetic field in 'n' collapses, The output voltage is given in equation,
and after a period of dead), Q2 conducts, current flows
through the 'lower' half of 'n' primary and the magnetic (3)
field in 'n'expands. Now the direction of the magnetic flux
is opposite to that produced when QI conducted. The The equation gives the output current is;
expanding magnetic field induces a voltage across n's
secondary, the polarity is such that 0304 is forward biased (4)
and 0102 is reverse biased. 0304conducts and charges the
and
output capacitor C. After a period of dead time, QI
conducts and the cycle repeats.There are two important (5)
considerations with the push pull converter:
the RMS value of Voltage and current is given by equation,
• Both transistors must not conduct together, as this
would effectively short circuit the supply, which Irms = 4 x (Vm/3nXL) (6)
means that the conduction time of each transistor
must not exceed half of the total period for one
complete cycle, otherwise conduction will
(7)
overlap.
• The magnetic behavior of the circuit must be Now the ripple factor(r) is given by the equation,
uniform, otherwise the transformer may saturate,
and this would cause destruction of Ql andQ2. r = Vrm/Vd (8)
This requires that the individual conduction times
of Q1 and Q2 be exactly equal and the two halves C. Advantages of Push-pull over other converters
of the centre-tapped transformer primary be
magnetically identical. The converters like buck, boost, buck-boost and cuk
converters employs single transistor. Due to the current
B. Analysis of Push-Pull Converter and LC filter handling limitation of single transistor, the output power of
these converters is small, typically tens of watts. In
addition, there is no isolation between the input and output
The operation of this converter relies on the time
voltage, which is highly desirable criterion in most
interval s(T) in which power switches conduct, if D is the
applications. The above drawbacks are overcome by using
duty cycle defined by
push-pull converters. These push-pull converters provide
0 = ton/T (1)
high power throught put and hence can be used for any
high power applications and as it uses a transformer it has
Where ton corresponds to the total time interval that both
the ability to provide isolation between the input and the
switches conduct (t on = D7). The output voltage (Va)
output. The harmonics or any unwanted disturbances are
depends on the input voltage 01, the duty cycle (D), and
automatically reduced as the push-pull converter employs
the high frequency transformer turns ratio (n), i.e.,
its own filter.
nVin
Vout = (2) D. Design Calculations
l-D

When designing a push�pull converter, it is convenient The design calculations for push-pull converter are
to select the transformer turns ratio n such that duty cycle D shown in 3 stages. The design of transformer, push-pull
does not vary in a wide range. At the same time, high inverter and LC filter.
values for n should be avoided to ensure that the pulse
width modulation (PWM) voltage inverter operates with Design of Push-Pull Transformer
low modulation. The LC filter is used to reduce any
Let,
unwanted spikes in the output of Push pull converter and
hence this filter has to be coupled with this converter. The
PF=0.8
mathematical analysis for the model circuit in Fig 3 is
shown below, 1000VA
FULL BRIDGE

I PHASE SUPPL Y RE CTIFIER I-�r load

LJ

�___ -
__
----
T----J
-,
J Core type transformer

Fig 3 Rectifier with LC filter HV WINDING:

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 2012 International Conference on Computing, Electronics and Electrical Technologies [ICCEET]

Outside diameter=0.36m
Mean diameter =
( 0.36+ 0.22 ) = 0.29m
Inside diameter=0.29m 2
2
Area of conductor=5.4mm Length of mean tum Imt = nx 0.29 = 0.91m

LV WINDING:

Outside diameter=0.26m
Width of L.V winding,
b
p
( 0.26-0.22 ) = 0.02m
=
Inside diameter=0.22m 2
Area of conductor=170mm
2

Width of H.V winding,

b
s
( 0.36-0.29 ) 0 035m
= = .
Length of coi1s=0.5m 2
Voltage per turns=8V
2 Width of duct a =
( 0.29 -0.26) = 0.015m
Resistivity=O.2l Wm/mm 2
Then, Leakage Reactance of primary side;

VI' 12
L.V tums, Tp = -' =-= 15
. = 2
Et 8
(9)

H.V turns,
230
Ts'. = --x2 = 38
12 Xp =2Jl'x50x4Jl'x10-7 X [
0.91
0.015X
0.035+0.02 ]
0.5 3
0.26+0.22
Mean diameter of L.V winding = = 0.24m Xp = 7.9 X 10-
7
2
Xp = 2nfx Lp (10)
Length of mean tum of LV winding = nx 0.24 = 0.752m
9
Lp = 2.5 x 10- H
Resistance of L.V winding
r 0.021x2xO.752 Leakage reactance of secondary side,
= =1.857 x10 -4Q
rjJ
170
Mean diameter of HV winding =
(0.36+ 0.29) (11)
= 0.325m
2
Length of mean tum of HV winding = nx 0.325 = 1.02m 4
Xs = 2.8 X 10
Resistance of HV winding
Xs = 2nf x Ls (12)
r 0.02x38x1.02
= = 0.15702Q 7
s
5.4 Ls = 9.0 x 1O- H

