AP Chemsitry---Michalek 1

Unit 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

Unit 2: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

Last revised: June 15, 2011
“If all atoms are composed of these same components, why do different atoms have different chemical
properties?”
You should be able to:
Early History of chemistry
o Proust’s Law of definite proportions
o Dalton’s Law of multiple proportions
o Lavoisier’s Law of Conservation of mass
o Dalton’s Atomic Theory and what has changed in the modern atom
o Thomson and the electron
o Avogadro’s Hypothesis
o Rutherford’s nuclear Atom
o Modern view of the atomic Structure with masses
Basic Periodic table
o Periodic groups
o How to read the table
o Bonding terms
o Counting p+, n0, and e- in atoms, isotopes, and ions
o Charges of the atoms on the periodic table
Naming
o Memorize polyatomic atoms
o Writing names and symbols for:
 A-group metals
 B-group metals
 Non-metals
 Acids

2.1 Early History of Chemistry

Read and outline 2.1
What did each scientist contribute to the atomic theory:
Democritus

Georg Bauer

John Dalton
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Unit 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

JJ Thomson

Ernst Rutherford

Robert Boyle

Schrodinger

Antoine Lavoisier

John Proust

2.2 Fundamental Chemical Laws

Read and outline 2.2
Define
Law of Conservation of Mass

Law of Definite Proportions

Law of Multiple Proportions

2.2 Notes
John Proust said that a compound will always contain the same proportion of element by mass. This law forms the basis
of stoichiometry. H2O will always have the proportion of hydrogen and oxygen by mass. If you have one mole of
water, there will be 2 grams of hydrogen to 16 grams of oxygen totaling 18 grams. the mass of the total compound is 2
grams which is the mass of hydrogen. If you have three moles of water (54 grams total), the mass will be 6 grams and
this will also be the mass of hydrogen in the compound.

John Dalton said that “When two elements from a series of compounds, the ratios of the masses of the second element
that combine with 1 gram of the first element can always be reduced to the smallest whole number ratio. This is known
as the law of multiple proportions. Basically you can have multiple ways to bond two elements, but they will always
bond in whole number ratios.
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Unit 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

Example 2.2a
The following data were collected for several compounds of nitrogen and oxygen:
Compound A 1.750g
Compound B .8750g
Compound C .4375g
Show how these data illustrate the law of multiple proportions.

A= 1.750g = 2
B .8750g 1
B = .8750g =2
C .4375g 1
A = 1.750g = 4
C .4375g 1

*Compound A contains twice as much N per gram of O as B. B contains twice as much N per gram of O as C. A contains
four time as much N per gram as C. If compound A is N2O, B is NO, and C is NO2. If A is NO, B is NO2, and C is NO4.

2.3 Dalton’s Atomic Theory

Read and outline 2.3
Define
Atomic masses

Avogadro’s Hypothesis

Dalton’s Atomic Theory

1.

2.

3.

4.
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Unit 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

2.4 Early Experiments to Characterize the Atom

Read and outline 2.4
Define
Cathode-ray tube

Electrons

Radioactivity

Nuclear atom

Nucleus

Draw and explain the cathode ray experiment.

Draw the plum pudding model

What did Robert Millikan contribute to the atomic theory?

Gamma rays are______________________________

Beta rays are________________________________

Alpha rays are_______________________________

What was the gold foil experiment, and what did the findings contribute to the atomic theory?
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Unit 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

Worksheet 2.01 Name______________________________

History of Chemistry
In red is what you should do for the multiple choice questions. Circling an answer will give you no credit!
1. What is an example of the law of multiple proportions?
I. CO, CO2
II. Ca, CaO
III. CaS, BaS
IV. Na2CO3, Na2SO3
V. O2, O3

a) I only
b) I and V
c) III and IV
d) III and V
e) I and III

2. The chemist who is given credit for being the first to use symbols for elements and who developed a system for
compounds was:
a) Berzelius
b) Thompson
c) Lavoister
d) LeChatelier
e) Arrehenius

3. The chemistry given credit for first developing a valid model of the nucleus as a result of experiments with gold foil
and alpha particles was:
a) Boyle—Worked with gas laws—pressure and volume are indirect relationships
b) Thomson—experimented with cathode ray tube, discovery of electrons
c) Rutherford—gold foil experiment, nucleus
d) Berzelius—first to use chemical symbols
e) Arrhenius—Worked with acids and bases

