Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SP
TP
Introduction
Topic 1.1.1 Fundamental units & relationships
Topic 1.1.2 Pressure loss dues to friction, discontinuities and obstructions
Topic 1.1.3 Bernoulli’s Equation
– Geometry
– Quantity and velocity
– Temperature
– Mass and density
– Absolute, relative and gauge pressures
– Pressures indicated by manometers
– Natural ventilation pressures and buoyancy
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Fundamental Units - Geometry And Flow
SI Units
Mass kilogram kg Distance meters m Time seconds s
Force Newtons N Energy Joules J Temperature Celsius OC
Area m2
Diameter m 3 /s
m s
tit y m /
3 /s u an city Length m
y m Circumference m Q elo
it s
u ant ity m/ V
Q oc Width m
Vel
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Fundamental Units - Temperature
• Temperature measures the thermal energy of a fluid.
– At absolute zero molecules are considered to be at rest and occupy the minimum
space possible.
• Celsius scale based freezing point (0 OC) and boiling point (100 OC) of
water at standard pressure of 101.325 Pa.
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Fundamental Units - Mass And Density
• All gaseous or liquid fluids possess mass (kg)
Mass can be related to force (force = mass x acceleration).
Acceleration due to gravity can vary 9.79 to 9.81 m/s2
Force = mass x g N 10 kg = 10 x 9.81 = 98.1 N
• Relative density (RD) of a gas is the ratio of it’s density to air at the
same temperature and pressure.
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Fundamental Units - Pressure
• Pressure in liquids or gases is due to the mass and motion of molecules
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Absolute, Relative And Gauge Pressures
System pressure higher than
Positive gauge atmospheric pressure
Relative Absolute pressure pressure
pressure greater than
Atmospheric
atmospheric Negative gauge pressure
pressure pressure
System pressure lower
Absolute pressure than atmospheric pressure
less than
atmospheric
pressure
Absolute zero
pressure
UNSW-UME-(M1-1 Fluid Flow)(R1).ppt Underground Mine Environment © 2003 UNSW School Of Mining Engineering 8
Fluid Density & Column Pressure
P2 = P + ρ.g.h Pa absolute P
h
P2 = ρ.g.h Pa gauge relative to P
P2
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Manometers
In vertical limb manometers the pressure is given by the difference in
height of the two columns and the fluid density (pgh).
Atmospheric
pressure P
Manometer fluid
• Manometer fluid - red oil RD 0.8
+- 0ve
vegauge
gauge
gauge
pressure
pressure
pressure
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Natural Ventilation And Buoyancy
Exhaust Intake
Exhaust air usually hotter and shaft Goaf shaft
drainage
less dense than intake.
Pressure applied depends on Less dense More
differential density and depth. warmer dense
air ρ2 cooler air
Gas ρ1
Applies to static or moving mixture of
Depth of
workings
circuits variable h
density ρ2
Pressure of
Goaf holes may have higher workings
or lower density gas mixture.
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Static, Velocity & Total Pressure
• Static pressure - or bursting pressure is due to random
movement of molecules.
• Acts with the same magnitude in all directions.
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Measuring Static Velocity And Total Pressures
SP
TP
Pressure = ρ.g.h Pa
ρ = density, kg/m3 SP
TP
g = gravity 9.81 m/s2
Static Total Velocity
h = height, m pressure pressure pressure
Pitot tubes combine
total and static
tubes.
• Static pressure is measured by the side tube
UNSW-UME-(M1-1 Fluid Flow)(R1).ppt Underground Mine Environment © 2003 UNSW School Of Mining Engineering 13
Static Pressure - The Effect Of Friction
Resistance determined by
shape and surface
Pressure roughness of the airway
Static
Surface roughness
UNSW-UME-(M1-1 Fluid Flow)(R1).ppt Underground Mine Environment © 2003 UNSW School Of Mining Engineering 14
Static Pressure - The Effect Of Fans
Pressure
Static
Fans increase static pressure to overcome frictional losses
• Fans result in a static pressure increase to the system which is
numerically equal to the frictional loss.
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TOPIC 1.1.2 PRESSURE LOSSES DUE TO FRICTION,
DISCONTINUITIES AND OBSTRUCTIONS
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Frictional Loss - Reynolds Number And Turbulence
The degree of turbulence in a moving fluid depends
Laminar
on VISCOSITY AND VELOCITY. Flow
Surface
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Frictional Loss - Hydraulic Diameter
When considering various airway or duct shapes,
they can be related by their hydraulic diameter Dh.
The hydraulic diameter is the diameter of a circle with the same ratio of area to
circumference as the shape being considered.
Dh = 4 x Area
Circumference
Click for example
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Pressure Loss - Surface Friction
• Frictional pressure loss represents a loss of energy to the system.
– It results in a loss of static pressure which is not reversible.
– In turbulent regimes the loss is proportional to the square of velocity.
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Frictional Loss On Rough Surfaces
Perimeter m
R = k.C.L . ρ Ns2/m8 Area m2 Height m
A3 1.2
3 /s
y m /s
ntit y m
a i t
Qu eloc
C x L = area of rubbing surface V Length m
K factors can be obtained from various texts but should be checked by direct
measurement.
The units of k are Ns2/m4 and range 0.003 for smooth ducts to 0.015 for rough
walls
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CALCULATION OF SHOCK LOSSES
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Shock Losses - Circuit Discontinuities
Laminar Surface friction
Flow Turbulent
Flow Boundary
Separation
Layer
Transition
Flow
Turbulent Acceleration
Flow Flow Flow
separation
Deceleration
Method
• Select appropriate chart. Example bend
α
• Obtain shock loss factor. with varying angle
pressure.
• Note - Shock factor can be greater than 2
Shock Factor X
unity.
1
For example
A 90 deg bend in a rectangular duct has an 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
X factor = 1.6 Angle deg
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SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND K FACTORS
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Friction Factor And Surface Roughness
• The derivation of a formula relating surface roughness to K factors is provided
in the notes.
• The concept is that in turbulent flow regimes the k factor can be calculated
from surface roughness and airway/duct size.
• For non circular shapes the hydraulic diameter is used Dh = 4.A/C and
e = surface roughness.
1 = 1.74 - 2.Log (2. e ) where λ = 6.67. k
λ Dh
• With correction for density, this method can be used for mine airways, gas
drainage systems and water flow in pipes.
