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The flow rate necessary to deliver the full output of the heat source at a specific temperature
drop can be found using equation below:
Q = H / (8.01 x ρ x c x ▲T)
Where:
• 8.01 = a constant
In small to medium size hydronic systems, the product of (8.01 x ρ x c) can be taken as 500 for
water, 479 for 30% glycol, and 450 for 50% glycol. The total heat removed by air condition
chilled-
water installation can thus be expressed as
H = 500 x Q x ▲T
Where
Qe = Htons x 24 / T
Where
Qc = Htons x 30 / ▲T
Where
CONDENSATE GENERATION
Condensate generation in an air condition system where specific humidity before and after are
known can be expressed as
Where
• Q air = Air Flow Rate through the air-handling unit cooling c oil (Cu-ft / minute)
• W Lb = Specific Humidity diff. between inlet and outlet of air stream across coil (lb-H2O per
lb of dry air)
• W GR = Specific Humidity diff. between inlet and outlet of air stream acros s coil (Gr. H2O per
lb of dry air)
The volumetric flow rate in a heating system can be expressed by the basic equation:
Q = H / (Cp x ρ x ▲T)
Where
• ρ = density (lb/ft3 )
The basic equation can be expressed for water with temperature 600F flow rate as:
Or
Q = h / (500 x ▲T)
Where
For more exact volumetric flow rates for hot water the properties of hot water should be used.
Water Mass Flow Rate Water mas s flow can be express ed as:
Where
One small calorie is approximately 4.2 joules (so one large calorie is
about 4.2 kilojoules). The factor used to convert calories to joules at a
given temperature is numerically equivalent to the specific heat capacity of
water expressed in joules per kelvin per gram or per kilogram.
The volute of a centrifugal pump is the casing that receives the fluid being pumped by the impeller,
slowing down the fluid's rate of flow. A volute is a curved funnel that increases in area as it
approaches the discharge port.[1] The volute converts kinetic energy into pressure by reducing speed
while increasing pressure, helping to balance the hydraulic pressure on the shaft of the pump.[2]
Pipe sizing guide based on 10' Head loss/100' of pipe (Old steel pipe C = 100 )
1-1/2" = 30
1/2" = 2 GPM 4" = 320 GPM
GPM
3/4" = 5 GPM 2" = 50 GPM 5" = 600 GPM
2-1/2" = 90
1" = 10 GPM 6" = 900 GPM
GPM
1-1/4" = 20
3" = 160 GPM 8" = 2000 GPM
GPM
These figures are based on a 100 ft run in steel pipe. In most cases the flow rates will be
better.
Worked Example
Design/size the chilled-water pipe for an AHU of capacity 50 tons (176 KW).
[5] Insulation:-
Thermal Conductivity = 0.023 W/mK
Min. Thickness = 7.70 mm
Surface Temp = 23.37 oC
---------------------------------------
Recommended min. thickness = 19.70 mm
Surface Temp = 26.10 oC
Inputs:
water horsepower (WHP)
3.1
horsepower
42
foot
Calculate
Conversions:
water horsepower (WHP)
= 3.1
horsepower
= 3.1
horsepower
= 42
foot
= 42
foot
Solution:
flow rate or discharge (Q)
= 292.28571428571
gallon/minute
Other Units:
= 0.0184403631192
meter^3/second
= 66385307.22912
cc/hour
= 18440.3631192
centimeter^3/second
= 66385307.22912
centimeter^3/hour
= 11064.217871498
deciliter/minute
= 39.072916666667
foot^3/minute
= 0.65121527777778
foot^3/second
= 292.28571428571
gallon/minute
= 1593247.373922
liter/day
= 1106.4217849392
liter/minute
= 18.4403631192
liter/second
= 1593.2473734953
meter^3/day
= 1.1064217871498
meter^3/minute
= 66385307.22912
milliliter/hour
= 1106421.787152
milliliter/minute
Change Equation
Select to solve for a different unknown
Water Horsepower
Solve for water horsepower
Where
WHP = water horsepower
Q = flow rate or discharge
H = total head
n = pump efficiency
g = acceleration of gravity
References - Books:
1) P. Aarne Vesilind, J. Jeffrey Peirce and Ruth F. Weiner. 1994. Environmental
Engineering. Butterworth Heinemann. 3rd ed.
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By Jimmy Raymond
Contact: aj@ajdesigner.com
Copyright 2002-2015
Tel: 1-925-
INDUSTRIAL PROCESS INSTRUMENTS 706-7433
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QUICK ESTIMATE FORMULAS Request Quote
HP =
HP =
HP
(horizontal)
F = Force (lbs)
V = Velocity (ft/min)
TORQUE FORMULAS
T= HP x 5252
T = Torque (LbFt)
Where HP = Horsepower
N = Speed (rpm)
T= FxR
T = Torque (LbFt)
Where F = Force (Lbs)
R = Radius (Ft)
308 x t (Sec)
Ta = Torque (LbFt)
WK2 = Inertia at Motor Shaft (LbFt)2
t = Time to Accelerate (Sec)
Where
Note:
To change LbFt2 to InLbSec2, Divide by
2.68
To change InLbSec2 to LbFt2, Mult. by
2.68
AC MOTOR FORMULAS
Sync Speed
Freq x 120
=
Number of Poles
Sync Speed
(Reduction Ratio)2
Pressure
What is the head pressure of water per foot?
1 foot of water = 0.433 pounds per square inch pressure.
2.31 feet of water = 1 pound per square inch pressure.
A PSI to Feet Scale illustrates a scale for converting units of pressure and head.
Pounds per square inch absolute (psia) is used to make it clear that the pressure is
relative to a vacuum rather than the ambient atmospheric pressure. Since atmospheric
pressure at sea level is around 14.7 psi, this will be added to any pressure reading made
in air at sea level.