4. Isotopic forms of the same element:

a) differ in the number of neutrons in the nucleus
b) are formed by gaining electrons
c) always have a positive charge
d) are found only in metals
e) have the same number of neutrons

5. Which of the following pairs illustrates the Law of Multiple Proportions?

a) SO2, SO3
b) CO2, CCl4
c) NaCl, NaBr
d) NH4Cl, NH4Br
e) SO2, CO2
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Unit 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

2.5 The modern view of Atomic Structure: An Introduction

Read and outline 2.5
Define
Protons

Neutrons

Isotopes

Atomic number

Atomic mass

Particle Mass Charge

What subatomic particles are found in the nucleus? What is the charge of the nucleus?

How would you write the symbol for element X with showing the atomic number (Z) and atomic mass (A)?
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Unit 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

Worksheet 2.02 Name______________________________

Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

Fill In the Chart

Element Symbol Atomic Atomic # of # of # of Charge

Number Mass Protons Neutrons Electrons
Unit
Te -2
33 42 +3
54
16 16 16
81 123 +1
Pt
U 92 +2
23 28 20
Y
35 36
15 31 -3
Carbon 8
Ti
Helium
Cr +6
19 18
65
84
75
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Unit 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

2.6 Molecules and Ions

Read and outline 2.6
Define
Chemical bonds

Covalent bonds

Molecule

Chemical formula

Structural formula

Ion

Cation

Anion

Ionic bonding

Ionic Solid

Polyatomic Ion

2.7 An Introduction to the Periodic Table

Read and outline 2.7
Define
Periodic Table

Metals

Nonmetals

Groups
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Unit 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

Families

Alkali metals

Alkaline earth metals

Halogens

Noble gases

Transition metals

Periods

2.8 Naming Simple compounds

Read and outline 2.8
Define
Binary compounds

Binary ionic compounds

Oxyanions

Binary covalent compounds

Acids
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Unit 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

Handout 2.A: Memorizing ions

Prefix or suffix Meaning Example
Hypo-, and -ite Lowest amount of oxygen two less Hypochlorite ClO1-
then –ate
-ite One less oxygen and -ate Chlorite ClO21-
-ate A common form containing oxygen Chlorate ClO31-
Per-, and -ate One more oxygen than -ate Perchlorate ClO41-
Thio- Replace oxygen with a sulfur Thiosulfate S2O32-
-ium A positive ion containing nitrogen Ammonium NH41+
and hydrogen
-ide Nonmetal from the periodic table Oxide O2-
Bi- Negation polyatomic ions that HSO41- bisulfate
have “captured” a hydrogen ion
di- Anion with two hydrogens Dihydrogen phosphate H2PO41-
CATIONS: ANIONS:
(positive ions formed by losing electrons) (negative ions formed by gaining electrons)

Aluminum Al3+ Acetate C2H3O21− Nitride N3-

Ammonium NH41+ Arsenate AsO43− Phosphide P3-
Bisulfate HSO41-
Barium Ba2+ Bromate BrO31− Bicarbonate HCO31-
Beryllium Be2+ Bromide Br1− Sulfite SO32−
Cadmium Cd2+ Bicarbonate HCO31− Thiocyanate SCN1−
Calcium Ca2+ Bisulfite HSO31− Thiosulfate S2O32−
Cesium Cs1+ Carbonate CO32−
Copper (I) Cu1+ Chlorate ClO31−
Copper (II) Cu2+ Chloride Cl1−
Francium Fr1+ Chlorite ClO21−
Hydrogen H1+ Chromate CrO42−
Iron (II) Fe2+ Cyanide CN1−
Iron (III) Fe3+ Dichromate Cr2O72−
Lead (II) Pb2+ Fluoride F1−
Lead (IV) Pb4+ Hydride H1−
Lithium Li1+ Hydroxide OH1−
Magnesium Mg2+ Hypochlorite ClO1−
Potassium K1+ Iodate IO31−
Radium Ra2+ Iodide I1−
Rubidium Rb1+ Nitrate NO31−
Silver Ag1+ Nitrite NO21−
Sodium Na1+ Oxalate C2O42−
Strontium Sr2+ Oxide O2−
Zinc Zn2+ Perchlorate ClO41−
Permanganate MnO41−
Phosphate PO43−
Phosphite PO33−
Silicate SiO32−
Sulfate SO42−
Sulfide S2−
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Unit 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

2.8 Notes
There are two major types of naming ionic and covalent naming. Ionic naming consists of group A and B metals.
Covalent naming consists of covalent and acid naming.