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Range Of K Factors In Mining Applications
Lim it of square law Mining
0.016
applications
0.014
0.012
e/D
0.010 Transitional 0.05
0.008 0.025
0.006 0.01
0.004 0.004
Lam inar
0.001
0.002 0.0001
Smooth
0.000
1.0E+03 1.0E+04 1.0E+05 1.0E+06 1.0E+07
Reynolds Number
• This graph shows K factor for various roughness heights against Reynolds No
• Note that for most mining applications K factor is essentially constant with e/D
Fibreglass ducts 0.2 to 2 mm
Raisebore holes 10 to 25 mm
Coal mine development 50 to 150 mm
Blasted development 150 to 350 mm
Click for example
Longwall face 500 to 1000 mm
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Spreadsheet - Frictional Losses In Mine Airways
• A spreadsheet that calculates the frictional loss in airways due to surface
roughness and shock losses for multiple parallel airways,
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q
2 Length Height Width Area Perim Density Rough k Resis(1) X No R(total) Q V DP
3 m Diam m2 m kg/m3 mm Ns2/m4 Ns2/m8 Ns2/m8 m3/s m/s Pa
4 Shaft 100 5 2 10.0 14.0 1.2 50 0.00693 0.00970 1.0 1 0.01570 300.0 30.0 1413
=IF(E4>0,E4*D4,PI()*D4^2/4) =N4*O4^2
=IF(E4>0,2*(E4+D4),PI()*D4) =O4/F4/M4
=(1/(1.74-2*LOG10(2*I4/(1000*4*F4/G4))))^2/6.67
=J4*G4*C4/F4^3*(H4/1.2)
=(K4+L4*0.5*H4/F4^2)/M4^2
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Example Frictional Loss In Steel Pipe
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CALCULATION OF LOSSES DUE TO OBSTRUCTIONS
– Shape of obstruction
– Amount that obstacles fill the airway
– Velocity pressure impacting on the obstruction
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CALCULATION OF LOSSES DUE TO OBSTRUCTIONS
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Losses Due To Airway Obstructions
Frontal area of
transverse obstructions Ao Area and perimeter of
Area m2
longitudinal obstructions
The coefficient of fill Cf is the amount of the cross sectional area occupied by
members. This can be rewritten for pressure loss in terms of quantity.
Pressure loss p = Cd*. Cf . 1 ρ Q2 Pa
2 A2
The base case drag coefficients must be corrected for aspect ratio Cd*.
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Losses Due To Airway Obstructions - Cd Corrections
Pressure loss calculated from
1.00
impact velocity pressure,
frontal area and 0.95
drag coefficient Cd reduces with
Correction Factor C HW
increased H/W ratio 0.90
until surface friction
0.85
becomes significant.
L 0.80
0.75
Correction Factor C SW
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
Correction for geometry and spacing 0.20
0.10
Corrected Cd* = Cd x CHW x CSW 0.00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Spacing To Width Ratio S/W
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Equivalent Length And Resistance
To account for shock losses some simulation programs use equivalent lengths.
i.e the length of a duct or airway that has the same effect as a shock loss.
This length is added to the actual length to obtain the total pressure loss
Le = X.Dh
6.67.k
Reff = R + X.0.5. ρ
A2
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TOPIC 1.1.3 BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
This section deals with the general form of the pressure equation for
incompressible flow - Bernoulli's Equation - relating the five pressure terms
Static Velocity Column Friction Fans
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Bernoulli’s Equation
P1 + ρV12 + ρgh1 = P2 + ρV22 + ρg h2 = constant
2 2
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Application To Airways - Constant Velocity
Start pressure P1 = 101,000 Pa absolute Frictional loss is 225Pa Fan pressure is 2,600Pa.
No change in velocity pressure Change in pressure due to elevation is +2,010 Pa
P2 V2
No Flow P2 = P1 + ρ.g.h
h2
P2 = 101,000 + 2,010 = 103,010 Pa
With fan P2 = P1 + ρ.g.h - Pfric + Pfan
P2 = 101,000 + 2,010 - 225 + 2,600 = 105,385 Pa
• Remember that if a trailing hose was used in this airway without a fan it would
measure, what ? 225 Pa
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Application To Airways - Changing Velocity
Start pressure P1 = 101,000 Pa absolute
Frictional loss is 225Pa Fan pressure is 2,600Pa.
Change in velocity pressure is - 45 Pa
Change in pressure due to elevation is +2,010 Pa
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Bernoulli’s Equation - Spreadsheet
Pfric = R.Q2
VP1 - VP2
Enter P1, Z1, A1 Pc = p.g.dZ
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Application To Trailing Hose Surveys
P2 =P1 + ρg(h2-h1) - Pfric
P1 h1
P1#
Pfric
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Application To Barometer Surveys
P2 =P1 + ρg(h2-h1) - Pfric
P1 h1
P2 h2
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Application To Orifice Plates And Venturi Meters
• Measure fluid flow by change in velocity through a constriction
D1 D1/2
A1 A2
V1 A3
V2 Q = A1.V1 = A2.V2
P1 V3 D1 D2
P2
Vena contracta
P1 + ρV12 + ρgh1 = P2 + ρV22 + ρg h2 = constant for any section with no losses
2 2
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Pressures - Summary Notes
• When measuring flow in ducts it is common to use gauge pressures.
• In mine circuits, the change in velocity pressure is normally small and the
effect on static pressure is ignored.
• However, this effect cannot be ignored when dealing with high (>10 m/s)
velocities.
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END OF MODULE
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FLUID FLOW - WORKED EXAMPLES
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Worked Example - Geometry And Velocity
• The density of a gas mixture is 1.46 kg/m3. What volume is occupied by 3.5 kg of this
gas at the same density ?
• What is the relative density of the gas compared to air (density 1.2 kg/m3) ?
• Another balloon (B) has a gauge pressure of + 1100 Pa. What is the relative
pressure of balloon A to B.
• What is the absolute pressure at the bottom of a 250 m deep shaft due to
the column of air at an average density of 1.18 kg/m3 if the surface pressure
is 101,300 Pa?
– Absolute pressure = P + ρ.g.h =101,300 + 1.18 x 9.81 x 250 =104,194 Pa
23 mm
99.6 kPa
• What would the natural ventilation pressure be in a mine four times deeper with the
same average intake and exhaust densities ?
• If the ventilation pressure of the mine’s workings are –1200 Pa with respect
to surface, what would happen in an open goaf drainage hole ?
– In this case, although methane is lighter than air, the hole would be
expected to downcast in to the mine and a fan would be required for
drainage.
• The duct cross sectional area increases to 0.6 m2 (no friction). What is the new
velocity and static pressure ?
End - Return to slides Loss = TPo - TPi because velocity pressure changed
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Worked Example - Effect Of Friction 2
• The resistance of a 3m high x 5m wide mine airway is 0.11 Ns2/m8 and the
airflow rate is 35 m3/s (ρ = 1.18 kg/m3) What is the frictional pressure loss and
velocity pressure in the airway ?
– Note that velocity pressures in low velocity airways are very small and can
normally be ignored. This is not always the case in ducts, shafts or surface fan
bends.
• If the airway end is 60 m below the start, what is the static pressure if the start
barometric pressure is 99.450 kPa ?