HV Winding current per phase, 2) Converter with filter design

1000 Let I

(1¢)/ p = -- = 4.347 A (Required only to calculate

230 R=3000i
PU value)
F=20K Hz YOU! =230V Ripple=0.0008%

The induced emf is given by,

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 2012 International Conference on Computing, Electronics and Electrical Technologies [ICCEET]

E=4.44NJ<l>f (13) A. Simple Design

The design of the AC motor is simple because, it
12=4.44 NJ (20e-6) (20e3) has simply a series of three windings in the exterior (stator)
section with a simple rotating section (rotor). The changing
field caused by SO or 60 Hertz AC line voltage causes the
E=4.44N2<l>f (14) rotor to rotate around the axis of the motor. The speed of
the AC motor depends only on three variables:
230=4.44 N2 (20e-6) (20e3)
• The fixed number of winding sets (known as
N2=130 turns poles) built into the motor, which determines the
motor's base speed.
Transformer turns ratio (n) =130/7 • The frequency of the AC line voltage. Variable
speed drives change this frequency to change the
n =19 turns
speed of the motor.
the output voltage is,
• The amount of torque loading on the motor, which
causes slip.
n.Yin
Vout =
1-D
B. Low Cost
The AC motor has the advantage of being the lowest
D=(2.Se-S)/(Se-S)=0.S cost motor for applications. This is due to the simple design
of the motor. For this reason, AC motors are
Therefore, Vout= 44SV overwhelmingly preferred for fixed speed applications in
industrial applications and for commercial and domestic
Let,C=3001lH applications where AC line power can be easily attached.
Over 90% of all motors are AC induction motors. They are
The ripple factor is given by, found in air conditioners, washers, dryers, industrial
machinery, fans, blowers, vacuum cleaners, and many,
..J2 __ 1
many other applications.
RF= _ (1S)
3 LC(41lf)2

2 C. Reliable Operation
8e-6=�2/[12.4.(20e3) L(300e-6)]-1
The simple design of the AC motor results in
L=7mH extremely reliable, low maintenance operation. Unlike the
DC motor, there are no brushes to replace. If run in the
III. SELECTION OF MOTOR DRIVE SYSTEM appropriate environment for its enclosure, the AC motor
can expect to need new bearings after several years of
The selection criteria of electrical motors depend operation. If the application is well designed, an AC motor
on the cost and compatibility at which the motors work. In may not need new bearings for more than a decade.
this project the induction motor is chosen, as the AC
motors are more advantageous than DC motors. The
D. Variety of Mounting Styles
comparison of electrical motors and drawbacks with DC
motors a listed in the Table 1.T The various aspects at AC Motors are available in many different mounting
which the three phase AC induction motor was selected is styles such as:
also listed. Foot Mount
C-Face
TABLE 1 Large Flange
Comparison of DC and AC drive system
Vertical
Specialty
DC motors AC motors

• The commutator and No requirement for E. Many Different Environmental Enclosures

brushes makes the commutators and Because of the wide range of environments in which
motor bulky, costly brushes
people want to use motors, the AC motor has been adapted
and heavy.
by providing a wide range of enclosures:
• Costly Low cost
• It requires frequent
maintenance. Less maintenance ODP - Open Drip Proof
• Requires battery or TEFC - Totally Enclosed Fan Cooled
inverter. TEAO - Totally Enclosed Air Over

36
 2012 International Conference on Computing, Electronics and Electrical Technologies [ICCEET]

TEBC - Totally Enclosed Blower Cooled automatically reduced as the push-pull converter employs
TENV - Totally Enclosed Non-Ventilated its own filter.

IV. SOCIAL RELEVANCE AND USEFULNESS OF V. SIMULAnON RESULTS

THE PROJECT
The simulation is done using MATLAB and the results are
A. Highlights of P V pumping system presented here.

