Professional Documents
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CONSTRUCTION
BY-
DIGVIJAY RAMTEKE
PRASHANT DEVDA
NEED OF HIGH RISE
BUILDING:
b) Friction Piles
- Pile transmit the load from the structure to the
penetrable soil by means of skin friction or cohession
between the soil & the embedded surface of the pile.
STRUCTURAL CONCERNS
The primary structural skeleton of a tall building can be
visualized as a vertical cantilever beam with its base fixed
in the ground. The structure has to carry the vertical
gravity loads and the lateral wind and earthquake loads.
Gravity loads are caused by dead and live loads. Lateral
loads tend to snap the building or topple it. The building
must therefore have adequate shear and bending
resistance and must not lose its vertical load-carrying
capability.
1)RIGID FRAME
A rigid frame in structural engineering is the load-resisting
skeleton constructed with straight or curved members
interconnected by mostly rigid connections which resist
movements induced at the joints of members. Its members
can take bending moment, shear, and axial loads.
Consist of columns and girders joined by moment resistant
connections.
Can build upto 20 to 25 floors
CHEUNG KONG
CENTRE
PROCEDURE :
• Assembly can only start
once the foundations are in
place and the wall starter is
in correct alignment.
• Slip form shuttering is
aligned with the help of
yokes.
• Horizontal crossbeams
connect these yokes.
• Hydraulic jacks are attached
to these crossbeams for
simultaneous upward
movement.
• Height of the slip form ranges from 1.1 to 1.5
meters.
• Yokes and crossbeams also used to support the
working platform.
• Structure should be rigid and shape maintained
at all times.
• Make sure there is no lag or else it prevents the
structure from free upward movement
• It is also possible to reduce wall thicknesses .
TYPES OF SLIP FORM CONSTRUCTION
1-VERTICAL SLIP-
FORM
In vertical slip forming, the
concrete form may be
surrounded by a platform on
which workers stand, placing
steel reinforcing rods into the
concrete and ensuring a smooth
pour.
Together, the concrete form and
working platform are raised by
means of hydraulic jacks.
Generally, the slip-form rises at a
rate which permits the concrete
to harden by the time it emerges
from the bottom of the form.
2- HORIZONTAL SLIP-FORM
In horizontal slip forming for pavement and traffic
separation walls, concrete is cast, vibrated, worked,
and settled in place while the form itself slowly moves
ahead. This method was initially devised and utilized
in Interstate Highway construction initiated during the
1950s.
• Slip form methods of construction can also be adapted to
horizontal structures and are used for paving, canals, and
tunneling.
• The technique is more in use for structures that have
continuous walls like silos , chimneys, and piers for very
tall bridges.
• It has also been successfully used for construction of
buildings, although this requires the manner of leaving
inserts for openings like doors and windows to be decided
well in advance, as well as also any necessary inserts to
support floor slabs after the walls are constructed.
3-TAPERED SLIP-FORMING
Slip-forming is also used in the construction of conical
chimneys, cooling towers, piers and other tall concrete
structures involving constant or changing thicknesses
in walls, diameters and/or shapes.
A form is used with sections which overlap so that one
gradually slides over the other.
This is commonly done in chimney construction but it is
not satisfactory for architectural concrete because the
lap shows.
While the tapered slip-forming process is similar to that
used on the standard slip-forming, it requires greater
attention, contractor experience and expertise ensures
the success of such projects.
ADVANTAGES:
• A major cost of concrete structure construction is the required
formwork to retain the concrete till it can be safely de-shuttered
and be able to support itself and other imposed loads.
• The formwork needs to be continually removed to newer
locations and then re-erected.
• Continuous use of manpower and lifting equipment like cranes.
• In the case of slip form building, the formwork is erected only
once and remains intact until the entire structure is completed.
• Great reduction in the cost of formwork as well as time saving
for re-erection.
• Cost effective
• The reduction in the movement of formwork and workers also
leads to far more safe working conditions that also make it a
major advantage.
PRECAUTIONS
• Concrete is continuously protected against loss of
moisture and rapid temperature changes for 7 days
• Unhardened concrete is protected from rain and
flowing water
• Prevent plastic shrinkage
• Plastic cracks are filled by injection of epoxy resin.
CAPITAL GATE-
ABUDHABI
BURJ KHALIFA
JUMP FORM
Generally, jump form systems
comprise the formwork and
working platforms for
cleaning/fixing of the formwork,
steel fixing and concreting.
