Summarizing a Reading Text

Directions: Read the following reading selections and write a summary

Selection 1:
Charles Darwin
Charles Darwin was born in 1809 in Shrewsbury, England. He was a biologist
whose famous theory of evolution is important to philosophy for the effect it has
had on ideas relating to the nature of men. After many years of careful study,
Darwin attempted to show that higher species came into existence as a result of the
gradual transformation of lower species, and that the process of transformation
could be explained through the selective effect of the natural environment upon
organisms. He concluded that the principles of natural selection and survival of the
fittest govern all life. Darwin’s explanation of these principles is that because of
the food supply problem, the young of any species compete for survival. Those
young that survive to produce the next generation tend to embody favorable natural
changes that are passed on by heredity. His major work that contained these
theories is On the Origin of the Species, written in 1859. Many religious opponents
condemned this work.

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Summary
Charles Darwin the biologist who propose the theory of evolution has shaped
our understanding of the process of evolution of men. He believed that the
complex species has been transformed from the lower species. He has
conclude that the priciples of natural selection and survival of the fittest is
apply all life, the young species must survive to pass it traits and heredity.
However many of the religios people is against this.
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Selection 2:
Alternative Medicine
Alternative medicine is, by definition, an alternative to something else: modern,
Western medicine. But the term ‘alternative’ can be misleading, even off-putting
for some people. Few practitioners of homeopathy, acupuncture, herbalism and the
like regard their therapies as complete substitutes for modern medicine. Rather,
they consider their disciplines as supplementary to orthodox medicine. The
problem is that many doctors refuse even to recognize ‘natural’ or alternative
medicine, to do so calls for a radically different view of health, illness and cure.
But whatever doctors may think, the demand for alternative forms of medical
therapy is stronger than ever before, as the limitations of modern medical science
become more widely understood.
Alternative therapies are often dismissed by orthodox medicine because they are
sometimes administered by people with no formal medical training. But, in
comparison with many traditional therapies, western medicine as we know it today
is a very recent phenomenon. Until only 150 years ago, herbal medicine and simple
inorganic compounds were the most effective treatments available. Despite the
medical establishment’s intolerant attitude, alternative therapies are being accepted
by more and more doctors, and the World Health Organization has agreed to
promote the integration of proven, valuable, ‘alternative’ knowledge and skills in
western medicine.

Summary
Alternative medicine is been a very big miss conception among large group of
people. Even some doctors also refuse to regonize about the alternative
medicine. But alternative therapies, medicine, is very effective date back 150
years ago. However it's being accpeted more and more each day, even the
world health organization also promote it.

Selection 3:
Body Tissues, Organs, and Systems
Tissue consists of millions of cells that are grouped together to perform a
specific function in the body. Muscle tissue, for example, is one particular type of
tissue. It consists of millions of threadlike muscle cells. In addition to muscle
tissue, there are three other basic types of tissue: nerve, epidermal (skin), and
connective tissue.
Organs are composed of different types of tissues that work together to carry
out a specific body function. For instance, the heart is an organ that consists of
muscle tissue, connective tissue, and nerve tissue. Because these tissues work
together, the organ of the heart is able to pump and circulate blood throughout the
body. Other examples of organs are the eyes, liver, and kidneys. The skin is the
largest organ of the body.
Systems consist of organs that work together. The systems of the body
include the digestive system, nervous system, skeletal system (bones), muscular
system, respiratory system (breathing), endocrine system (glands), excretory
system (waste removal), reproductive system, and circulatory system.
The organs that work together as the digestive system are the mouth, gullet,
stomach, and intestines. Together the brain, spinal cord, and nerves throughout the
body function as the nervous system.

Summary
Cells builds up everything in our body. It start with a group of same type of
millions of millions of cell that comes together to form tissue, so they can
perform specific function within the body. Then the tissue become organs
which is then develop into a system doing different things. There are many
system in our body, for example cardiovascular which pump the blood and
exchange gases.

Selection 4:
The Functions of Emotions

Imagine what it would be like if we didn’t experience emotion— no depths

of despair, no depression, no remorse, but at the same time no happiness, joy, or
love. Obviously, life would be considerably less satisfying, and even dull, if we
lacked the capacity to sense and express emotion.
 But do emotions serve any purpose beyond making life interesting? Indeed
they do. Psychologists have identified several important functions that emotions
play in our daily lives. Emotions prepare us for action.
Emotions act as a link between events in our environment and our responses.
For example, if we saw an angry dog charging toward us, the emotional reaction
(fear) would be associated with the activation of the “fight or-flight” response. This
prepares us for emergency action, which presumably would get us out of the dog’s
way—quickly.
Emotions shape our future behavior. Emotions promote learning that will
help us make appropriate responses in the future. For example, the emotional
response that occurs when we experience something unpleasant—such as a
threatening dog— teaches us to avoid similar circumstances in the future. In the
same way, pleasant emotions act as positive reinforcement for prior behavior and
therefore may lead an individual to seek similar situations in the future.
Emotions help us interact more effectively with others. We often
communicate the emotions we experience through our verbal and nonverbal
behaviors, making our emotions obvious to observers. These behaviors can act as a
signal to observers, allowing them to understand better what we are experiencing
and predict our future behavior. In turn, this promotes more effective and
appropriate social interaction.

Summary
Emotion shape us in many ways, one of them is to help us to react under different
circumstances. Emotions also shape our future behavior how we will act toward
the same things and what we have learned from. Last but not least its also help us
to communicate, interact, with others people. When we talk we reflect our emotion
in our words making it obvious to the listener, allowing them to better understand
our words.