– Column pressure = ρ.g.h = 1.18 x 9.81 x 60 = + 695 Pa
– Absolute static pressure = Start + Column - Friction
– Absolute static pressure = 99.450 + 0.695 - 0.135 = 100.01 kPa
Loss = SPo - SPi or TPo - TPi because velocity pressure is constant in duct
In this example, the fan static pressure is numerically equal to the frictional loss
but air also leaves the duct with one velocity pressure - loss to system.
Only in regimes of extremely low flow rates (leakage) or very large airways (open
stopes/goafs) will flow become less than fully turbulent.
TURBEULENT FLOW NORMALLY ASSUMED - SQUARE LAW APPLIES
Resistance per 100 m R100 = k.C.L. p = 0.012 x 16 x 100 x 1.17 = 0.005547 Ns2/m8
A3 1.2 15.03 1.2
What is the frictional pressure loss when a ventilation rate of 45 m3/s flows through 450 m of
the airway ?
Frictional pressure loss P = R.Q2 P = 24.7x* 102 = 2470 Pa for 610 mm duct
For the duct ratio e/D = 0.0003 / 0.610 = 4.918 x 10-4 k = 0.0025 Ns2/m4
From figure 4.4
Calculate the K factor for a 3.0 x 5.0 m development profile (rough = 125 mm) ?
Resistance per 100 m R100 = p = k.C.L. p = 0.012 x 16 x 114.06 x 1.2 = 0.00649 Ns2/m8
A3 1.2 15.03 1.2
Calculate the pressure loss for 100 m of airway using effective resistance method ?
Resistance per 100 m R100 = p = k.C.L. p = 0.012 x 16 x 100 x 1.2 = 0.00569 Ns2/m8
A3 1.2 15.03 1.2
What is the resistance of the airway section if the air quantity is 56 m3/s ?
Knowing the airway dimensions, this method can then be used to calculate the
airway k factor
P2 = 103.890 – 65 = 103,825 Pa
Change in pressure due to air column = ρ.g.h = (1.18 + 1.22) x 9.81 x 250 = 2,943 Pa
2
A 50 mm orifice plate (Cd = 0.605) is being used to measure flow rates in a 100
mm pipe from a gas drainage hole. The manometer reads 16 mm Hg and the
density of the gas mixture is 0.92 kg/m3. What is the flow rate in the pipe (l/s)?
Introduction
Topic 1.2.1 Types of fans and fan characteristics
Topic 1.2.2 Fan duty and fan laws
Topic 1.2.3 Fan Pressures And Fan Testing
Topic 1.2.4 Auxiliary Ventilation
A MTEC - Minerals Education Australia Initiative
UNSW-UME-(M1-2 Fans)(R1).ppt Underground Mine Environment © 2003 UNSW School Of Mining Engineering 1
Introduction - Fans
• Fans normally operate below 10 kPa, although higher pressures can be
achieved.
• A fan is a rotary bladed machine maintaining a continuous flow of gas.
• Numerous applications in domestic, civil and mining applications.
• Range in size from << 1.0 kW (0.1 m) to > 3.0 MW (> 4.0 m)
UNSW-UME-(M1-2 Fans)(R1).ppt Underground Mine Environment © 2003 UNSW School Of Mining Engineering 2
TOPIC 1.2.1 TYPES OF FANS AND CHARACTERISTIC
CURVES
Together with
– Fan characteristic curves
– Fan power and efficiency
– Compressible flow in fans
UNSW-UME-(M1-2 Fans)(R1).ppt Underground Mine Environment © 2003 UNSW School Of Mining Engineering 3
Centrifugal Fans
General Arrangement
Diffuser Diffuser Electronic
speed
Suction
control
Rotation eye
Back
plate
Collection
Air
scroll or
Inlet
volute Drive Motor
shaft
Blades Impeller Variable
inlet
vanes
Blade Configuration
Plate blades
Blade Types
Variable Impeller solidity
Pitch Pitch
UNSW-UME-(M1-2 Fans)(R1).ppt Underground Mine Environment © 2003 UNSW School Of Mining Engineering 5
Axial Flow Fans - Variations and Mixed Flow Fans
Axial fan with external motor for main
coal mine exhaust application
Back draught
dampers
Bend
Drive shaft
Bifurcated axial
Motor
Rotor(s), hub
Turning and fairing
vanes
Guide
Blades vanes Motor 2 Motor 1
Outlet Inlet
silencer silencer
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Theoretical Fan Performance Curves
Theoretical Theoretical
Theoretical
Theoretical characteristic characteristic
characteristic P
P characteristic P P
Q
Q Q Q
Backward
Forward
Radial
Axial
Bladed
Bladed
Bladed
FansFans
Fans
Fans
In radial
The tangential
fans the
component
tangentialiscomponent
given by blade
is given
tip speed
by blade
andtipradial
speed.
velocity.
The radial velocity is in the same
opposite
direction
direction
as as
rotation
rotation
This radial
The does not
velocity
change
increases
with volume
with quantity
thereforetherefore
theoretical
pressure
pressure
increases.
decreases.
reduces.
is constant.
The swirl component in axial fans can be reduced with pre rotators or guide vanes
UNSW-UME-(M1-2 Fans)(R1).ppt Underground Mine Environment © 2003 UNSW School Of Mining Engineering 7
Actual Fan Performance Curves
Theoretical
curve Backward
Frictional, shock Radial
Stall and conversion Forward
point losses
Pressure Pa
Pressure Pa
Radial
Power kW
Actual Forward
curve
Power Backward
UNSW-UME-(M1-2 Fans)(R1).ppt Underground Mine Environment © 2003 UNSW School Of Mining Engineering 8
Fan Power And Efficiency
Air power defined as AP = Q.P kW
Pressure
Q - quantity m3/s P - pressure in kPa Fan
efficiency
contours
Fan efficiency (total or static) 80 75
Pressure Pa
η= Air power x 100 %
70
Consumed power
65
AC Electrical power
Power kW
kW = 3. V.I. Cos (θ)/1000 ≈ 3.V.I. 0.8/1000
UNSW-UME-(M1-2 Fans)(R1).ppt Underground Mine Environment © 2003 UNSW School Of Mining Engineering 9
Compressible Flow In Fans
• Fans increase pressure and heat gases flowing through them
• Density and volume actually changes from inlet to outlet.
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TOPIC 1.2.2 FAN OPERATING DUTY AND FAN LAWS
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Fan Operating Point
X = P Q points
X
Resistance R A
Higher
Pc = R.Q2 B X resistance
3
Pressure Pa
X
Pc Lower
4 1
X resistance
Q System
resistance X
P = R.Q2
2
X
Quantity m3/s
fan A)
• If the fan characteristic changes (eg speed) then a new operating point is
reached (point 2 fan B)
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Fan Laws - Speed & Density Change
• There are numerous design laws relating size, geometry, speed, hub size etc.
