6.

0 Critical Engineering Analysis

6.1 System Part Selection

For this project, the most ideal system parts has been selected to optimized its performance. The
selection is considered based on some criterias that need to be fullfilled. There are three important
parts that has been choosen. Below are the finalized part for the system:

Part Product Price

Solar panel Jinko Solar Panel JKM265P-60 RM838.67 per unit
Inverter Magnum Energy MS4448PAE RM2255.20 per unit
Inverter
Wire SolarPower-Mart: Solar Cable RM6.00 per meter

6.1.1 Solar panel Selection

For solar panel selection, several product was compared. A few module from Jinko Solar products are
compared to each other. JKM265P is selected due to its high effeciency. It can generates up to 265W
under standart test condition (STC). The solar panel is durable against extreme environmental conditios
and severe weather resilience. It is equipped with advanced glass and solar cell surface texturing allow
for excellent performance in low-light environment. The detail of product is stated as below:

Specification
Module Type JKM245P JKM250P JKM255P JKM260P JKM265P
STC NOCT STC NOCT STC NOTC STC NOTC STC NOTC
Max 245W 181W 250W 184W 255W 189W 260W 193W 265W 197W
Power(Pmax)
Max Power 30.1V 27.8V 30.5V 28.0V 30.8V 28.5V 31.1V 28.7V 31.4V 29.0V
Voltage(Vmp)
Max Power 8.14A 6.50A 8.20A 6.56A 8.28A 6.63A 8.37A 6.71A 8.44A 6.78A
Current(Imp)
Open-Circuit 37.5 34.8V 37.7V 34.9V 38.0V 35.2V 38.1V 35.2V 38.6V 35.3V
Voltage(Voc)
Short-Circuit 8.76 7.16A 8.85A 7.21A 8.92A 7.26A 8.98A 7.31A 9.03A 7.36A
Current(Isc)
Module 14.97% 15.27% 15.58% 15.89% 16.19%
effeciency
STC(%)
Operating -400C~+850C
Temperature(0c)
Maximum 1000VDC(IEC)
System Voltage
Max Series Fuse 15A
Rating
Power 0~+3%
Tolerance
Temperature -0.41%/0C
Coefficient of
Pmax
Temperature -0.31%/0C
Coefficient of
Voc
Temperature 0.06%/0C
Coefficient of
Isc
Nominal 45±20C
Operating Cell
Temperature
(NOCT)

Mechanical Characteristic
Cell Type Poly-crystalline 156x156mm (6inch)
No. Of Cell 60 (6x10)
Dimensions 1650 x 992 x 40mm (65 x 39.05 x 1.57 inch)
Weight 19.0kg (41.9lbs)
Front Glass 3.2mm, High Transmission, Low Iron, Temepered Glass
Frame Anodized Aluminium Alloy
Junction Box IP67 Rated
Output Cables TUV 1x4.0mm2: 900mm or Customized Length
Engineering Drawing of Solar Panel
Electrical Performance and Temperature Dependence
6.1.2 Inverter Selection

The MS-PAE 120/240V Series Inverter from Sensata Technologies is a pure sine wave inverter designed
specifically for the most demanding renewable energy applications. The MS-PAE Series is powerful,
easy-to-use, and best of all, cost effective. The unique design of the MS-PAE Series can provide 120 and
240 volts output in one unit, eliminating the need to stack two units together to get 240 volts. PFC
charger is built into all of the inverter chargers. It uses less energy from a generator than a standard
charger – using 25-30% less AC current than standard chargers.

MS4024PAE MS4448PAE
Inverter Specifications
Input battery voltage range 18-34 VDC 36-64 VDC
Nominal AC output voltage 120/240 VAC split phase (±50%) 120/240 VAC split phase (±5%)
Output frequency and accuracy 60 Hz ± 0.1 Hz 60 Hz ± 0.1 Hz
Total harmonic Distortion (THD) < 5% < 5%
1 msec surge current (amps AC) Line-Neutral: 120, Line-line: 70 Line-Neutral: 120, Line-line: 70
100 msec surge current (amps Line-Neutral: 75, Line-line: 40 Line-Neutral: 75, Line-line: 40
AC)
5 sec surge power (real watts) 5800 8500
30 sec surge power (real watts) 5200 6000
5 min surge power (real watts) 4800 5400
30 min surge power (real watts) 4500 4800
Continuous power output at 4000 VA (L-L) 4400 VA (L-L)
25C
Maximum continuous input 266 A 144 ADC
current
Inverter efficiency (peak) 93% 94%
Transfer time 16 msecs 16 msecs
Search mode (typical) <6 watts <6 watts
No load (120VAC output, 27 watts 25 watts
typical)
Waveform Pure Sine wave Pure Sine wave
Charger Specifications
Continuous output at 250c 105 ADC 60 ADC
Charger effeciency 85% 85%
Power factor >.95 >.95
Input current at rated output 15 AAC per leg at 120/240 VAC 17.5 AAC per leg at 120/240 VAC
(AC amps) split phase split phase
General Features and Capabilities
Transfer relay capability 2 legs at 30A per leg transfer standard on all models
Five stage charging capability Bulk, Absorb, Float, Equalize (requires remote), and Battery Saver™
Battery temperature Yes, 15 ft Battery Temp Sensor standard
compensation
Internal cooling 0 to 120 cfm variable speed drive using dual 92mm brushless DC
fans
Overcurrent protection Yes, with two overlapping circuits
Overtemperature protection Yes on transformer, MOSFETS, and battery
Corrosion protection Yes, PCB’s conformal coated, powder coated chassis/top, and
stainless steel fasteners
Listings ETL Listed to ANSI / UL1741, 1st edition, and CSA STD C22.2
No.107.1-01
Warranty Three years parts and labor (five years when installed on MMP or
MP system)
Environmental Specifications
Temperature (Operating/Non- -200c to +600c (-40F to 1400F) to -400c to +700c (-400F to 1580F)
operating)
Operating humidity 0 to 95% RH non-condensing
Physical Specifications
Dimensions (l x w x h) 13.75’’ x 12.65’’ x 8.0’’ (34.9cm x 32.1cm x 20.3cm)
Mounting Shelf, wall (no vents on bottom), MP or MMP panels
Weight 55 lb (24.9kg) 55 lb (24.9kg)
Shipping weight 62 lb (28.2kg) 63 lb (29.6kg)
Max operating altitude 15,000’ (4570m)
6.1.3 Wire Selection

