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F-22 ROAD SHOW
F-22:
AND LETHAL Mass, speed and guile fail to score Raptor shootdowns
during Alaskan exercises
As the F-22 begins its operational life, interest has turned to as- ticles on the F-22, Michael Fabey flew in the back seat of an
sessing just how well suited the stealthy Raptor is to its role as F-15D while the Eagle and Raptor pilots demonstrated their air-
the premier air-to-air fighter, while taking a peek at some of the craft’s capabilities in the air-to-air ranges at Tyndall AFB, Fla.
surprises for pilots and maintenance crews as they explore what (For additional details of the Raptor’s unique air-to-air capa-
the aircraft can do. As part of the research for this series of ar- bilities, see AW&ST Sept. 6, 1999, p. 84.)
T
he F-22 is proving it’s a dog-
fighter after all.
While it wasn’t part of a
hard-turning furball, an F-22—
with its Amraams and Side-
winders expended—slipped into visual
range behind an F-16 and undetected
made a simulated kill with its cannon
during the stealth fighter’s first large-
scale exercise and deployment outside deployment from Langley AFB, Va.— Perhaps the most important revelation
the continental U.S. didn’t get to show off their J-Turn and by the 27th Fighter Sqdn. was demon-
Those and other revelations about the Cobra maneuvers or their high-angle- strating the F-22’s ability to use its sen-
F-22’s emerging capabilities are increas- of-attack, high-off-boresight (which ac- sors to identify and target enemy aircraft
ingly important as the first combat unit, tually will arrive with the AIM-9X) and for conventional fighters by providing in-
the U.S. Air Force’s 27th Fighter Sqdn., unique nose-pointing capabilities. The formation so they could engage the en-
begins its initial Air Expeditionary Force reason, those involved say, was because emy sooner than they could on their own.
deployment this month to an undisclosed the victims of the three encounters, fly- Because of the advanced situational
site. And the first F-22 unit, the 94th ing conventional fighters, never had a awareness they afford, F-22s would stick
Fighter Sqdn., will participate in Red Flag clue they were being stalked by F-22s around after using up their weapons to
in February. until they were “killed.” continue providing targets and IDs to the
The gun kill is a capability Air Force Raptor pilots agree that their pre- conventional fighters.
planners hope their F-22s won’t use. The ferred location for the fighter while in “We always left F-22s on station to help,
fighter is designed to destroy a foe well the battlespace is at high altitude, well but we didn’t designate any one aircraft
beyond his visual and radar range. With- above the other fighters, where they can to provide data,” says Lt. Col. Wade
in visual-range combat and, in particu- adopt a fuel-efficient cruise, sweeping Tolliver, the unit’s commander. “It was
lar, gun kills are anachronisms. In amass- both the air and ground with radar and critical that every F-22 out there provid-
DARIN RUSSELL/LOCKHEED MARTIN
ing 144 kills to no losses during the first electronic surveillance for targets. From ed all the data he had.”
week of the joint-service Northern Edge a superior altitude, the F-22 used sus- With its high-resolution radar, the
exercise in Alaska last summer, only three tained supercruise to range across hun- F-22 can guarantee target altitudes to
air-to-air “kills” were in the visual are- dreds of miles of airspace before an en- within a couple of hundred feet. Its abil-
na—two involving AIM-9 Sidewinders emy fighter could threaten friendly ity to identify an aircraft is “sometimes
and one the F-22’s cannon. high-value surveillance, command-and- many times quicker than the AWACS,”
The 27th Fighter Sqdn. aircraft—on control and tanker aircraft. he says. “It was a combination of high-
F
mi. away, he’s probably not going to be ighting in—or against—the F-22 targets to be designated for convention-
able to plot a high-fidelity threat loca- is a singular event, humbling and al F-15s or F-16s.
tion as quickly as I can.” frustrating to its victims, and of- However, the question periodically
The adversaries were wily and didn’t ten startling to its pilots, who de- resurfaces about whether the F-22 could
want to lose. scribe each flight as a learning ex- hold its own during a within-visual-range
“We had guys running in at 500 ft. off perience. fight with a very maneuverable fourth-
the deck,” Tolliver says. “We had guys The first thing anyone learns about generation fighter such as the Sukhoi Su-
flying in at 45,000-50,000 ft. doing Mach the U.S. Air Force’s Raptor is that it 27 and Su-30, Eurofighter or Dassault
1.6, trying to shoot me before I know isn’t envisioned as a dogfighting aircraft, Rafale. The answer will never be obvious
they are there. They would mass their mixing it up with other high-perform- to an outsider. The Raptor’s high-angle-
forces and try to win with sheer num- ance fighters. of-attack capabilities are part of the for-
bers. None of it worked.” Its strengths—which are being ex- mula of classified tactics that are closely
A tactic used by the F-22s was actu- plored daily by test, training and oper- held. But, roughly, its unique maneuver-
ally developed and practiced in small- ational units—include pervasive situa- ing and nose-pointing options—plus the
er scale at Langley before the exercise. tional awareness of what’s in the high off-boresight capabilities of the
Raptors worked in pairs, integrated with battlespace gathered by the aircraft’s ac- AIM-9X missile, which is to be added
F-15Cs or F/A-18E/Fs. tive electronically scanned array (AESA) about 2010—give the aircraft previously
“I could help target for them from be- radar, electronic surveillance and in- unheard-of means of quickly shooting
hind and above,” Tolliver says. “We real- frared sensors. Moreover, information down a foe.
