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Module 1: CONVERTING A PERCENTAGE INTO DECIMALS

Mathematics 67% may be converted into decimals as 0.67, because 67/100


= 0.67
PartA : 8% can be written
PERCENTAGE as 0.08
Introduction:The word 253% can be
'per cent' means per written as 2.53
hundred. Thus, 19 per cent 0.25% may be
means, 19 parts out of 100 converted into
parts. This can also be decimals as
written as 19/100, 0.0025
therefore, per cent is a fraction whose denominator is 100.
CONVERTING A DECIMAL INTO A PERCENTAGE
Example 1 :Express 3/4 in rate per cent 0.45 may be expressed as
Required rate per cent = 3/4 x 100% = 75% 45%
0.032 is equivalent to
Example 2: 8% can be converted to a fraction as 8/100 3.2%,
1.7 is equivalent to 170%
Example 3: To find out 25% of 500
Solution 3: Required value=25% of 500=(25/100)*500=125 EFFECT OF
PERCENTAGE CHANGE
Let us consider a number N, ON ANY NUMBER
25% of N = (25/100)*N = N/4 (value) If any number is
increased by X%, then
Example 4: 9% of new number = original
what number is 36 number x (100+ X)/ 100
Solution 4: the or = original number x (1 + decimal equivalent of X %).
required number Similarly, if any number (quantity) is decreased by X %, then
(base number) = new number (quantity) = original number x (100- X)/ 100
36/9% or = original number x (1 - decimal equivalent of X%).
(36/9) * 100 = 400
Example 8: The present salary of A is Rs 3,000. This will be
Example 5: If 30% increased by 15% in the next year. What will be the
of a number is 48 increased salary of A?
then what is 70% of Solution8:The increased salary = 3000 (1 + 0.15) or 3000 x
the number? ((100 + 15)/ 100)
Solution 5: Here, = 3000 x 1.15 = Rs 3450.
unitary method can
be used to save the If a number is changed by x%, then it is changed again by
time. 30% y%, then net percentage change = x+y+(xy/100)
30%--> 48 If x or y indicates decrease in percentage, then put a -ve
1%--->48/30 sign before x or y, otherwise positive sign remains.
70%=(48/30)*70=112
Hence, the required value is 112 Example 9: If a number is increased by 12% and then
decreased by 18% then find the net percentage change in
Example 6: If 40% of the number exceeds 25% of it by 54. number
Find the number. Solution 9: Using the formula net % change = x + y + xy/100
Solution 6: Using the formula x=12 y=-18 net % change in area =12-18+((12)* -(18))/100 = -
any value/its rate % of number = number (i.e. base number) 8.16
54/(40-25)%=number
number=(54/(40-25))*100=360 Application of the Formula: net % change in product = x +
required number=360 y +xy/100