• In practice, the only changes routinely made are to speed and density
• It is sometimes appropriate to change impeller diameter, width or axial solidity -
consult suppliers
Speed change
Q1 = n1 P1 = n1 2 W1 = n1 3
Q2 n2 P2 n2 W2 n2
Air quantity directly Pressure proportional Power proportional
proportional to speed to square of speed to cube of speed.
Increasing rotational speed provides more quantity at higher pressure and power
Density change
P1 = ρ1 W1 = ρ 1 .
Q1 = Q2 P2 ρ2 W2 ρ 2
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Fans In Series Combination
A B
Q
Combined Fan Curve
PA PB
Pc = PA + PB
Pc
Pressure Pa
Usually used with axial fans in ducts A
or to obtain higher pressure on
B
surface
Resistance
Fan curves not necessarily the same
but should be of similar duty.
Q
Quantity
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Fans In Parallel Combination
A QA
Q = QA + QB
B QB Qc = QA + QB
Pressure Pa
Used with either axialc or
centrifugal fans for surface or Combined
B A Fan Curve
U/G boosters
Resistance
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Correction For Natural Ventilation Pressure
Pressure Pa
Resistance
P=RQ2
• NVP can be assumed to act as a constant
pressure booster fan.
NVP = constant
UNSW-UME-(M1-2 Fans)(R1).ppt Underground Mine Environment © 2003 UNSW School Of Mining Engineering 16
Fan Performance Control
P1 P1 P1 P1
Power Power 1
P2 1 Power 1
Power 2 2
P P 3 P 2
3 3
2 1
3 2 1 3 3 2 1
Q Q Q1 Q Q1 Q Q1
Q1 Q2
• Simple regulation of the system • Throttle fan inlet but also • Fan efficiency remains • Only applies to axial fans.
introduce a pre swirl. essentially constant at
various speed settings. • Adjustment at standstill or
• Does not change fan
characteristic curve • More efficient than damping. in motion.
• Higher capital cost.
• Most uneconomical method but • Reduced fan efficiency with • Maintains relatively high
simple for ducts. partial vane closure efficiency.
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Fan Motor Drive Speeds
• Blade tip speed < 125 m/s for 4000 Limited by blade
tip velocity
mechanical reasons
4P
1000
6P
• Larger surface fans 6 to 10 pole 500 8P
10 P
to 950 rpm 0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
Impeller Diameter m
UNSW-UME-(M1-2 Fans)(R1).ppt Underground Mine Environment © 2003 UNSW School Of Mining Engineering 18
Comparison Of Fan Types
Feature Axial Fans Centrifugal Fans
• Size and mass Smaller/compact Larger impeller & profile
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Fan Noise – Sources Refer to notes for calculation methods
• Vortex Noise
– Due turbulence in shear zones around the trailing edges of blades or
guide vanes.
– This is the most significant noise source.
• Blade Noise
– Caused by periodic variations in pressure resulting from rotation.
• Mechanical Vibrations
– Due to aerodynamics of the system together with mechanical vibration
resulting from imbalance or misalignment of drive components.
• Electrical Components
– Motors, transformers and variable speed drive controllers
– Narrow frequency range or “tonal” noise that can be problematic in
surface applications
• Noise Emission
– Break out through casing or directly through inlet and outlet
UNSW-UME-(M1-2 Fans)(R1).ppt Underground Mine Environment © 2003 UNSW School Of Mining Engineering 20
Fan Noise - Silencers And Control
UNSW-UME-(M1-2 Fans)(R1).ppt Underground Mine Environment © 2003 UNSW School Of Mining Engineering 22
Definition Of Fan Pressures
• It is important to know at exactly which point the fan inlet and fan outlet have
been defined for definition of the fan’s characteristic curve.
Inlet
Outlet
• Fan Total Pressure – the algebraic difference between the mean total
pressure at the fan outlet and the mean total pressure at the fan inlet
• Fan static pressure – the difference between the fan total pressure and
fan velocity pressure.
Fan static SP = (TP out - TP in) - VP out
• Other terms are used for calculation but to not alter these definitions
UNSW-UME-(M1-2 Fans)(R1).ppt Underground Mine Environment © 2003 UNSW School Of Mining Engineering 23
Example Fan Pressure Measurement In A Duct
Q Q
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Fan at The Start Of Duct
Q
• Fan total = TPo - Tpi = 1250 - 0 = 1250 Pa
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Fan At End Of Duct
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Testing Surface Fans - Issues To Consider
Shock losses 2 3
VPi VPo
Expansion/contraction losses
SPi SPo Electrical
Change cross sectional area
TPi TPo power kW
Loss = TPi - TPc
Motor, bearing,
gear box losses
1
VPc Q collar
SPc
• Measure or calculate TP SP VP at 2 sections
ρ collar
TPc • Calculate TP SP VP at discharge if required
• Bend loss = TPi - TPc Note velocity change
• Fan static = -TPi
• Check fan quantities using U/G traverses.
Q U/G
ρ U/G • Calculate motor power for efficiency.
• Plot results on density/speed corrected curves.
Click for example
UNSW-UME-(M1-2 Fans)(R1).ppt Underground Mine Environment © 2003 UNSW School Of Mining Engineering 27
Testing Fans - Air Quantity Measurement
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TOPIC 1.2.4 AUXILIARY VENTILATION
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Auxiliary Ventilation - Force And Exhaust
Force Exhaust
Intake forced to face Exhaust from face
Rigid or flexible duct Rigid duct
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Auxiliary Ventilation - Force/Exhaust and Overlap
Force/Exhaust Force/Overlap
Intake forced to face Intake forced to face
Rigid or flexible duct Rigid or flexible duct
Pros Pros
• Scours face • Scours face
Cons Cons
• Dust heat and gas in access • Dust heat and gas in access
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Auxiliary Ventilation - Design Issues
• Contaminant load (seam gas, heat, blasting fumes).
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Auxiliary Ventilation - Fan Duty & Duct Leakage
Frictional loss reduces
Air enters start
pressure in duct
of duct
Fan duty depends on Qend
Leakage higher
duct length/diameter face closer to fan
and leakage quantity
Q leak
Leakage increases with reduced
pressure - higher frictional losses
with more air in duct
Q fan
P fan
The effective resistance of
a given duct is constant.
• Force systems behave in exactly the same way but flow is in the reverse direction.
– Qfan = Qend +Qleak Qfan >> Qend
• Volume increase ratio VIR = ratio of air volume through fan to air volume at end
• Pressure increase ratio PIR = ratio of pressure required to deliver Qend under
leaky conditions to pressure required under leakless conditions.