A. Simulation of Push-Pull Converter- Inverter System

Solar water pumps can provide simple and low
fed Induction Motor for P V Pumping
labour watering options for farms that require water in
remote areas. The various highlights of the PV
The Simulink model of push-pull converter-inverter
pumping system are,
system for PV pumping fed induction motor is shown in
Fig 4. The 12V DC input is boosted and converted to 230V
• Water storage in metal or plastic tanks is used AC using push-pull inverter. The switches of inverter
instead of power storage in a battery. This operate at a high frequency of 20 kHz. This 230V, 20 kHz
reduces costs and makes the system simpler. A AC is converted to 400V DC. Another converter stage is
float switch turns the pump off when the tank is required to reduce the frequency. As the 3phase inverter
full. switches operates at 50 Hz, it converts 400V DC to 500V,
• An electronic pump controller is used to smooth 50 Hz AC which can be fed to the induction motor. The
out the current to the pump. It acts like an output voltage waveform of push-pull converter- inverter
automatic transmission in the sense that it helps system for PV pumping fed induction motor is shown in
the pump to start and to operate in low light Fig 5.
conditions.
• As with the turtle and the hare, slow and steady
wins the race. Many solar pumps are made to
pump slowly over the course of the day, which
allows water to be pushed over considerable
distances and vertical rises. Slow pumps can use
small diameter piping, reducing the installed cost.
Slow pumps require less power and allow the use
of limited water resources, such as a slowly
recharged well.
• To reduce the cost of a system, water conservation
must be practiced. PV modules are expensive, and Fig 4 Simulink model of push-pull converter-inverter system for PV
pumping fed induction motor
reducing water use in any manner will save on the
installed cost.
• Solar pumps are generally most competitive in
smaller systems where combustion engines are
least economical. Solar pump systems are low
maintenance. With automatic shut off from a float
valve, they require only occasional inspection.

B. Advantages of push-pull converter used in P V

pumping system over other converters

The converters like buck, boost, buck-boost and cuk

converters employs single transistor. Due to the current
handling limitation of single transistor, the output power of
these converters is small, typically tens of watts. In
addition, there is no isolation between the input and output
voltage, which is highly desirable criterion in most
applications. The above drawbacks are overcome by using
push-pull converters. These push-pull converters provide
high power through put and hence can be used for any high
power applications and as it uses a transformer it has the
ability to provide isolation between the input and the
output. The harmonics or any unwanted disturbances are
Fig 5 Push-pull converter-inverter system for PV pumping fed induction
motor output voltage
B. Common Mode Voltage Measurement for Push-Pull
Converter-Inverter fed Induction with LC Filter
In order to bring down the common mode voltage,
proper LC filter is designed and simulated. The simulink
model of common mode voltage measurement for push­
pull converter-inverter fed induction motor for PV
pumping with LC filter is shown in Fig 6. The common
mode voltage is reduced from 27.32V to 7.47V.

37
 2012 International Conference on Computing, Electronics and Electrical Technologies [ICCEET]

D. Closed loop system with push-pull converter-inverter

fed induction motor and input disturbance

In order to control the output voltage and to improve the

steady state accuracy of the push pull converter for any
input disturbances, the closed loop control is carried out.
The simulink model for closed loop control of push-pull
converter with input disturbance is shown in Figure 9.

Fig 6 Common mode voltage measurement with LC-Filter Simulink

model

C. Open loop system of push-pull converter- inverter fed

induction motor with input disturbance

The Simulink model for open loop system of push-pull

converter-inverter fed induction motor with disturbance is
shown in fig 7. The disturbances are given by dividing the
input voltage using circuit breakers. Initially the breaker2
conducts and the breaker I is switched on after a delay. This
action is achieved by providing suitable step input to the
breakers. The diode bridge rectifier is replaced with a semi
converter.
Fig 9 Simulink model for closed loop system with push-pull converter and
input disturbance
The output voltage waveform for closed loop control is
shown in fig 10. It is observed that during the disturbance
at a step time 1sec, the output voltage starts increasing,but
the output voltage immediately reaches the steady state.
Thus by controlling the pulse width of semi converter using
suitable PI controller, constant output voltage is obtained.

100l1r---,----,---,---,

� ----� - : ----�----�-
---- ---------:
I I I
_
1
_______ L ____ ...J _________
1 _

I I I I
I I I
--- 1- - - - - r - --- ..., ------
1 ----
I I I I
I ---- lI -----I� ----
r
'" - -

1.5
Tim�(S)

Fig 10 Output voltage waveform for closed loop system with push-pull
Converter- inverter fed induction motor

Fig 7 Simulink model for open loop system of with push-pull converter­
inverter fed induction motor
VI. CONCLUSION

This paper has evaluated the analysis of Photovoltaic

The output of open loop system is shown in fig 8.
.. ,(S)
T,
Fig 8 Output voltage waveform for open loop system with push-pull
converter and input disturbance
cells and pumping system. Analysis, modelling and design
of push-pull converter with LC filter are also presented.
The design calculations for push-pull Transformer, push­
pull converter and LC filter are given. The selection criteria
of electric drive for photovoltaic pumping are elaborated.
The 3 phase inverter in 1800 and 1200 mode operations is
simulated. It is observed that the 1800 mode is superior to
1200 mode of operation. Common mode voltage is
measured and and it is observed that the common mode
noise is reduced by using LC filter. The closed loop system
is successfully modelled and simulated using the blocks of
simulink. The simulation results are in line with the
predictions.

38
 2012 International Conference on Computing, Electronics and Electrical Technologies [ICCEET]

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