Example 7: To find '30 is what per cent of 150' or 'what Example 10: If the length of rectangle increases by 30%
percentage of 150 is 30 ? and the breadth decreases by 12%, then find the % change in
Solution 7: We find here that 150 is the basis of comparison the area of the rectangle.
and hence 150 will be in the denominator. The required Solution 10: Since, length x breadth = area we get net %
percentage = (30 / 150)* 100 = 20%. change in product = x + y + xy/100 where x = 30, y = -12 net
% change in area = 30 - 12 + (30*-12)/100=18-3.6=+14.4 It
implies that there is 14.4% increase in the area of the Example 13: If the income of Santa is more than that of
rectangle. Banta by 25%, then by how much percentage Banta's income
is less than that of Santa?
To Keep the Product of Two Variable Quantities Fixed Solution: 13 Banta=25/(100+25)*100%
Put net % change in product = 0, x+y+xy/100=0 Therefore income of Banta is 20% less than of Santa.
y = -(x/(100+x))*100, -ve sign shows decrease,
from the above derivation, we thus find that Evaluate your grasp:
if one A increases by x%, then B decreases by 1. A number 'A' exceeds 'B' by 25%. By what per cent is ' B'
(x/(100+x))*100% and if A short of 'A'?
decreases by x% then 2. The daily wage is increased by 15 %, and a person now
putting (-) x, in place of x, gets Rs 23 per day. What was his daily wage before the
we find that the other increase?
quantity B increases by 3. The ratio of number of boys and girls in a school is 3 : 2 if
((x/(100-x))/100%. 20% of the boys and 25% of the girls are holding
scholarship, find the % of school students who hold
Example 11: If the price scholarship.
of coffee is increased by 4. A reduction of Rs 2 per kg enables
10%, then by how much a man to purchase 4 kg more sugar for
percentage must a house Rs 16. Find the original price of sugar.
wife reduce her 5. From a man's salary, 10% is
consumption, to have no deducted on tax, 20% of the rest is
extra expenditure? spent on education, and 25% of the
Solution 11: Since price x consumption = expenditure and rest is spent on food. After all these
expenditure has to be kept fixed so, when the price expenditures, he is left with Rs 2,700.
increases by 10%, the %reduction in consumption Find his salary.
=(10/(100+10))*100=9 1/11% 6. Increase 200 by 60%
7. Decrease 200 by 40 %
RATE CHANGE AND CHANGE IN QUANTITY 8. The weight of a sand bag is 40 kg. In a hurry, it was
AVAILABLE FOR FIXED EXPENDITURE weighed as 40.8 kg. Find the error percentage.
9. If X is 20% less than Y,then find: x/y = ?
Example 12: A reduction 10. If 2 1/2%( 2 and a half percent) of the weight of a
of 25% in the price of table is 0.2 kg, then what will be 120% of it?
sugar enables the person to 11. Find 0.02% of 6500
get 10 kg more on a 12. 7/8 is what % of 144?
purchase for Rs 600. Find 13. If the price of 1 Kg of cornflakes is increased by 25%,
the reduced rate of sugar. the increase is Rs 10. Find the new price of the cornflakes
Solution 12: Let the per kg?
original rate = Rs X per kg. 14. If A is more than B by 10%, then find A/B.
Since, there is a rate 15. 12 is 25% of 20% of what?
reduction of 25%, so, 16. Express 7x/y in terms of percentage.
New rate (or reduced rate) Answers:
= (1 - 0.25) X Question Correct Question Correct
= 0.75 X = 3X/4 No. Answer: No. Answer:
Expenditure = Rs 600.
1 20 9 4/5
(Expenditure/X)+change in quantity available =
Expenditure/New rate 2 20 10 9.6 kg
(600/X+10)=600/(3X/4) 3 22% 11 13/10
(600/x)(4/3-1)=100 Rs 4 per
x=20 4 kg. 12 0.607%
therefore reduced rate =3x/4=3/4*20=Rs 15/kg. 5 Rs 5000 13 Rs 50
6 320 14 11/10
% EXCESS OR % SHORTNESS
7 120 15 240
If A exceeds B by x%, B is less
than A by x/(100+x)* 100%. 8 2% 16 700x/y
Similarly, if A is less than B by x%,
then
B is more than A by x/(100-x)
*100%
Part B: Profit, Loss and Discount Solution5: S1/(100 + X1)=S2/(100 + X2)
Solved Examples: 455/(100+(-9))=555/(100+X2) .:X2=+11%.
[( + )ve sign indicates it is gain.] The man has a gain of 11 %.

Example6: If a merchant estimates his profit as 20% of the


selling price, what is his real profit per cent?
Solution6: Real profit is that which is calculated on CP
Profit %=% profit on SP/(100-% profit on SP)*100
=20/(100-20)*100=25%
NB: Real % profit is always more than the % profit on S.P.