• Leakage rate specified as m3/s per 100 m per kPa or as resistance Gauls /100 m.
• Nomogram - used to calculate leakage, or develop spreadsheet solution.
UNSW-UME-(M1-2 Fans)(R1).ppt Underground Mine Environment © 2003 UNSW School Of Mining Engineering 33
Auxiliary Ventilation - Leaky Duct Nomogram
1.01
1.01
6/ Calculate frictional loss 20
1/ Calculate R100 for without leakage. Apply PIR
1.02
1
duct being considered and VIR to calculate fan 5/ Connect
30
points 1.02
duty and read off
40
1.03
2 50
8 PIR & VIR
60
1.03 1.04
7
3 6 70
80 1.04 1.05
4 5
2/ Select leakage coeff for 90
100 1.05 1.06
5 4
6 duct being considered 1.06
1.07
1.08
1 7
8
3 1.07
1.08
1.09
0.4 700
50
Duct resistance Ns2/m8 per 100 m
800 1.4
60 900 1.4
70 0.3
1000 1.5
Length of duct m
0.07 3000
300 0.06 3 3
400 0.05 4000 4
0.04 5000 5 4
500
600 6 5
0.03 6000 7
700 6
800 7000 8
900 0.02 8000 9 7
1000 9000 10
10000
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Jet Fans As Partial Boosters
• Using auxiliary fans as airway boosters is common in civil tunnelling
applications, sometimes used in metalliferous mines, but rarely used
in coal mine.
Fan installed High velocity
in roof V2 A2 Q2 jet formed
• The effect is relatively small compared to surface fans but is adequate for
controlling localised air split eg maintenance bays.
• It is also the reason that recirculation occurs in the last one or two pillars of
multi heading developments.
UNSW-UME-(M1-2 Fans)(R1).ppt Underground Mine Environment © 2003 UNSW School Of Mining Engineering 35
Jet Fans For Increasing Velocity
• Jet fans are also used to increase localised velocity for improved
cooling or scouring short dead ends.
2.50 m/s
8m
0 10 20 30 40 50
Distance from fan m
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END OF MODULE
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FANS - WORKED EXAMPLES
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Worked Example - Basic Fan Curves (1)
• What is the fan pressure at 200 m3/s ?
Pressure Pa
500
Power kW
1500
Y2 axis - Fan power at 200 m3/s ≈ 310 kW
1250 400
• What is the air power at 200 m3/s ? 1000 300
750
Air Power = P.Q = 1300 x 200/1000 = 260 kW 200
500
250 100
• What is the efficiency at 200 m3/s ?
0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Efficiency = Air power x 100 = 260 x 100 = 84%
Quantity m3/s
Absorbed power 310
Pressure Pa
500
Power kW
200 360.0 1500
250 562.5 1250 400
1000 300
Plot line and estimate point of 750
200
intersection ? 500
250 100
Operating point (estimated)
0 0
205 m3/s at 1200 Pa 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Quantity m3/s
End - Return to slides
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Worked Example - Speed And Density Laws
A fan is operating at 360 rpm with a duty of 120 m3/s at 1400 Pa, the efficiency
is 81 %. What is the new duty and power consumed if the speed is changed to
515 rpm ?
What is the duty if the density then changes from 1.20 kg/m3 to 1.15 kg/m3 ?
Pressure Pa
500
Power kW
1500
190 1500
1250 400
215 1000
1000 300
235 500
750
250 0 200
500
250 100
Plot the curve on graph paper ? 0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Quantity m3/s
Calculate and plot the combined curve for two units in series ?
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Worked Example - Multiple Fans And Fan Laws
For each data point on the single unit curve calculate the combined pressure
(series).
Pressure Pa
145 2000 145 4000 3000
190 1500 190 3000 2500
215 1000 215 2000 2000
235 500 1500
235 1000
1000
250 0 250 0
500
0
0 100 200 300
Same Twice Quantity m3/s
quantity pressure
Calculate and plot the combined curve for two units in parallel ?
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Worked Example - Multiple Fans And Fan Laws
For each data point on the single unit curve calculate the combined
quantity (parallel).
Single Curve Parallel Curve Single fan Two in series Two in parallel
Quantity Pressure Quantity Pressure 5000
m3/s Pa m3/s Pa 4500
4000 Series
100 2200 200 2200 3500
Pressure Pa
145 2000 290 2000 3000
190 1500 380 1500 2500
215 1000 430 1000 2000
235 500 470 Parallel
500 1500
250 0 500 0 1000
500
0
Twice Same
0 200 400 600
Quantity m3/s
quantity pressure
If the original speed was 500 rpm and density was 1.2 kg/m3 calculate and plot
the parallel curve for a speed of 600 rpm and a density of 1.15 kg/m3 ?
UNSW-UME-(M1-2 Fans)(R1).ppt Underground Mine Environment © 2003 UNSW School Of Mining Engineering 45
Worked Example - Multiple Fans And Fan Laws
Pressure Pa
quantity 2000
Parallel
1500
1000
500
0
0 200 400 600 800
Quantity m3/s
End - Return to slides
UNSW-UME-(M1-2 Fans)(R1).ppt Underground Mine Environment © 2003 UNSW School Of Mining Engineering 46
Worked Example - Testing Surface Fans
The following data is obtained from a site survey of two surface fans on an exhaust shaft;
SHAFT DATA Diameter = 4.8 m Average density = 1.15 kg/m3 Collar VP = 77 Pa SP = -1780 Pa
FAN DATA Two 2.1m diam fans Equal distribution of air Inlet VP =509 Pa SP = -2560 Pa
MOTOR DATA 1000 Volts AC 420 Amps power factor = 0.8
U/G DATA Shaft depth 300 m and measured quantity = 197 m3/s at a pressure of 103,250 Pa
What ventilation quantity is indicated by the surface shaft and fan data ?
Velocity = (2. VP/ ρ) = 2 x77 / 1.15 = 11.57 m/s = 2 x 509 / 1.15 = 29.75 m/s
Quantity = V.A = 18.09 x 11.57 = 209 m3/s = 3.46 * 29.75 = 103 m3/s
Total for fan inlets = 2 x 103 = 206 m3/s therefore data is consistent.
UNSW-UME-(M1-2 Fans)(R1).ppt Underground Mine Environment © 2003 UNSW School Of Mining Engineering 47
Worked Example - Testing Surface Fans
Total pressure at fan inlet = facing tube = fan static pressure = 2051 Pa
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Worked Example - Testing Surface Fans
A 350 m long exhaust duct is required to ventilate a face with 8.0 m3/s . The
installed leakage coeff = 0.6 m3/s per 100 m per kPa. What will the fan duty be
with 610 and 750 mm duct (assume k= 0.0033, density = 1.17 kg/m3)?
