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ME 401A

ENERGY SYSTEMS-II
Instructor: Prof. S. Sarkar

Assignment on Prerequisites
Last Date of Submission: 5th Feb, 2018

1. Elements of fluid kinematics:

a. What is a fluid? Define streamline, streakline, pathline and timelines with proper examples
and sketches.

b. A two dimensional unsteady flow has the velocity components:

x y
u ,v
1 t 1  2t

Find the equation for the streamlines of this flow which passes through the point (x0,y0) at the
time t=0.

c. Check whether the two-dimensional flow field given by V=2x3yi-3x2y2j is irrotational.

2. Basic conservation Laws:

a. Consider the streamtube element shown in the figure below. Show that, for a frictionless flow
with negligible body forces, the momentum equation can be written as,

V V 1 p
V  0
t s  s

b. For a steady incompressible flow, integrate the same relation between two arbitrary stations 1
and 2 to obtain the Bernoulli's equation. Express the terms as a certain height of fluid columns or
"heads" and explain each term. Note that the elevation head does not appear in the present form
of the equation. Why?

c. For the problem above, apply the first law of thermodynamics between stations 1 and 2. Show
that with a number of simplifying assumptions, the energy equation too reduces to the same
Bernoulli's equation. List all the necessary assumptions. Show the details of your work in a step
by step manner.

3. Integral conservation of mass, momentum and energy

a. An incompressible flow is squeezed outwards between two large parallel circular disks by
uniform downward motion with velocity V0 of the upper disk, as shown in the figure below. The
bottom disk is fixed. Assuming one dimensional radial outflow, derive an expression for V(r) in
terms of h.

b. A large tank is mounted on rollers, as shown in the figure below. A water jet discharges into
the tank at the rate of 10 kg/s with a velocity of 25 m/s. Calculate the force Fx necessary to (i)
hold the tank stationary and (b) Allow it to move to the left with a steady velocity of 3 m/s.

c. Air at 80 kPa, 27oC, and 220 m/s enters a diffuser at a rate of 2.5 kg/s and leaves at 42oC. The
exit area of the diffuser is 400 cm2. The air is estimated to lose heat at a rate of 18 kJ/s during the
process. Determine (a) the exit velocity and (b) the exit pressure of the gas.
4. Viscous Flows

a. A disk rotates steadily inside a disk-shaped container filled with oil of viscosity µ. Assume
linear velocity profiles with no slip and neglect stress on the outer edges of the disk. Find a
formula for the torque M required to drive the disk.

b. Equal layers of two immiscible fluids are being shared between a moving and a fixed plate.
Assuming linear velocity profiles, find an expression for the interface velocity as a function of V,
µ1, µ2.

5. Control volume approach

a. For laminar flow in the entrance to a pipe, as shown in the figure below, the inlet flow is
uniform, u=U0, and the flow downstream is parabolic in profile, u(r)= C(r02-r2). Using integral
analysis, show the viscous drag exerted on the pipe walls between 0 and x is given by

 1 
D  r02  p 0  p x  U 02 
 3 
b. When the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) measured the lift and drag
on airfoil models in the 1930s and 40s in their specially designed airfoil wind tunnel at the
Langley Aeronautical Laboratory, they made wings that spanned the entire test section, with the
wing tips butted against the two side-walls of the tunnel. This was done to ensure that the flow
over each airfoil section of the wing was essentially two-dimensional (no wing-tip effects). Such
an arrangement prevented measuring the lift and drag with a force balance. Instead, using a Pitot
tube, the NACA obtained the drag by measuring the velocity distribution behind the wing in a
plane perpendicular to the plane of the wing, i.e., the Pitot tube, located a fixed distance
downstream of the wing, traversed the height from the top to the bottom of the test section.
Using a control volume approach, derive a formula for the drag per unit span on the model as a
function of the integral of the measured velocity distribution. For simplicity, assume
incompressible flow.

c. In the same tests described in the previous problem , the NACA measured the lift per unit span
by measuring the pressure distribution in the flow direction on the top and bottom walls of the
wind tunnel. Using a control volume approach, derive a formula for the lift per unit span as a
function of the integral of these pressure distributions.

6. Boundary Layer Theory

a. Starting from the Navier-Stokes equations, derive the Prandtl's boundary layer equations for
2D incompressible flow. State the assumptions clearly. How is the pressure at the wall can be
estimated? Define displacement and momentum thickness. What is shape factor?

b. What is flow separation? Define separation location. State and explain the necessary and
sufficient conditions for flow separation. A separated boundary layer profile is given by

u y
 a  b  c 2  d 3 ,  
U 
Specify proper boundary conditions for the separated profile and hence find the value of the
constants. Plot the non-dimensional profile. Also calculate the shape factor at separation.
c. For flow past a cylinder, plot Cd vs Re for 10-1<Re<107 and explain the nature of the curve
with proper justification.

7. Simple Exact Solutions of Navier Stokes Equations/ Boundary Layer Equations

a. Consider laminar, steady flow of an incompressible fluid past an infinite flat plate, which is
slightly porous. In this case the boundary layer does not grow with distance along the plate but
u
remains constant so that  0 . Simplify governing equations and apply appropriate boundary
x
conditions to show that

u v y
 1  exp 0 
U   
where v0 is the suction velocity at the plate.

b. Find the displacement and momentum thickness.

c. Find the drag on one side of the plate of length L. justification.

7. Compressible flows

a. The reading of a pitot tube at a certain point in a Mach 2.35 flow is 3 atm. What is the static
pressure at this point.

b. Calculate the maximum surface pressure (in SI units) that can be achieved on the forward face
of a wedge shaped front of an aircraft flying at Mach 3.5 at standard sea level conditions with an
attached shock wave.

c. Outlet area of a de-Laval nozzle is thrice the throat area. If there is a normal shock wave
standing in the divergent section where the area is twice the throat area calculate the ratio of
outlet to inlet pressure.

8. Heat Transfer

a. Consider the flow of air which has a freestream temperature of 0oC over a flat plate that is kept
at a temperature of 30oC. If the Reynolds number based on the length of the plate is low enough
for the flow in the boundary to be considered laminar and if the freestream Mach number is 0.9,
find whether heat is being transferred to or from the plate.

b. Consider two vertical flat plates, both of which have a uniform surface temperature. These
surfaces are exposed to stagnant air at a temperature of 20oC. One surface has a height of 0.2m
and a surface temperature of 75oC. The other surface has a height of 0.4 m. Under what
conditions will the natural convective flows over the two surfaces will be similar and what will
be the ratio of the mean heat transfer rates from the two surfaces?

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