The 4mm square single-core solar cable is specifically designed for connecting photovoltaic system
components permanently. The cable is made of electron-beam cross-linked insulation and coating which
gives a high resistance against heat, cold, oil, abrasion, ozone, UV and the weather. In case of fire the
cable omits low levels of smoke is halogen free and flame retardant. It is flexible, easy to strip and has a
space saving outer diameter. It cost to RM6.00 per meter only.
6.2 Panel Selection

6.2.1 to determine module number

Step 1

Use installation length wise-across:

2
No. of module, Nacross-up = = 2.02 = 2 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒
0.992

72
No. of module, Nacross = = 43.6 = 44 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠
1.65

Nacross-up x Nacross 44 𝑥 2 = 88 𝑥 (4 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎) = 352 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠

Step 2

Use installation length wise-up:

2
No. of module, Nacross-up = = 1.21 = 1 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠
1.65

72
No. of module, Nacross = = 72.6 = 73 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠
0.992

Nacross-up x Nacross = 73 𝑥 1 = 73 𝑥 (4 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎) = 292 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠

From the calculation, we use the configuration that has the maximum number module has been
chosen at rooftop of Masjid Uniten which is 44 modules (series) x 2 modules (parallel).
Step 1

Use installation length wise-across:

2
No. of module, Nacross-up = = 2.02 = 2 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒
0.992

55
No. of module, Nacross = = 33.3 = 33 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠
1.65

Nacross-up x Nacross 33 𝑥 2 = 66 𝑥 (2 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎) = 132 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠

Step 2

Use installation length wise-up:

2
No. of module, Nacross-up = = 1.21 = 1 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠
1.65

55
No. of module, Nacross = = 55.4 = 55 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠
0.992

Nacross-up x Nacross = 55 𝑥 1 = 55 𝑥 (2 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎) = 110 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠

Step 1

Use installation length wise-across:

2
No. of module, Nacross-up = = 2.02 = 2 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒
0.992

102
No. of module, Nacross = = 61.8 = 62 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠
1.65

Nacross-up x Nacross 62 𝑥 2 = 124 𝑥 (2 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎) = 248 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠

Step 2

Use installation length wise-up:

2
No. of module, Nacross-up = = 1.21 = 1 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠
1.65

102
No. of module, Nacross = = 102.8 = 103 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠
0.992

Nacross-up x Nacross = 103 𝑥 1 = 103 𝑥 (2 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎) = 206 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠

From the calculation, we concluded that the maximum number module has been chosen at two
level of rooftop Masjid Uniten which is 44 modules (series) x 2 modules (parallel), 33 modules
(series) x 2 modules (parallel) and 62 modules (series) x 2 modules (parallel). Therefore, total of
modules that required at two level of rooftop Masjid Uniten is 352 modules + 132 modules + 248
modules = 732 modules.

Figure 1 Condition of rooftop Masjid Uniten

Assumptions:
 Area is free from shading

 Average daily max ambient temperature is 31ºC

 Allow 5 % derating for voltage mismatch and manufacturer’s tolerance

 Allow dirt derating of 3%

 Inverter efficiency is about 95%

 Allow total voltage drop of 2%

From data sheet:

 Rated power of each PV module at STC = 265W.

 Therefore total array power at STC, Parray_stc= 265 x 732 = 193.98 kWp

 𝛾 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝 is -0.41 %/°C

 STC is at 1 kW/m2 and 25 °C

 Tcell.eff = Ta.day + 25 °C
6.2.2 Calculate the Parray

Parray = Pa.STC x fmm x ftemp x fdirt

fmm = 0.95(5%)

fdirt = 0.97(3%)

ftemp = 1 – (𝛾 x (Tcell.eff - Tstc))

0.41
= 1 − (( ) 𝑥 ((31 + 25) − 25)) = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝟐𝟗
100

Parray = 193.98 kWp x 0.95 x 0.97 x 0.8729

Parray = 156.03 kW

6.2.3 Average Yearly Output

Epv = Parray × Htilt

Parray = 156.03 kW
Htilt = 1,487 kWh/m2 (irradiation at Bangi)
Epv = 156.03 x 1487
= 232,017 kWh per annum
Efficiency of the System

ηpv-inv = 98%
ηinv = 95%
ηpvss = ηpv-inv×ηinv
= 98% x 95% = 93.1%

Annual Output of PV System

Ereal = Epv×ηpvss
Ereal = 232,017 kWh per annum x 0.931
= 216007.83 kWh per annum

= 591.8 kWh per day