Now plot data on nomogram to find PIR and VIR for each duct
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Worked Example - Leaking Auxiliary Ducts
1.01
1.01
20
1 1.02
30
1.02
40
2
750 mm VIR = 1.080
50
1.03
8
7
PIR = 1.065
60
1.03 1.04
3 6 70
80 1.04 1.05
4 5 90
100 1.05 1.06
5 4 1.07
6 1.06 1.08
7 3 1.07
1
8
750 mm 1.08
1.09
4 300
1.15
20 1 1.15
1 0.9
0.8 2 400
1.20
1.20
30 0.7
500
0.6
0.5
3 4 600
1.3
40
610 mm 2 1.3
Leakage Coefficient m3/s per km at 0.1 kPa
0.4 700
50
Duct resistance Ns2/m8 per 100 m
800 1.4
60 900 1.4
70 0.3
1000 1.5
Length of duct m
0.07 3000
300 0.06 3 3
400 0.05 4000 4
0.04 5000 5 4
500
600 6 5
0.03 6000 7
700 6
800 7000 8
900 0.02 8000 9 7
1000 9000 10
10000
0.01
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Worked Example - Leaking Auxiliary Ducts
Resistance of ducts Rtotal = Length x R100 No leak pressure loss = Rtotal x Qface2
100
610 mm duct Rtotal = 350 x 24.7 = 86.5 Ns2/m8 No leak pressure loss = 86.5 x 82 = 5,536 Pa
100
From nomogram VIR = 1.13 Fan quantity = VIR . Qface = 1.13 x 8 = 9.04 m3/s
750 mm duct Rtotal = 350 x 8.8 = 30.8 Ns2/m8 No leak pressure loss = 30.8 x 82 = 1971 Pa
100
From nomogram VIR = 1.08 Fan quantity = VIR . Qface = 1.08 x 8 = 8.64 m3/s
Introduction
Topic 1.3.1 Airways in series and parallel
Topic 1.3.2 Network analysis
Topic 1.3.3 The Hardy Cross method
Topic 1.3.4 Computer simulation programs
UNSW-UME-(M1-3 Networks)(R1).ppt Underground Mine Environment © 2003 UNSW School Of Mining Engineering 2
Introduction -Why Use Ventilation Network Analysis
• Questions to be answered by network analysis
– What configuration of airways & fans are required to meet design requirements?
– Can observed pressure differentials and quantities be reconciled with the model?
• It is important to note that network analysis does not just mean using
simulation software. Many network problems can be solved directly.
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TOPIC 1.3.1 SERIES AND PARALLEL AIRWAYS
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Ventilation Network Analysis - Basic Terminology
Network - connected airways describing the ventilation circuit
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Airways In Series And Parallel - Series Airways
• For each series airway, the resistance is known
RTOT.Q2
RTOT = R1 + R2 + R3
RTOT = n.R1 for n identical airways
UNSW-UME-(M1-3 Networks)(R1).ppt Underground Mine Environment © 2003 UNSW School Of Mining Engineering 6
Airways In Series And Parallel - Parallel Airways
• The quantity flowing in each airway
is different but all add up to QTOT
P= RTOT.QTOT2 Because the all pressure drops are the same
RTOT.QTOT2 = R1.Q12 = R2.Q22 = R3.Q32
R1.Q
Q12
But QTOT = Q1 +Q2 + Q3 and Q = P/R
R2.Q
Q22 Qtot
Qtot
R3.Q
Q32 Therefore P = P + P + P
RTOT R1 R 2 R3
P cancels 1 = 1 + 1 + 1
• The frictional pressure drop in each
RTOT R1 R2 R3
airway is given by P=R.Q2
For n identical airways RTOT= R / n2
• The pressure drop across every
airway must be the same
Q in airway = RTOT Q2TOT
Rn
Click for example
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Airways In Series And Parallel - Reducing Networks
• Most mine networks, or parts of the network, can be reduced to series
and parallel airways.
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Airways In Series And Parallel - Reducing Networks
The first step is to redraw the circuit to make series and parallel airways
more apparent.
For example if the actual network looked like this;
3 2
2
Making parallel and series groups easier to see eg
Airways 2 and 3 are in parallel
Airways 5 and 7 are in series
Airways 5 and 7 are also in parallel with 6
UNSW-UME-(M1-3 Networks)(R1).ppt Underground Mine Environment © 2003 UNSW School Of Mining Engineering 9
Airways In Series And Parallel - Reducing Networks
• In addition to parts of a network, it is often possible to reduce entire
mine circuits to effective parallel and series combinations.
Shaft
R
Mains
R 6 9 10
5 4 3 2
UNSW-UME-(M1-3 Networks)(R1).ppt Underground Mine Environment © 2003 UNSW School Of Mining Engineering 10
Airways In Series And Parallel - Drawing Networks
6 9 10 11
The purpose of re drawing the
circuit is to make series and
parallel paths clearer
8
R R
2
5 4 3
1
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Airways In Series And Parallel - Reducing Networks
Follow
110 m3/sthe calculation
must for other
be in these airways
airways ? from the notes ?
Check P = Rtot.Q2
44.4
P = 0.04785 x 1102 = 579 Pa
8
R R
44.4
27.7 37.9
7
44.4 42.7
2 0
5 4
-222 3
65.6 -199 110 1 0
-131
67.3
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TOPIC 1.3.2 VENTILATION NETWORK ANALYSIS
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Ventilation Network Analysis - Mesh Rules
1
• All airways must be in at least one mesh. 5
B 2 D
• Airways can be in more than one mesh eg B to D No.2
R
3
• Every mesh must have one airway that is only in that mesh 4
• This is known as the Chord of the mesh and defines the mesh direction.
• Fans or fixed quantity airways must be the chord of a mesh.
UNSW-UME-(M1-3 Networks)(R1).ppt Underground Mine Environment © 2003 UNSW School Of Mining Engineering 15
Ventilation Network Analysis - Mesh Incidence
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Ventilation Network Analysis - Kirchoffs Laws
Two “laws” are used to describe a balanced network
Kirchoff’s first and second laws.
6
A E
45
45
3
4
For example C
If the flow in airway 1 is 150 m3/s and the flow in airway 2 is 105 m3/s
The flow in airway 3 and 4 must be 45 m3/s (150 - 105)
UNSW-UME-(M1-3 Networks)(R1).ppt Underground Mine Environment © 2003 UNSW School Of Mining Engineering 17
Ventilation Network Analysis - Kirchoffs Laws
Kirchoff’s Second Law
The sum of frictional loss and fan pressures in each
closed mesh (with consideration to direction of the 6
mesh) must be zero in steady state conditions. A E
1
For example, in the mesh formed by airways 2,3 5
and 4 the chord is airway 4 and the mesh direction
is anti clockwise. B -250 2 D
Using the incidence factors, the mesh balance is 1 x DP3 + 1 x DP4 -1 x DP2
-200 - 50 - (- 250) = 0 Pa
UNSW-UME-(M1-3 Networks)(R1).ppt Underground Mine Environment © 2003 UNSW School Of Mining Engineering 18
Ventilation Network Analysis - Fans And Regulators
A possible balance for mesh 2 is shown. The quantity distribution would then
be determined from the airway resistances.