Jump form, often described as
climbing form. It is suitable for
construction of multi-floor
vertical concrete elements in
high-rise structures, such as
shear walls, core walls, lift
shafts, stair shafts and bridge
pylons.
It is a highly productive system
designed to increase speed
and efficiency while minimizing
labor and time.
PROCESS EFFICIENCY-
Fast construction can be achieved by careful planning
of the construction process. Crane availability is critical
for normal jump form.
Self-climbing formwork cuts down the requirement for
crane time considerably. By allowing the crane to be
used for other construction work this may reduce the
total number of cranes needed on site.
The formwork is independently supported, so the shear
walls and core walls can be completed ahead of the rest
of the main building structure. This can help to provide
stability to the main structure during its construction
and can have the beneficial effect of taking the jump
form core off the project critical path.
SAFETY.
Working platforms, guard rails, and ladders are built into the
completed units of market-leading formwork systems. Complete
wind-shield protection on platform edges is also possible.
Self-climbing formwork systems are provided with integral free-fall
braking devices.
The completed formwork assembly is robust and provides a stable
working platform.
The reduced use of scaffolding and temporary work platforms
results in less congestion on site.
The setting rate of concrete in those parts of the structure supporting
the form is critical in determining the rate at which construction can
safely proceed.
The repetitive nature of the work means that site operatives can
quickly become familiar with health and safety aspects of their job.
Formwork suppliers provide materials and resources to help train
the labour force.
SUSTAINABILITY FEATURES
The formwork system is easy to clean and reuse with
little formwork waste generated compared to traditional
formwork.
Climbing formwork systems offer simplicity, safety and
cost effectiveness for certain high-rise building
structures.
The repetitive nature of the work, combined with the
engineered nature of the formwork, allows fine tuning
of the construction operations, which in turn leads to
minimal concrete wastage.
Many repeated uses of formwork are possible
before maintenance or replacement is needed,
the number of uses depending on the quality of
the surface finish of concrete specified
CLIMB FORM
CONSTRUCTION
It is an economical, rapid and
accurate method of constructing
reinforced concrete, or post-tensioned
concrete structures.
At its most basic level, slipforming is a
type of movable formwork which is
slowly raised, allowing the continuous
extrusion of concrete.
Types of climbing form
Climbing formwork is a special type formwork for
vertical concrete structures that rises with the building process.
While relatively complicated and costly, it can be an effective
solution for buildings that are either very repetitive in form (such as
towers or skyscrapers) or that require a seamless wall structure
(using gliding formwork, a special type of climbing formwork).
Various types of climbing formwork exist, which are either relocated
from time to time, or can even move on their own (usually on
hydraulic jacks, required for self-climbing and gliding formworks).
Fig.- Climbing formwork on a future residential skyscraper
in New Zealand—the whole white upperstructure is actually
formwork and associated working facilities.
Types…
Climbing formwork (crane-
climbing): in this type of
climbing formwork, the
formwork around the
is displaced upwards with the
help of one or more cranes
.once the hardening of the
Crane-Climbing formwork:
The working platform and
the formwork are a unit
Climbing formwork (self-climbing): In this type of
the structure elevates itself with the help of mechanic leverage
equipment (usually hydraulic). To do this, it is usually fixed to
sacrificial cones or rails emplaced in the previously cast
concrete.
Gliding formwork: This type of formwork is similar to the
climbing type above. However, the climbing process is
continuous instead of intermittent, and is usually only
interrupted for a very short time (for example to fix the
mounting mechanisms to new anchoring points). The
advantage is that it will produce seamless structures, but it
requires a continuous, uninterrupted process throughout, with
serious potential quality and stability problems if the pour has
to be stopped
TABLE FORM/FLYNG FORM
A table form/flying form is a large pre-
assembled formwork and falsework
unit, often forming a complete bay of
suspended floor slab.
It offers mobility and quick installation
for construction projects with regular
plan layouts or long repetitive
structures, so is highly suitable for flat
slab, and beam and slab layouts.
Table form and flying form is routinely used for:
Residential flats
Hotels
Hostels
Offices
Commercial buildings
BENEFITS
• Tower crane
• Concrete pump
• Protection screen
• Plumb lazer
• Platforms, chute and lifts
Climbing Tower Cranes