ly don’t have a name for what we were is piped into the aircraft through data Nonetheless, chasing an F-22 in a two-
doing other than integrated ops. I was links to off-board sensors and other in- seat F-15D—which carried reporter
able to look down and smartly target F- telligence sources. The range of its sen- Michael J. Fabey—provided perspective
15s or F/A-18s to groups at ranges where sors out-distance those of non-AESA about their comparative capabilities.
they could not yet [detect] the target.” aircraft, allowing it to strike a foe that’s A recent flight started with F-15 pilot
Yet, there are a number of F-22 ca- still unaware of the F-22. The Raptor’s Capt. Andy (Bishop) Jacob flying along-
pabilities that are shrouded in mystery, stealth enables it to operate 150 mi. side an F-22 piloted by Maj. Shawn
including electronic attack, information ahead of large-sensor aircraft and well (Rage) Anger in the air-to-air ranges
warfare and cruise missile defense. above legacy aircraft, where it can use above Tyndall AFB, Fla.
“It’s no secret that one of our mods its acceleration and high-resolution view Opponents of further Raptor procure-
is to put electronic attack on board and of the battlespace to greater advantage. ments argue that going by such basic
then we will play a role in combating A newly emerging strength is the F-22’s flight physics as thrust-to-weight ratios,
networks,” Tolliver says. “We’re already “mini-AWACS” capability that allows rearward cockpit visibility and simple
involved in the collection part. When we
come back from a mission, we have the
ability to download EOB data that’s Waiting to sortie for one of the nine major air-to-air
turned into intelligence pictures. This combats during Northern Edge, 27th FS F-22s line up
makes us an intelligence platform do- at Elmendorf AFB, Alaska. The Raptor demonstrated
ing nontraditional ISR by bringing back both performance and sensor advantages over con-
emitter data so that teams can go out ventional fighters.
and conduct information operations.”
The next step will be to pass the de-
tailed information about surface-to-air
missile locations, capabilities and emis-
sion details (called parametrics).
“If I have characterized, say an SA-10,
I can send it verbally to AWACS and they
can send it out to other platforms,” says
Maj. Shawn Anger, an F-22 instructor
with the 43rd Fighter Sqdn. at Tyndall
AFB, Fla. However, “I can’t pass the
parametrics characterization. Hopeful-
ly, we’ll be able to shoot it up the
radar”—a new capability for the radar,
which is being developed to send large,
Away Game
First F-22 large-scale, air combat exercise
wins praise and triggers surprise
DAVID A. FULGHUM/WASHINGTON
ANDY WOLFE/LOCKHEED MARTIN
I
t’s high drama. The first combat our [stealth] repairs on the flight line or flight and 3,200 naut. mi. We took all
squadron of F-22s goes on its longest in a normal hangar.” our people with us [218 personnel] on
deployment—3,200 naut. mi. away— What Tolliver didn’t discuss was the the two KC-10s except for the 15-mem-
with an immature aircraft and a new F-22’s Signature Assessment System. ber advance team we sent about three
skipper. “SAS will tell you if you can ignore days earlier. They’re there early to set
Despite the potential for unknown the accumulated scratches and dings,” up and have guys ready to catch the air-
problems and the uncertainty of be- says an official involved in the Raptor planes when the jets land.”
ing far from its maintenance base in program. “If you have sufficient LO To prepare for the trip, the squadron
Langley AFB, Va., the 27th Fighter margin, you don’t have to make imme- stopped flying three days prior to pre-
Sqdn. was able to go to war for two diate repairs and can simply wait until pare the F-22s. Two days prior, they
weeks with 12 F-22s. Every flying day the return to Langley. The stealth sig- readied all the cargo. One day prior, the
of the Northern Edge exercise in Alas- nature is still not easy to fix, but the pilots and maintainers had a final brief-
ka, the truncated force was able to stealth coatings are not as fragile as they ing and planners finalized which 12 air-
launch eight aircraft for a 2.5-hr. mis- were in earlier stealth aircraft. It isn’t craft would be deployed.