B -250 2 D
If the quantity in airway 4 is then reduced by fixing
a lower flow the pressure drop B to C to D would R
be less than 250 Pa -100
-200 4
3
-25
-50
For example if the lower pressure drop was -125 Pa
C
A regulator would be required with a DP = 125 Pa
UNSW-UME-(M1-3 Networks)(R1).ppt Underground Mine Environment © 2003 UNSW School Of Mining Engineering 19
TOPIC 1.3.3 NETWORK ANALYSIS BY ITERATIVE
SOLUTIONS
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Network Analysis - The Hardy Cross Method
An alternative method for solving ventilation networks is required for two
reasons
Even if the network can be resolved into series and parallel groups, this
becomes overly complex in larger networks.
If the network cannot be resolved into series and parallel airways, for example
A 1 B 2 E
3 7 5
C 4 D 6 F
The Hardy Cross method is used to solve this problem and is equally valid for
non compound circuits
UNSW-UME-(M1-3 Networks)(R1).ppt Underground Mine Environment © 2003 UNSW School Of Mining Engineering 21
Network Analysis - The Hardy Cross Method
• The Hardy Cross method is is applied as follows (refer to the notes for
complete explanation);
• Estimate the initial distribution of quantity that satisfies Kirchoff’s first law.
• Sum the frictional pressure loss and fan pressures for each airway in each
mesh - with consideration to the mesh incidence.
• Apply the mesh correction, then consider the next mesh using corrected
airway quantities.
• Repeat the process until the correction is small (< 0.5 m3/s for example)
UNSW-UME-(M1-3 Networks)(R1).ppt Underground Mine Environment © 2003 UNSW School Of Mining Engineering 22
TOPIC 1.3.4 COMPUTER SIMULATION PROGRAMS
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Ventilation Network Analysis - Developing A Network
• Establish a systematic junction numbering system - reflect locations.
• Decide exactly what answer is being sought - keep network simple but
representative
• Use accurate resistances for key airways (shafts etc) where main pressure
losses occur. Do not forget the surface fan inlet elbow.
• Use default values for other internal airways but check sensitivity.
• To initiate model, fix fan airways to obtain a correct distribution. Add fan
curves later.
• When comparing simulation results with observed data consider the accuracy
of both data sets. Eg survey data may be ±10 %.
• Because significant airflow can occur at low pressure differentials make sure
that the model and observed pressures reconcile.
UNSW-UME-(M1-3 Networks)(R1).ppt Underground Mine Environment © 2003 UNSW School Of Mining Engineering 24
Ventilation Network Analysis - Limitations
• As identified in the previous example, it is often impracticable to provide a
steady state solution that matches each and every airway in the network.
• The dynamics of a mine circuit (cage movement, climate changes) will effect
observed data.
• In most mines, and particularly deep mines, the volumetric flow rate varies
throughout the circuit due to heating and pressure changes (downcast and
upcast shafts).
UNSW-UME-(M1-3 Networks)(R1).ppt Underground Mine Environment © 2003 UNSW School Of Mining Engineering 25
Limitations - Compression And Natural Ventilation
Exhaust Intake
Exhaust air usually hotter and shaft shaft
less dense than intake.
Pressure applied depends on Less dense More
differential density and depth. warmer dense
air ρ2
NVP = ( ρ1 - ρ2 ) .g.h Pa cooler air
ρ1 Depth of
R workings
h
Pressure of
workings
UNSW-UME-(M1-3 Networks)(R1).ppt Underground Mine Environment © 2003 UNSW School Of Mining Engineering 26
Network Simulation - Contaminant Spread
A number of programs have been developed to predict the spread of
contaminants
These include heat, products of combustion and seam gas.
The most simplistic approach is to assume the contaminant enters as a point
source, then travels at the same speed as the ventilation.
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NETWORKS WORKED EXAMPLES
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Worked Example - Series Airways
Airway 1 has a resistance of 0.09 Ns2/m8 and airway 2 has a resistance of 0.08
Ns2/m8 .
What is the frictional pressure loss for one of each airway in series and an air
quantity of 85 m3/s?
• What is the frictional pressure loss for four of airway 1 in series and an air
quantity of 25 m3/s?
UNSW-UME-(M1-3 Networks)(R1).ppt Underground Mine Environment © 2003 UNSW School Of Mining Engineering 31
Worked Example - Parallel Airways(1)
What is the frictional pressure loss for four of airway 1 (R=0.09) in parallel
and an air quantity of 85 m3/s?
If the airway resistances are as shown, what is the total resistance of the
circuit ?
R = 0.02
R = 0.22
R = 0.03 7
3
5
1 4 6
R = 0.01 R = 0.09 R = 0.10
2
R = 0.12
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Worked Example - Simple Network Reduction
R = 0.02 R = 0.02
R = 0.22 R = 0.22
R = 0.03 7 R = 0.03 7
3 3
5 R = 0.0397
5 R = 0.05
1 4 6 1 4 6
R = 0.01 R = 0.09 R = 0.10 R = 0.01 R = 0.09 R = 0.10
2 2
R = 0.12 R = 0.12
UNSW-UME-(M1-3 Networks)(R1).ppt Underground Mine Environment © 2003 UNSW School Of Mining Engineering 34
Worked Example - Simple Network Reduction
If the quantity of air in airway 1 is 100 m3/s, calculate the quantity in each
airway and the pressure at the start and end of each airway ?
R57 = 0.05
R23 = 0.0397 The quantity in airways 1 and 4 must be
R = 0.02
R = 0.22 100 m3/s
.03
7
3 Q1 = 100 m3/s
=0
100 m3/s 5
R
Q2 =
1 4 6
R = 0.01 R = 0.09 R = 0.10 Q3 =
2 Q4 = 100 m3/s
R = 0.12 R57_6 = 0.01716
Q5 =
Q6 =
Calculate the quantity in airway 2 and 3 Q7 =
UNSW-UME-(M1-3 Networks)(R1).ppt Underground Mine Environment © 2003 UNSW School Of Mining Engineering 35
Worked Example - Simple Network Reduction
R57 = 0.05
R23 = 0.0397
R = 0.02
Q1 = 100.0 m3/s
R = 0.22 Q2 = 57.5 m3/s
.03
7
3
=0
5 Q3 = 42.5 m3/s
R
1 4 6 Q4 = 100.0 m3/s
R = 0.01 R = 0.09 R = 0.10 Q5 = 58.6 m3/s
2
R = 0.12 R57_6 = 0.01716 Q6 = 41.4 m3/s
Q7 = 58.6 m3/s
UNSW-UME-(M1-3 Networks)(R1).ppt Underground Mine Environment © 2003 UNSW School Of Mining Engineering 36
Worked Example - Simple Network Reduction
Using the quantity distribution calculate the frictional loss in each airway and
the pressure at the start and end of each airway ?