The easiest way to name is drawing two boxes around the element. The first box contains the first element, unless it is
the polyatomic ion NH4+1(this then goes in the box). The second box goes around everything else.

Follow the chart to figure out the type of naming you need to use:

Group A Metals
Elements with only one ion are group A naming. These elements consist of s block elements, p block metals minus Pb
and Sn, and including Ag, Cd, and Zn. Ammonium belongs in this group as well.

1. The cation is always named first and the anion second.

2. A monatomic cation takes its names from the name of the compounds
3. A monatomic anion is named by taking the root of the element name and adding –ide.
4. Polyatomic ions are assigned special names that must be memorized in order to name the compounds
containing them.

Sodium thiocyanide
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Unit 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

Name to formula for Group A ionic naming

Barium Fluoride
Barium has a +2 charge
Fluoride has a -1 charge
You need 2F to 1Ba to have a neutral atom
BaF2

Group B Metals
Elements with more than one ion are group B naming. These elements consist of both f and d blocks and Pb and Sn.
Cation (Roman Numeral) Anion

1. The cation is always named first.

2. The roman numeral is the charge of the cation. Place this in brackets after the cation.
3. The anion is named second.
4. A monatomic cation takes its names from the name of the compounds
5. A monatomic anion is named by taking the root of the element name and adding –ide.
6. Polyatomic ions are assigned special names that must be memorized in order to name the compounds
containing them.

FeCl3
Iron with a +3 charge
Chlorine with a -1 charge
Iron (III) Chloride

Name to formula for Group B ionic naming

Lead (IV) Oxide

Lead has a +4 charge
Oxygen has a -2 charge
You need 2 O for every 1 Pb
PbO2

Covalent Naming
Prefix before all elements except before the first element if it is one. The second element always change the ending to –
ide.
1. The first element in the formula is named first, using the full element name.
2. The second element is named as if it were an anion.
3. Prefixes are used to denote the numbers of atoms present.
4. The prefix mono- is never used for naming the first element.

1-mono 6-hexa
2-di 7-hepta
3-tri 8-octa
4-tetra 9-nona
5-penta 10-deca
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Unit 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

P4O10
Tetraphosphorus decoxide

Name to formula for covalent naming

Nitrogen Monoxide
NO

Dichloride heptaoxide
Cl2O7

Acid Naming
1. Write anion
2. You will need to conjugate based on the anion

If anion ends with:

-ide conjugate to Hydro- (Root word) –ic Acid
-ate conjugate to (Root word) –ic Acid
-ite conjugate to (Root word) –ous Acid

HCl
Chloride
Hydrochloric Acid

H2SO4
Sulfate
Sulfuric Acid

H3PO3
Phosphite
Phosphorous Acid

Name to formula for acid naming

Same as Metals
1. Name the cation (always H+)
2. Name the anion
3. cross the charges

Carbonic Acid
H+1 CO3-2
H2CO3
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Unit 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

Worksheet 2.03 Name______________________________

A Group naming

1. AlF3 _________________________________
2. Ba(ClO4)2 _________________________________
3. Li3PO4_________________________________
4. Ca(C2H3O2)2 _________________________________
5. K2CrO4_________________________________
6. (NH4)2SO4 _________________________________
7. Ag2S _________________________________
8. Ba3(PO4)2 _________________________________
9. SrSO3_________________________________
10. NaSCN _______________________________

11. Potassium Peroxide________________________

12. Aluminum Hydroxide ________________________
13. Zinc Nitrate________________________
14. Sodium Hypobromite ________________________
15. Magnesium Nitride________________________
16. Calcium Hydroxide________________________
17. Magnesium Bicarbonate________________________
18. Potassium Perchlorate ________________________
19. Sodium Iodide________________________
20. Calcium Nitrate ________________________
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Unit 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

Worksheet 2.04 Name______________________________

B Group Naming

1. Fe(OH)2_________________________________
2. Cu(NO3)2_________________________________
3. Hg2S _________________________________
4. Cr(CO3)3_________________________________
5. CoBr2_________________________________
6. SnI2_________________________________
7. Cr(NO3)3_________________________________
8. Pb3(PO4)4_________________________________
9. Cr(SO4)3_________________________________
10. Au(NO2)3_________________________________