How many meter of head in 1 pounds per square inch? The answer is 0.703249614902.
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PUMPS
Definition of NPSH
The margin of pressure over vapor pressure, at the pump suction nozzle, is Net Positive Suction
Head (NPSH). NPSH is the difference between suction pressure (stagnation) and vapor pressure.
In equation form:
NPSH = Ps - Pvap
Where:
NPSH = NPSH available from the system, at the pump inlet, with the pump running
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Ps = Stagnation suction pressure, at the pump inlet, with the pump running
Pvap = Vapor pressure of the pumpage at inlet temperature
Since vapor pressure is always expressed on the absolute scale, suction pressure must also be in
absolute terms. In U.S. customary units, both pressures must be in psia. Gauge pressure is
converted to absolute pressure by adding atmospheric pressure. In equation form:
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h = 2.31p/SG
Where:
h = Head, feet
p = Pressure, psi
It should also be noted that the velocity head is normally quite small, relative to the NPSH, so it
can usually be ignored.
Units of NPSH
For centrifugal pumps, NPSH values are expressed in units of specific energy (equivalent
column height) such as feet or meters. For displacement pumps (rotary and reciprocating), NPSH
values are normally expressed in pressure units such as pounds per square inch (psi), kilopascals,
or bars.
NPSH values are neither gauge pressures nor absolute pressures. The g in psig means that the
pressure is measured above atmospheric pressure. The a in psia means that the pressure is
measured above absolute zero, a perfect vacuum. NPSH is a measurement of pressure above
vapor pressure, so the units of NPSH (in the U.S.) are just psi or feet.
Pumps:
Different Types of Pumps – Positive Displacement Pumps
Positive Displacement Pumps
Positive Displacement pumps are generally used for specialist applications such as for pumping viscous liquids
or liquids that contain suspended or fragile solids. These pumps are typically not capable of such a high flow
rate as say, a centifrugal pump, but they are capable of producing much higher pressures.
Principle of Operation
A positive displacement pump makes a fluid move by trapping a fixed amount of the fluid and forcing
(displacing) that trapped volume into a discharge pipe or discharge system.
Some positive displacement pumps use an expanding cavity on the suction side and a decreasing cavity on the
discharge side. Liquid flows into the pump as the cavity on the suction side expands and the liquid flows out of
the discharge as the cavity collapses. The volume remains constant through each cycle of pump operation.
Positive Displacement pumps do not use impellers, but rely on rotating or reciprocating parts to directly push
the liquid in an enclosed cavity, until enough pressure is built up to move the liquid into the discharge system.
The pump does not rely on raising the velocity of the fluid as the centrifugal pump does by moving the liquid
through the impeller. Consequently, the fluid velocity inside a positive displacement pump is much lower than
that of a centrifugal pump. This is often a desirable feature for certain applications, such as when needing to
pump a media containing fragile solids.
Pump Characteristics
Positive displacement pumps, unlike centifrugal or roto-dynamic pumps can theoretically produce the same
flow at a given speed (RPM) no matter what the discharge pressure. Therefore, positive displacement pumps
can be regarded as constant flow devices. However, a slight increase in internal leakage as the pressure
increases can prevent a truly constant flow rate.
In application, a positive displacement pump must not be allowed to operate against a closed valve on the
discharge side of the pump, because it has no shutoff head like a centrifugal pump. With the pump operating
against a closed discharge valve, it will continue to produce flow and the pressure in the discharge line will
increase until the pipeline can either fracture or the pump can become severely damaged, or both.
To prevent this, a relief or safety valve on the discharge side of the positive displacement pump is therefore
often necessary. This relief valve can be positioned either internally or externally to the pump. The pump
manufacturer normally has the option to supply internal relief or safety valves. An internal valve is usually
only used as a safety precaution, but an external relief valve in the discharge line, with a return line back to the
suction line or supply tank will provide increased safety.
Typical Specification of Positive Displacement Pumps
Positive displacement pumps are generally available to deliver performance in accordance with the following
ranges:
There are various types of positive displacement on the market and they are often classified according to the
mechanism used to move the fluid. For example;
Diaphragm pumps use check valves at the inlet and outlet of the pumping chamber to ensure that the fluid
flows in one direction and out the other without leaking backwards.
2. They create medium to high pressure and are often an excellent way to pump oils and other viscous
fluids.
3. Positive displacement pumps are also extremely useful for applications requiring a combination of low
flow and high pressure. For example, to move fluids containing suspended or fragile solids.
- See more at: http://www.processindustryforum.com/article/different-types-pumps-positive-displacement-
pumps#sthash.BpHnuVfa.dpuf
Nearly all pumps fall within these two categories, with centrifugal being the most
common. However, positive displacement pumps come in a wider variety such as gear,
lobe, peristaltic, screw, and many other types of pumps.
The most common type among centrifugal pump is the radial flow pump. These
centrifugal pumps use a rotating impeller to create a vacuum in order to move fluid.
The pump’s impeller rotates within the housing and reduces pressure at the inlet. This
motion then drives fluid to the outside of the pump’s housing, which increases the
pressure enough to send it out the discharge.
There is also the axial flow centrifugal pump which uses a curved propeller-shaped
impeller, whereas the impeller on a radial flow centrifugal pump looks more like a fan.
Axial flow pumps move fluid by drawing fluid into their axis and using the impeller to
send fluid out on the other side of the pump.
Positive displacement pumps draw fluid into a compartment at the inlet and move it to
an outlet for discharge, most typically using a rotary, reciprocating, or diaphragm
method to move fluid. The main difference between these types of pumps and
centrifugal is that positive displacement pumps will move fluid at the same speed
regardless of the pressure on the inlet end and centrifugal pumps will not.