-1500
Q==0.22
R 42.5
The quantity distribution is 7
3 QR == 58.6
0.03 0.02 -1569
R == 58.6
The pressure distribution is Q
5
0 -100 -497
1 4 6
R
Q == 0.01
100 -1397 -1569
R
Q == 0.09
100 R
Q == 0.10
41.4
2
R
Q == 0.12
57.5
Note that end airway 6 and 7 are at the
P= R.Q2
Pend=Pstart - same pressure
Quantity Resis Friction Start P End
Airway m3/s Ns2/m8 Pa Pa Pa
Check from total resistance and flow
1 100.0 0.010 100 0 -100
2 57.5 0.120 397 0.15686 x 1002 = 1569 Pa
-100 -497
3 42.5 0.220 397 -100 -497
4 100.0 0.090 This distribution could be obtained by a
5 58.6 0.030
900 -497 -1397
103 -1397 -1500 single force fan in airway 1 with a duty
6 41.4 0.100
171 of 100 m3/s at 1569 Pa
7 58.6 0.020 -1397 -1569
69 -1500 -1569
End - Return to slides
UNSW-UME-(M1-3 Networks)(R1).ppt Underground Mine Environment © 2003 UNSW School Of Mining Engineering 37
Worked Example - Check On Example Mesh Balance
From an analysis point of view, airway 10 to 11 is fixed at 110 m3/s and the question is -
what fan pressure would be required ?
The mesh airways are -337 65.6 -391 110 -542 110 -579
The pressure drops are 6 9 10 11
Total = -578 Pa
The total mesh loss is -578 (rounded to 1 Pa) . Therefore
a fan with this pressure is required ie -578 +578 = 0 Pa.
UNSW-UME-(M1-3 Networks)(R1).ppt Underground Mine Environment © 2003 UNSW School Of Mining Engineering 39
Worked Example - Initial Balance
The initial balance for the network is
60 m3/s
5
R = 0.50
First, calculate the distribution within the network using series and parallel airways ?
Second, calculate the distribution within the network using the Hardy Cross method ?
UNSW-UME-(M1-3 Networks)(R1).ppt Underground Mine Environment © 2003 UNSW School Of Mining Engineering 41
Worked Example - Using Series And Parallel Method
12.7 4 R = 0.70
UNSW-UME-(M1-3 Networks)(R1).ppt Underground Mine Environment © 2003 UNSW School Of Mining Engineering 42
Worked Example - Hardy Cross Method
For this example it is assumed that 60 m3/s enters airway 1,either airway 1 or 6 are fixed
The problem is to determine the distribution between junction B and D
4 R = 0.70
5
R = 0.50
Step 1 select meshes
There are 3 junctions (BCD) and 4 airways (2 3 4 5) :. Number of meshes = 4 - 3 +1 = 2
None of the airways are fixed so any of them can be the mesh chord
One possible set of meshes are
4
M2
A 1 B 2 C 3 D 6 E
M1
5
UNSW-UME-(M1-3 Networks)(R1).ppt Underground Mine Environment © 2003 UNSW School Of Mining Engineering 43
Worked Example - Hardy Cross Method
4
60 m3/s
M2
A 1 B 2 C 3 D 6 E
M1
5
The mesh incidence matrix (assume airways 5 and 4 are the chords) is
Estimate quantity in airway 5 = 30 m3/s and airway 4 =15 m3/s. The initial balance is
Sum RQ2 and 2RQ for meshes 1 and 2 in turn
M1 M2 M1 M2
Airway M1 M2 R Q Q Q Q Q
B to C 2 -1 0 0.12 30 36.9 36.9 36.6 36.6
B to D 5 +1 0 0.50 30 23.1 23.1 23.4 23.4
C to D 3 -1 -1 0.20 15 21.9 24.0 23.7 23.9
C to D 4 0 +1 0.70 15 15.0 12.9 12.9 12.8
Calculations
Calculations
Calculations
Calculations
Calculations
Calculations - -mesh
-mesh
-mesh
-mesh
-mesh
mesh
112first
2first
1first
2first
second
second
iteration
iteration
iteration
iteration iteration
iteration
correction
correction
SOLUTION
Sum
Apply
Sum
Apply
Sum
Sum
After
RQ RQ2correction
2two
=2=-1
correction
RQRQ 2= iterations
-1=x-1 -6.875
-1
x0.12-2.077
x0.20
x0.12
0.20 the
x x30 x2all
tox21.9
to 12airways
+2airways
x2+1
distribution
all
36.9
+23.7 0.5 xxin
+1x1x0.70is
0.5
30 2essentially
inmesh
0.70 x-1212.9
xmesh
x+15
23.1 1x=22-0.2
+-2 with
with
61.8 =the
-1 2 = x297
respect
x15respect
x4.572same
0.2 to2direction
asto
24 that
=direction
by direct methods
-10.53
eg
Sumeg
B
Sum Note
C
Sumto2RQ
Sum
2RQ to
C
2RQ D
that
=airway
2RQ =airway
2x(
== the
2x( 2x(20.20
0.12
2x(last
3
quantity
quantity
xpressure
0.12
0.20
x30x21.9 =0.5
x+36.9
23.7 =
30+
+ error
21.9
x++0.5
0.70
30(-1)x(-6.875)
0.70+in
x+ (-1)x(-2.077)
xmesh
x 15)
0.2
23.112.9)
= 10.2
x +15) =was
29.75 =27.57
x36.9
=10.5
43.2
24)24.0
m3/s
= Pa m3/s
and 4.5 Pa in mesh 2
41.56
Correction
Correction
Correction
Correction = =-297/43.2
=-61.8/29.75
=- -4.572/27.57
-10.53/41.56
= -6.875 = -2.077== -0.166
0.253
End - Return to slides
UNSW-UME-(M1-3 Networks)(R1).ppt Underground Mine Environment © 2003 UNSW School Of Mining Engineering 44
Worked Example - Reconciling Models
The k factor for a 1000 m long 3 m x 5.4 m airway is 0.00807 Ns2/m4
Calculate the airway resistance and pressure drop for a flow of 15 m3/s and 35
m3/s ?
Resistance = k C L = 0.0807 x 16.8 x 1000 = 0.03189 Ns2/m8
A3 16.23
Frictional pressure loss = R. Q2 = 0.03189 x 152 = 7 Pa