Example7: How much per cent above the cost price should a
shopkeeper mark his goods so as to earn a profit of 26%
after allowing a discount of 10% on the marked price?
Solution7: Marked price* (1 - % discount) = Cost price (1+ %
gain)
[M = Marked price, C = Cost price]
Example1: By selling an article for Rs 450, a man loses 25%. M *(100 - d) = C* (100 + g)
At what price should he sell in order to gain 25%? M *(100 - 10) = C *(100 + 26)
Solution1: S1/(100 + x1)=S2/(100 + x2) M =126/ 90 C = 1.4 C = (1 + 0.4) C
(S1and S2 are two selling prices) i.e. M is + 0.4 or 40% above C
450/(100 + ( - 25)) = S2/(100 + 25) .: S2 = 750. Marked price is 40% above the cost price.
[(-)ve sign indicates loss]
Example8: A vendor sells 10 apples for a pound gaining
He sells the article at Rs 750.
thereby 40%. How many apples did he buy for a pound?
Example2: The cost price of 25 articles is equal to the Solution8: Always the unit price
selling price of 20 articles. Find the gain %. is to be put. i.e. Sale price for 1
Solution2: As per question, 25 * CP = 20 * SP apple = 1/10
SP/CP = 25/20 % x = (SP/CP - 1) * 100.
% gain = (SP/CP - 1) * 100 40 = [1/10C- 1] * 100
(25/20 - 1) * 100 = 25 % 1/10C = 40/100 + 1 = 14/10
There is 25% gain in the transaction. C = 1/14. So, he bought 14 apples
per pound.
Example3: A person sells 36
oranges per rupee and suffers a Example9: A man sold two
loss of 4%. Find how many watches for Rs 1000 each. On
oranges per rupee to be sold to one he gains 25% and on the
have a gain of 8%? other, 20% loss. Find how much % does he gain or lose in the
Solution3: Always find the unit whole transaction?
price, i.e. for one orange. Here, Solution9: Here, S1= S2, Overall % gain or loss
Sale price per orange = Rs ={1-[2*(100+X1)* (100+X2)]/[(100+X1) +(100+X2)]} * 100 %
1/36=S1 ={1-[2*(100+25)*(100-20)]/[(100 + 25) + (100 - 20) ]}*100%
S1/(100+x1)=S2/(100+x2) =[1-(2 * 125 * 80)/205] * 100 =100/41 %
(1/36)/(100+(-4)) =S2/(100+8) .:The man had 2 (18/41) % loss in the whole transaction.
.:S2=1/32
He sells 32 oranges per rupee. Example10: A cloth merchant says that due to slump in the
market, he sells the cloth at 10% loss; but he uses a false
Example4: A shopkeeper purchases 10 kg of rice at Rs 600 metre-scale and actually gains 15%. Find the actual length of
and sells at a loss as much the selling price of 2 kg of rice. the scale.
Solution10: Here cost price is not equal to selling price
Find the sale rate of rice/kg.
Solution4: Let Selling price be Rs x /kg. Loss = C.P. -S.P. because he sells the cloth at 10%
2*x=600-10*x .: x = Rs 50 per kg. loss.
(Since loss of 2 kg of SP. of rice) Hence the Selling price of (100 + G) / (100+x) = True Scale/
rice is Rs 50 per kg. False Scale
Here, overall gain G = 15% and loss
Example5: By selling a horse for Rs 455, a man loses 9%. If x = -10%
he sells it for Rs 555, what would be his gain or loss per [(-)ve sign for loss.] Let false scale
cent? length = x cm
(100+15)/( 100-10) =100/x
x = 90/115 * 100 = 78.25 cm. True Discounts
.: Actual length of scale is 78.25 cm instead of 1 metre.
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS
Example11: A man sells a book at a profit of 20%. If he had Suppose a man has to pay Rs. 12,100 after 2 years and the
bought it at 20% less and sold it for Rs 18 less, he would rate of interest is 10% per annum. Clearly, Rs. 10,000 at 10%
have gained 25%. Find the cost price of the book. will amount to `12,100 in 2 years. So, the payment of Rs.
Solution 11: Assume the cost price of the book = Rs 100 10,000 now will clear off the debt of Rs. 12,100 due 2 years
It sells at 20 % profit. .: SP =100 * 1.2 = 120 hence. We say that:
If he bought it at 20% less, i.e Sum due = Rs. 12,100 due 2 years hence;
CP= Rs 80 and sells at 25 % profit then, SP=80 * 1.25 = 100 Present Worth (P.W.) = Rs. 10,000;
So, S1 - S2 = Rs 20 when cost price is . Rs 100 True Discount (T.D.) = Rs. (12,100 – 10,000) = Rs. 2,100 =
but S1-S2 =Rs 18, so, the cost price is Rs 90 (Sum due) - (P.W.)
Hence, the cost price of the book is Rs 90. We define:

Example12: What profit T.D. = Interest on P.W.; Amount = (P.W.) + (T.D.)


percent is made by a Interest is reckoned on P.W. and true discount is reckoned
farmer selling eggs at a on the amount.
certain price if by selling
at 3/4 of that price Interest may be simple or compound.
there may be a loss of
10%?
Solution 12: 3/4 (SP) =
90 % of CP .: S.P. = 120%
of CP
.:The eggs been sold at a
profit of (120 - 100), i.e
20%.

Example13: By selling 66 metres of cloth, I gain the selling


price of 22 metres. Find the gain percent.
Solution13: Here Gain = sell price of 22 metres = x (say)
% gain = x/(N-x)*100 %, where x=22 and N = 66
% gain =22/( 66 - 22) * 100 % = 50 %.

Practice Questions:
1. A man sold his book for Rs 891, thereby gaining 1/10 of its
cost price. The cost price is:
2. A shopkeeper earns a profit
of 12% on selling a book at
10% discount on the printed
price. The ratio of the cost
price and printed price is:
3. A shopkeeper increased the
price of a product by 50%
from its cost but had to sell at
a 50% discount. The
shopkeepers loss was:
4. A shopkeeper purchased a
electric heater marked at Rs 200 at successive discounts of
10% and 15% respectively. He spent Rs 7 on packaging and
sold it at Rs 200. Find his gain %.
5. The cost price of 20 pencils is equal to the selling price of
25 pencils. The loss % in the transaction is:
Ans Key:
1. Rs 810 2. 45:56
3. 25% 4. 25
5. 20

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