11. Copper(I) Oxide _________________________________

12. Mercury(I) Bromide _________________________________
13. Iron(III) Carbonate_________________________________
14. Iron(II) Sulfite _________________________________
15. Chromium(III) Carbonate_________________________________
16. Copper(II) Acetate_________________________________
17. Lanthanium(III) Phosphide________________________________
18. Cobalt(II) Carbonate _________________________________
19. Gold(III) Perchlorate_________________________________
20. Nickel(II) Sulfide_________________________________
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Unit 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

Worksheet 2.05 Name______________________________

Nonmetal Naming

1. SO2_________________________________
2. PCl5_________________________________
3. N2O3 _________________________________
4. SiBr4 _________________________________
5. S2Cl2 _________________________________
6. SF6_________________________________
7. IF5_________________________________
8. XeO3 _________________________________
9. N2O4 _________________________________
10. P4S6_________________________________

11. Dinitrogen Monoxide_________________________________

12. Nitrogen Monoxide_________________________________
13. Sulfur Dichloride_________________________________
14. Nitrogen Trifluoride_________________________________
15. Tricarbon Octahydride_________________________________
16. Diphosphorous Pentoxide_________________________________
17. Phosphorous Trichloride _________________________________
18. Dicarbon Dihydride_________________________________
19. Hexacarbon Hexahydride _________________________________
20. Carbon Dioxide_________________________________
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Unit 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

Worksheet 2.06 Name______________________________

Acid Naming

1. HCl_________________________________
2. H2SO4 _________________________________
3. HClO4 _________________________________
4. H3PO4 _________________________________
5. HNO2 _________________________________
6. H3N _________________________________
7. H2CO3 _________________________________
8. HCN_________________________________
9. HBr _________________________________
10. HI _________________________________

11. Phosphorous Acid_________________________________

12. Hydrosulfuric Acid_________________________________
13. Hypochlorous Acid_________________________________
14. Sulfurous Acid_________________________________
15. Nitric Acid_________________________________
16. Hydrofluoric Acid_________________________________
17. Hydrophosphoric Acid_________________________________
18. Chloric Acid_________________________________
19. Acetic acid_________________________________
20. Iodic Acid_________________________________
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Unit 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

Worksheet 2.07 Name______________________________

Mixed Naming

1. Ammonium Acetate_________________________________
2. Gold(III) Bromide_________________________________
3. Dicarbon Hexahydride_________________________________
4. Beryllium Cyanide_________________________________
5. Carbonic Acid_________________________________
6. Silicon Dioxide_________________________________
7. Cesium Oxalate_________________________________
8. Copper(II) Hydroxide_________________________________
9. Bromic Acid_________________________________
10.Francium Permanganate_________________________________
11.Sodium Chloride_________________________________
12.Iodic Acid_________________________________
13.Lithium Silicate_________________________________
14.Lead(IV) Thiocyanate_________________________________
15.Nitrogen Trifluoride_________________________________
16.Dichloride Monoxide_________________________________
17.Vanadium(V) Thiosulfate_________________________________
18.Magnesium Phosphite_________________________________
19.Hydronitric Acid_________________________________
20.Silver Sulfate_________________________________
21.Tetraphosphorous Decasulfide____________________________
22.Zinc Iodate_________________________________
23.Chromium(VI) Bromate_________________________________
24.Cyanic Acid_________________________________
25.Tetraphosphorous Decoxide______________________________
 AP Chemsitry---Michalek 19
Unit 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

Worksheet 2.08 Name______________________________

Acid Naming
1. LiF_________________________________
2. HC2H3O2_________________________________
3. Hg2(NO3)2_________________________________
4. SnCO3_________________________________
5. CsBr_________________________________
6. C4H10_________________________________
7. Co(OH)2_________________________________
8. KMnO4_________________________________
9. HF_________________________________
10.SF4_________________________________
11.XeF4_________________________________
12.AgH2PO4_________________________________
13.NH3_________________________________
14.Cu(HCO3)2_________________________________
15.OCl_________________________________
16.CdCr2O7_________________________________
17.Co(CrO4)3_________________________________
18.H2CO3_________________________________
19.AuCN_________________________________
20.Mg(ClO3)2_________________________________
21.PtI4_________________________________
22.V(SCN)4_________________________________
23.PCl5_________________________________
24.ZnC2O4_________________________________
25.S2O3_________________________________