sion, return, re-arm and then launch six damaged by a rain storm, and it can The support package included the
aircraft, says Lt. Col. Wade Tolliver, stand the wear and tear of combat with- equipment and spare parts to maintain
who at the time of deployment had out degradation.” the aircraft for 45 days. In the mix were
been squadron commander for two “The biggest success at Northern two extra Pratt & Whitney F119 engines.
weeks. While no more than one-third Edge was maintenance,” Tolliver says. They had to take F-22-specific aircraft
of the defending force, the F-22s gen- “We were tasked for 105 sorties; we support equipment with them because
erated 49% of the air-to-air kills. launched 102. That’s a 97% sortie gen- none is distributed around U.S. bases,
And perhaps the most pleasing vin- eration rate. That’s incredible on an im- as is done for F-15s and F-16s.
dication for the F-22 design was avoid- mature fighter. Since we were doing “That equated to 63 increments of
ing the stealth maintenance problems eight turn six [launching eight F-22s, cargo [pallets carrying 170 short tons],”
that dogged the B-2 bomber during its then returning and launching another Tolliver says. “That’s about five C-17
early deployments. Repairing and cur- six] the whole time with 12 jets, that re- equivalents. What didn’t go by air went
ing the exterior finish of the B-2 re- sulted in a 21.8 utilization rate. Normal- by truck and then ferry to Alaska. That’s
quired a special climate-controlled ized over a month, that means each about in line with what’s needed for
hangar wherever it went to ensure that plane would fly 21.8 times.” 12-15 F-15Es going to a bare base.”
it stayed low observable (LO). The squadron sent a relatively com- When the system matures, around
“You have to maintain the signature pact organization to Alaska to support 2010, Air Force planners hope to cut
of any LO aircraft,” Tolliver says. “They the exercise. that number. They want to deploy 24
were able to take care of it in Alaska “The deployment plan was two KC- F-22s with just seven C-17s loads—about
with no problem. Here at Langley we 10s dragging 12 F-22s from Langley to 30% less than today. However, program
have a special facility. In Alaska we did Elmendorf,” Tolliver says. “It’s an 8-hr. officials say that by summer 2009, they
EDITORIALS
A
pparently the F-22 Rap- Loitering at high altitude, F-22s
tor, the newest aircraft in No Cold War Vestige, were able to identify targets ac-
the U.S. Air Force inven- curately enough to satisfy the
tory, isn’t the Cold War
anachronism its detractors
F-22 Is Proving rules of engagement and pass
them along to conventional fight-
thought it would be. In fact, evi-
dence to date suggests the stealthy Its Net-Centric Mettle er aircraft for precise, long-range
kills. The F-22 can perform some
fighter is worth more than skep- surveillance/target identification
tics expected. and signals intelligence missions
At a current flyaway cost of $136 million, the Raptor will of AWACS and Rivet Joint aircraft, respectively. But un-
never be a bargain. The procurement quantity will be an is- like those aircraft, which must stay 150 naut. mi. or more
sue as long as it is in production. But the aircraft’s first large- away from many hostile forces, the stealthy F-22 can fly over
scale deployment, and its performance in the joint-service targets with impunity. It can build a fresh, up-to-the-
Northern Edge exercise in Alaska (see p. 46), show that tax- moment electronic order of battle—the type and location
payers are getting high value for the high cost. of enemy emitters, in the air and on the ground—as
After that exercise, the F-22’s advantages of speed, alti- it enters an area.
tude and stealth are undeniable. The Raptor flew 10,000 In the future, F-22s will analyze and pinpoint the low-
ft. higher than its “opponents,” and it used its supercruise power wireless communications networks that insurgents
capability to dash back and forth across a huge battle space. use to organize and trigger weapons remotely. Using low-
Even when the F-22 moved within visual range to “kill” probability-of-intercept data links, F-22s will send informa-
an F-16 with its cannon—a weapon it may never use in com- tion they collect to other aircraft and intelligence networks.
bat—the “enemy” never knew it was there. This auspicious beginning shows the F-22 has much to
Raptor pilots never had a chance to show off their J-turns, offer in today’s warfare against insurgents and less-than-
high-alpha loops and high off-boresight capabilities. But nev- superpower forces, not just the future high-tech conflicts it
er mind. Virtually no one believes the F-22’s primary role will was designed to deter. We’re looking forward to learning
be mano-a-mano aerial combat against previous-generation more about this versatile aircraft and the roles it can play
fighters. Far more important, the aircraft showed some of its in transforming more of the last superpower’s combat edge,
value in intelligence-gathering and surveillance, which kept from the realm of explosives to the world of electronics and
it over the battlefield long after it had fired its weapons. networks. c
Posted from Aviation Week, January 8, 2007, copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. with all rights reserved.
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